path: root/gcc-4.9/gcc/fortran/gfortran.texi

\input texinfo  @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename gfortran.info
@set copyrights-gfortran 1999-2014

@include gcc-common.texi

@settitle The GNU Fortran Compiler

@c Create a separate index for command line options
@defcodeindex op
@c Merge the standard indexes into a single one.
@syncodeindex fn cp
@syncodeindex vr cp
@syncodeindex ky cp
@syncodeindex pg cp
@syncodeindex tp cp

@c TODO: The following "Part" definitions are included here temporarily
@c until they are incorporated into the official Texinfo distribution.
@c They borrow heavily from Texinfo's \unnchapentry definitions.

@tex
\gdef\part#1#2{%
  \pchapsepmacro
  \gdef\thischapter{}
  \begingroup
    \vglue\titlepagetopglue
    \titlefonts \rm
    \leftline{Part #1:@* #2}
    \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt
  \endgroup
  \writetocentry{part}{#2}{#1}
}
\gdef\blankpart{%
  \writetocentry{blankpart}{}{}
}
% Part TOC-entry definition for summary contents.
\gdef\dosmallpartentry#1#2#3#4{%
  \vskip .5\baselineskip plus.2\baselineskip
  \begingroup
    \let\rm=\bf \rm
    \tocentry{Part #2: #1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}
  \endgroup
}
\gdef\dosmallblankpartentry#1#2#3#4{%
  \vskip .5\baselineskip plus.2\baselineskip
}
% Part TOC-entry definition for regular contents.  This has to be
% equated to an existing entry to not cause problems when the PDF
% outline is created.
\gdef\dopartentry#1#2#3#4{%
  \unnchapentry{Part #2: #1}{}{#3}{#4}
}
\gdef\doblankpartentry#1#2#3#4{}
@end tex

@c %**end of header

@c Use with @@smallbook.

@c %** start of document

@c Cause even numbered pages to be printed on the left hand side of
@c the page and odd numbered pages to be printed on the right hand
@c side of the page.  Using this, you can print on both sides of a
@c sheet of paper and have the text on the same part of the sheet.

@c The text on right hand pages is pushed towards the right hand
@c margin and the text on left hand pages is pushed toward the left
@c hand margin.
@c (To provide the reverse effect, set bindingoffset to -0.75in.)

@c @tex
@c \global\bindingoffset=0.75in
@c \global\normaloffset =0.75in
@c @end tex

@copying
Copyright @copyright{} @value{copyrights-gfortran} Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``Funding Free Software'', the Front-Cover
Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
(see below).  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
``GNU Free Documentation License''.

(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

     A GNU Manual

(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

     You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
     software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
     funds for GNU development.
@end copying

@ifinfo
@dircategory Software development
@direntry
* gfortran: (gfortran).                  The GNU Fortran Compiler.
@end direntry
This file documents the use and the internals of
the GNU Fortran compiler, (@command{gfortran}).

Published by the Free Software Foundation
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA

@insertcopying
@end ifinfo


@setchapternewpage odd
@titlepage
@title Using GNU Fortran
@versionsubtitle
@author The @t{gfortran} team
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Published by the Free Software Foundation@*
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor@*
Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA@*
@c Last printed ??ber, 19??.@*
@c Printed copies are available for $? each.@*
@c ISBN ???
@sp 1
@insertcopying
@end titlepage

@c TODO: The following "Part" definitions are included here temporarily
@c until they are incorporated into the official Texinfo distribution.

@tex
\global\let\partentry=\dosmallpartentry
\global\let\blankpartentry=\dosmallblankpartentry
@end tex
@summarycontents

@tex
\global\let\partentry=\dopartentry
\global\let\blankpartentry=\doblankpartentry
@end tex
@contents

@page

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c TexInfo table of contents.
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@ifnottex
@node Top
@top Introduction
@cindex Introduction

This manual documents the use of @command{gfortran}, 
the GNU Fortran compiler.  You can find in this manual how to invoke
@command{gfortran}, as well as its features and incompatibilities.

@ifset DEVELOPMENT
@emph{Warning:} This document, and the compiler it describes, are still
under development.  While efforts are made to keep it up-to-date, it might
not accurately reflect the status of the most recent GNU Fortran compiler.
@end ifset

@comment
@comment  When you add a new menu item, please keep the right hand
@comment  aligned to the same column.  Do not use tabs.  This provides
@comment  better formatting.
@comment
@menu
* Introduction::

Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran
* Invoking GNU Fortran:: Command options supported by @command{gfortran}.
* Runtime::              Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables.

Part II: Language Reference
* Fortran 2003 and 2008 status::  Fortran 2003 and 2008 features supported by GNU Fortran.
* Compiler Characteristics::      User-visible implementation details.
* Extensions::                    Language extensions implemented by GNU Fortran.
* Mixed-Language Programming::    Interoperability with C
* Intrinsic Procedures:: Intrinsic procedures supported by GNU Fortran.
* Intrinsic Modules::    Intrinsic modules supported by GNU Fortran.

* Contributing::         How you can help.
* Copying::              GNU General Public License says
                         how you can copy and share GNU Fortran.
* GNU Free Documentation License::
                         How you can copy and share this manual.
* Funding::              How to help assure continued work for free software.
* Option Index::         Index of command line options
* Keyword Index::        Index of concepts
@end menu
@end ifnottex

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Introduction
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

@c The following duplicates the text on the TexInfo table of contents.
@iftex
This manual documents the use of @command{gfortran}, the GNU Fortran
compiler.  You can find in this manual how to invoke @command{gfortran},
as well as its features and incompatibilities.

@ifset DEVELOPMENT
@emph{Warning:} This document, and the compiler it describes, are still
under development.  While efforts are made to keep it up-to-date, it
might not accurately reflect the status of the most recent GNU Fortran
compiler.
@end ifset
@end iftex

The GNU Fortran compiler front end was
designed initially as a free replacement for,
or alternative to, the Unix @command{f95} command;
@command{gfortran} is the command you will use to invoke the compiler.

@menu
* About GNU Fortran::    What you should know about the GNU Fortran compiler.
* GNU Fortran and GCC::  You can compile Fortran, C, or other programs.
* Preprocessing and conditional compilation:: The Fortran preprocessor
* GNU Fortran and G77::  Why we chose to start from scratch.
* Project Status::       Status of GNU Fortran, roadmap, proposed extensions.
* Standards::            Standards supported by GNU Fortran.
@end menu


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c About GNU Fortran
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node About GNU Fortran
@section About GNU Fortran

The GNU Fortran compiler supports the Fortran 77, 90 and 95 standards
completely, parts of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, and
several vendor extensions.  The development goal is to provide the
following features:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Read a user's program,
stored in a file and containing instructions written
in Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 or Fortran 2008.
This file contains @dfn{source code}.

@item
Translate the user's program into instructions a computer
can carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the
instructions in the first
place.  The result after compilation of a program is
@dfn{machine code},
code designed to be efficiently translated and processed
by a machine such as your computer.
Humans usually are not as good writing machine code
as they are at writing Fortran (or C++, Ada, or Java),
because it is easy to make tiny mistakes writing machine code.

@item
Provide the user with information about the reasons why
the compiler is unable to create a binary from the source code.
Usually this will be the case if the source code is flawed.
The Fortran 90 standard requires that the compiler can point out
mistakes to the user.
An incorrect usage of the language causes an @dfn{error message}.

The compiler will also attempt to diagnose cases where the
user's program contains a correct usage of the language,
but instructs the computer to do something questionable.
This kind of diagnostics message is called a @dfn{warning message}.

@item
Provide optional information about the translation passes
from the source code to machine code.
This can help a user of the compiler to find the cause of
certain bugs which may not be obvious in the source code,
but may be more easily found at a lower level compiler output.
It also helps developers to find bugs in the compiler itself.

@item
Provide information in the generated machine code that can
make it easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging tool,
called a @dfn{debugger}, such as the GNU Debugger @command{gdb}). 

@item
Locate and gather machine code already generated to
perform actions requested by statements in the user's program.
This machine code is organized into @dfn{modules} and is located
and @dfn{linked} to the user program. 
@end itemize

The GNU Fortran compiler consists of several components:

@itemize @bullet
@item
A version of the @command{gcc} command
(which also might be installed as the system's @command{cc} command)
that also understands and accepts Fortran source code.
The @command{gcc} command is the @dfn{driver} program for
all the languages in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC);
With @command{gcc},
you can compile the source code of any language for
which a front end is available in GCC.

@item
The @command{gfortran} command itself,
which also might be installed as the
system's @command{f95} command.
@command{gfortran} is just another driver program,
but specifically for the Fortran compiler only.
The difference with @command{gcc} is that @command{gfortran}
will automatically link the correct libraries to your program.

@item
A collection of run-time libraries.
These libraries contain the machine code needed to support
capabilities of the Fortran language that are not directly
provided by the machine code generated by the
@command{gfortran} compilation phase,
such as intrinsic functions and subroutines,
and routines for interaction with files and the operating system.
@c and mechanisms to spawn,
@c unleash and pause threads in parallelized code.

@item
The Fortran compiler itself, (@command{f951}).
This is the GNU Fortran parser and code generator,
linked to and interfaced with the GCC backend library.
@command{f951} ``translates'' the source code to
assembler code.  You would typically not use this
program directly;
instead, the @command{gcc} or @command{gfortran} driver
programs will call it for you.
@end itemize


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c GNU Fortran and GCC
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node GNU Fortran and GCC
@section GNU Fortran and GCC
@cindex GNU Compiler Collection
@cindex GCC

GNU Fortran is a part of GCC, the @dfn{GNU Compiler Collection}.  GCC
consists of a collection of front ends for various languages, which
translate the source code into a language-independent form called
@dfn{GENERIC}.  This is then processed by a common middle end which
provides optimization, and then passed to one of a collection of back
ends which generate code for different computer architectures and
operating systems.

Functionally, this is implemented with a driver program (@command{gcc})
which provides the command-line interface for the compiler.  It calls
the relevant compiler front-end program (e.g., @command{f951} for
Fortran) for each file in the source code, and then calls the assembler
and linker as appropriate to produce the compiled output.  In a copy of
GCC which has been compiled with Fortran language support enabled,
@command{gcc} will recognize files with @file{.f}, @file{.for}, @file{.ftn},
@file{.f90}, @file{.f95}, @file{.f03} and @file{.f08} extensions as
Fortran source code, and compile it accordingly.  A @command{gfortran}
driver program is also provided, which is identical to @command{gcc}
except that it automatically links the Fortran runtime libraries into the
compiled program.

Source files with @file{.f}, @file{.for}, @file{.fpp}, @file{.ftn}, @file{.F},
@file{.FOR}, @file{.FPP}, and @file{.FTN} extensions are treated as fixed form.
Source files with @file{.f90}, @file{.f95}, @file{.f03}, @file{.f08},
@file{.F90}, @file{.F95}, @file{.F03} and @file{.F08} extensions are
treated as free form.  The capitalized versions of either form are run
through preprocessing.  Source files with the lower case @file{.fpp}
extension are also run through preprocessing.

This manual specifically documents the Fortran front end, which handles
the programming language's syntax and semantics.  The aspects of GCC
which relate to the optimization passes and the back-end code generation
are documented in the GCC manual; see 
@ref{Top,,Introduction,gcc,Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}.
The two manuals together provide a complete reference for the GNU
Fortran compiler.


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Preprocessing and conditional compilation
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Preprocessing and conditional compilation
@section Preprocessing and conditional compilation
@cindex CPP
@cindex FPP
@cindex Conditional compilation
@cindex Preprocessing
@cindex preprocessor, include file handling

Many Fortran compilers including GNU Fortran allow passing the source code
through a C preprocessor (CPP; sometimes also called the Fortran preprocessor,
FPP) to allow for conditional compilation.  In the case of GNU Fortran,
this is the GNU C Preprocessor in the traditional mode.  On systems with
case-preserving file names, the preprocessor is automatically invoked if the
filename extension is @file{.F}, @file{.FOR}, @file{.FTN}, @file{.fpp},
@file{.FPP}, @file{.F90}, @file{.F95}, @file{.F03} or @file{.F08}.  To manually
invoke the preprocessor on any file, use @option{-cpp}, to disable
preprocessing on files where the preprocessor is run automatically, use
@option{-nocpp}.

If a preprocessed file includes another file with the Fortran @code{INCLUDE}
statement, the included file is not preprocessed.  To preprocess included
files, use the equivalent preprocessor statement @code{#include}.

If GNU Fortran invokes the preprocessor, @code{__GFORTRAN__}
is defined and @code{__GNUC__}, @code{__GNUC_MINOR__} and
@code{__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__} can be used to determine the version of the
compiler.  See @ref{Top,,Overview,cpp,The C Preprocessor} for details.

While CPP is the de-facto standard for preprocessing Fortran code,
Part 3 of the Fortran 95 standard (ISO/IEC 1539-3:1998) defines
Conditional Compilation, which is not widely used and not directly
supported by the GNU Fortran compiler.  You can use the program coco
to preprocess such files (@uref{http://www.daniellnagle.com/coco.html}).


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c GNU Fortran and G77
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node GNU Fortran and G77
@section GNU Fortran and G77
@cindex Fortran 77
@cindex @command{g77}

The GNU Fortran compiler is the successor to @command{g77}, the Fortran 
77 front end included in GCC prior to version 4.  It is an entirely new 
program that has been designed to provide Fortran 95 support and 
extensibility for future Fortran language standards, as well as providing 
backwards compatibility for Fortran 77 and nearly all of the GNU language 
extensions supported by @command{g77}.


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Project Status
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Project Status
@section Project Status

@quotation
As soon as @command{gfortran} can parse all of the statements correctly,
it will be in the ``larva'' state.
When we generate code, the ``puppa'' state.
When @command{gfortran} is done,
we'll see if it will be a beautiful butterfly,
or just a big bug....

--Andy Vaught, April 2000
@end quotation

The start of the GNU Fortran 95 project was announced on
the GCC homepage in March 18, 2000
(even though Andy had already been working on it for a while,
of course).

The GNU Fortran compiler is able to compile nearly all
standard-compliant Fortran 95, Fortran 90, and Fortran 77 programs,
including a number of standard and non-standard extensions, and can be
used on real-world programs.  In particular, the supported extensions
include OpenMP, Cray-style pointers, and several Fortran 2003 and Fortran
2008 features, including TR 15581.  However, it is still under
development and has a few remaining rough edges.

At present, the GNU Fortran compiler passes the
@uref{http://www.fortran-2000.com/ArnaudRecipes/fcvs21_f95.html, 
NIST Fortran 77 Test Suite}, and produces acceptable results on the
@uref{http://www.netlib.org/lapack/faq.html#1.21, LAPACK Test Suite}.
It also provides respectable performance on 
the @uref{http://www.polyhedron.com/pb05.html, Polyhedron Fortran
compiler benchmarks} and the
@uref{http://www.llnl.gov/asci_benchmarks/asci/limited/lfk/README.html,
Livermore Fortran Kernels test}.  It has been used to compile a number of
large real-world programs, including
@uref{http://mysite.verizon.net/serveall/moene.pdf, the HIRLAM
weather-forecasting code} and
@uref{http://www.theochem.uwa.edu.au/tonto/, the Tonto quantum 
chemistry package}; see @url{http://gcc.gnu.org/@/wiki/@/GfortranApps} for an
extended list.

Among other things, the GNU Fortran compiler is intended as a replacement
for G77.  At this point, nearly all programs that could be compiled with
G77 can be compiled with GNU Fortran, although there are a few minor known
regressions.

The primary work remaining to be done on GNU Fortran falls into three
categories: bug fixing (primarily regarding the treatment of invalid code
and providing useful error messages), improving the compiler optimizations
and the performance of compiled code, and extending the compiler to support
future standards---in particular, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008.


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Standards
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Standards
@section Standards
@cindex Standards

@menu
* Varying Length Character Strings::
@end menu

The GNU Fortran compiler implements
ISO/IEC 1539:1997 (Fortran 95).  As such, it can also compile essentially all
standard-compliant Fortran 90 and Fortran 77 programs.   It also supports
the ISO/IEC TR-15581 enhancements to allocatable arrays.

GNU Fortran also have a partial support for ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004 (Fortran
2003), ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Fortran 2008), the Technical Specification
@code{Further Interoperability of Fortran with C} (ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012).
Full support of those standards and future Fortran standards is planned.
The current status of the support is can be found in the
@ref{Fortran 2003 status}, @ref{Fortran 2008 status} and
@ref{TS 29113 status} sections of the documentation.

Additionally, the GNU Fortran compilers supports the OpenMP specification
(version 4.0, @url{http://openmp.org/@/wp/@/openmp-specifications/}).

@node Varying Length Character Strings
@subsection Varying Length Character Strings
@cindex Varying length character strings
@cindex Varying length strings
@cindex strings, varying length

The Fortran 95 standard specifies in Part 2 (ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000)
varying length character strings.  While GNU Fortran currently does not
support such strings directly, there exist two Fortran implementations
for them, which work with GNU Fortran.  They can be found at
@uref{http://www.fortran.com/@/iso_varying_string.f95} and at
@uref{ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/@/sc22wg5/@/ISO_VARYING_STRING/}.

Deferred-length character strings of Fortran 2003 supports part of
the features of @code{ISO_VARYING_STRING} and should be considered as
replacement. (Namely, allocatable or pointers of the type
@code{character(len=:)}.)


@c =====================================================================
@c PART I: INVOCATION REFERENCE
@c =====================================================================

@tex
\part{I}{Invoking GNU Fortran}
@end tex

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Compiler Options
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@include invoke.texi


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Runtime
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Runtime
@chapter Runtime:  Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables
@cindex environment variable

The behavior of the @command{gfortran} can be influenced by
environment variables.

Malformed environment variables are silently ignored.

@menu
* TMPDIR:: Directory for scratch files
* GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT:: Unit number for standard input
* GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT:: Unit number for standard output
* GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT:: Unit number for standard error
* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL:: Do not buffer I/O for all units.
* GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED:: Do not buffer I/O for preconnected units.
* GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS::  Show location for runtime errors
* GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS:: Print leading + where permitted
* GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL:: Default record length for new files
* GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR::  Separator for list output
* GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT::  Set endianness for unformatted I/O
* GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE:: Show backtrace on run-time errors
@end menu

@node TMPDIR
@section @env{TMPDIR}---Directory for scratch files

When opening a file with @code{STATUS='SCRATCH'}, GNU Fortran tries to
create the file in one of the potential directories by testing each
directory in the order below.

@enumerate
@item
The environment variable @env{TMPDIR}, if it exists.

@item
On the MinGW target, the directory returned by the @code{GetTempPath}
function. Alternatively, on the Cygwin target, the @env{TMP} and
@env{TEMP} environment variables, if they exist, in that order.

@item
The @code{P_tmpdir} macro if it is defined, otherwise the directory
@file{/tmp}.
@end enumerate

@node GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT
@section @env{GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT}---Unit number for standard input

This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
preconnected to standard input.  This must be a positive integer.
The default value is 5.

@node GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT
@section @env{GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT}---Unit number for standard output

This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
preconnected to standard output.  This must be a positive integer.
The default value is 6.

@node GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT
@section @env{GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT}---Unit number for standard error

This environment variable can be used to select the unit number
preconnected to standard error.  This must be a positive integer.
The default value is 0.

@node GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL
@section @env{GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL}---Do not buffer I/O on all units

This environment variable controls whether all I/O is unbuffered.  If
the first letter is @samp{y}, @samp{Y} or @samp{1}, all I/O is
unbuffered.  This will slow down small sequential reads and writes.  If
the first letter is @samp{n}, @samp{N} or @samp{0}, I/O is buffered.
This is the default.

@node GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED
@section @env{GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED}---Do not buffer I/O on preconnected units

The environment variable named @env{GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED} controls
whether I/O on a preconnected unit (i.e.@: STDOUT or STDERR) is unbuffered.  If 
the first letter is @samp{y}, @samp{Y} or @samp{1}, I/O is unbuffered.  This
will slow down small sequential reads and writes.  If the first letter
is @samp{n}, @samp{N} or @samp{0}, I/O is buffered.  This is the default.

@node GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS
@section @env{GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS}---Show location for runtime errors

If the first letter is @samp{y}, @samp{Y} or @samp{1}, filename and
line numbers for runtime errors are printed.  If the first letter is
@samp{n}, @samp{N} or @samp{0}, do not print filename and line numbers
for runtime errors.  The default is to print the location.

@node GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS
@section @env{GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS}---Print leading + where permitted

If the first letter is @samp{y}, @samp{Y} or @samp{1},
a plus sign is printed
where permitted by the Fortran standard.  If the first letter
is @samp{n}, @samp{N} or @samp{0}, a plus sign is not printed
in most cases.  Default is not to print plus signs.

@node GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL
@section @env{GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL}---Default record length for new files

This environment variable specifies the default record length, in
bytes, for files which are opened without a @code{RECL} tag in the
@code{OPEN} statement.  This must be a positive integer.  The
default value is 1073741824 bytes (1 GB).

@node GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR
@section @env{GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR}---Separator for list output

This environment variable specifies the separator when writing
list-directed output.  It may contain any number of spaces and
at most one comma.  If you specify this on the command line,
be sure to quote spaces, as in
@smallexample
$ GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR='  ,  ' ./a.out
@end smallexample
when @command{a.out} is the compiled Fortran program that you want to run.
Default is a single space.

@node GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT
@section @env{GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT}---Set endianness for unformatted I/O

By setting the @env{GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT} variable, it is possible
to change the representation of data for unformatted files.
The syntax for the @env{GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT} variable is:
@smallexample
GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT: mode | mode ';' exception | exception ;
mode: 'native' | 'swap' | 'big_endian' | 'little_endian' ;
exception: mode ':' unit_list | unit_list ;
unit_list: unit_spec | unit_list unit_spec ;
unit_spec: INTEGER | INTEGER '-' INTEGER ;
@end smallexample
The variable consists of an optional default mode, followed by
a list of optional exceptions, which are separated by semicolons
from the preceding default and each other.  Each exception consists
of a format and a comma-separated list of units.  Valid values for
the modes are the same as for the @code{CONVERT} specifier:

@itemize @w{}
@item @code{NATIVE} Use the native format.  This is the default.
@item @code{SWAP} Swap between little- and big-endian.
@item @code{LITTLE_ENDIAN} Use the little-endian format
for unformatted files.
@item @code{BIG_ENDIAN} Use the big-endian format for unformatted files.
@end itemize
A missing mode for an exception is taken to mean @code{BIG_ENDIAN}.
Examples of values for @env{GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT} are:
@itemize @w{}
@item @code{'big_endian'}  Do all unformatted I/O in big_endian mode.
@item @code{'little_endian;native:10-20,25'}  Do all unformatted I/O 
in little_endian mode, except for units 10 to 20 and 25, which are in
native format.
@item @code{'10-20'}  Units 10 to 20 are big-endian, the rest is native.
@end itemize

Setting the environment variables should be done on the command
line or via the @command{export}
command for @command{sh}-compatible shells and via @command{setenv}
for @command{csh}-compatible shells.

Example for @command{sh}:
@smallexample
$ gfortran foo.f90
$ GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT='big_endian;native:10-20' ./a.out
@end smallexample

Example code for @command{csh}:
@smallexample
% gfortran foo.f90
% setenv GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT 'big_endian;native:10-20'
% ./a.out
@end smallexample

Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data
carries a significant speed overhead.  If speed in this area matters
to you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be
portable.

@xref{CONVERT specifier}, for an alternative way to specify the
data representation for unformatted files.  @xref{Runtime Options}, for
setting a default data representation for the whole program.  The
@code{CONVERT} specifier overrides the @option{-fconvert} compile options.

@emph{Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT
environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the
open statement}.  This is to give control over data formats to
users who do not have the source code of their program available.

@node GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE
@section @env{GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE}---Show backtrace on run-time errors

If the @env{GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE} variable is set to @samp{y},
@samp{Y} or @samp{1} (only the first letter is relevant) then a
backtrace is printed when a serious run-time error occurs.  To disable
the backtracing, set the variable to @samp{n}, @samp{N}, @samp{0}.
Default is to print a backtrace unless the @option{-fno-backtrace}
compile option was used.

@c =====================================================================
@c PART II: LANGUAGE REFERENCE
@c =====================================================================

@tex
\part{II}{Language Reference}
@end tex

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Fortran 2003 and 2008 status
@chapter Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status

@menu
* Fortran 2003 status::
* Fortran 2008 status::
* TS 29113 status::
@end menu

@node Fortran 2003 status
@section Fortran 2003 status

GNU Fortran supports several Fortran 2003 features; an incomplete
list can be found below.  See also the
@uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2003, wiki page} about Fortran 2003.

@itemize
@item Procedure pointers including procedure-pointer components with
@code{PASS} attribute.

@item Procedures which are bound to a derived type (type-bound procedures)
including @code{PASS}, @code{PROCEDURE} and @code{GENERIC}, and
operators bound to a type.

@item Abstract interfaces and type extension with the possibility to
override type-bound procedures or to have deferred binding.

@item Polymorphic entities (``@code{CLASS}'') for derived types and unlimited
polymorphism (``@code{CLASS(*)}'') -- including @code{SAME_TYPE_AS},
@code{EXTENDS_TYPE_OF} and @code{SELECT TYPE} for scalars and arrays and
finalization.

@item Generic interface names, which have the same name as derived types,
are now supported. This allows one to write constructor functions.  Note
that Fortran does not support static constructor functions.  For static
variables, only default initialization or structure-constructor
initialization are available.

@item The @code{ASSOCIATE} construct.

@item Interoperability with C including enumerations, 

@item In structure constructors the components with default values may be
omitted.

@item Extensions to the @code{ALLOCATE} statement, allowing for a
type-specification with type parameter and for allocation and initialization
from a @code{SOURCE=} expression; @code{ALLOCATE} and @code{DEALLOCATE}
optionally return an error message string via @code{ERRMSG=}.

@item Reallocation on assignment: If an intrinsic assignment is
used, an allocatable variable on the left-hand side is automatically allocated
(if unallocated) or reallocated (if the shape is different). Currently, scalar
deferred character length left-hand sides are correctly handled but arrays
are not yet fully implemented.

@item Deferred-length character variables and scalar deferred-length character
components of derived types are supported. (Note that array-valued compoents
are not yet implemented.)

@item Transferring of allocations via @code{MOVE_ALLOC}.

@item The @code{PRIVATE} and @code{PUBLIC} attributes may be given individually
to derived-type components.

@item In pointer assignments, the lower bound may be specified and
the remapping of elements is supported.

@item For pointers an @code{INTENT} may be specified which affect the
association status not the value of the pointer target.

@item Intrinsics @code{command_argument_count}, @code{get_command},
@code{get_command_argument}, and @code{get_environment_variable}.

@item Support for Unicode characters (ISO 10646) and UTF-8, including
the @code{SELECTED_CHAR_KIND} and @code{NEW_LINE} intrinsic functions.

@item Support for binary, octal and hexadecimal (BOZ) constants in the
intrinsic functions @code{INT}, @code{REAL}, @code{CMPLX} and @code{DBLE}.

@item Support for namelist variables with allocatable and pointer
attribute and nonconstant length type parameter.

@item
@cindex array, constructors
@cindex @code{[...]}
Array constructors using square brackets.  That is, @code{[...]} rather
than @code{(/.../)}.  Type-specification for array constructors like
@code{(/ some-type :: ... /)}.

@item Extensions to the specification and initialization expressions,
including the support for intrinsics with real and complex arguments.

@item Support for the asynchronous input/output syntax; however, the
data transfer is currently always synchronously performed. 

@item
@cindex @code{FLUSH} statement
@cindex statement, @code{FLUSH}
@code{FLUSH} statement.

@item
@cindex @code{IOMSG=} specifier
@code{IOMSG=} specifier for I/O statements.

@item
@cindex @code{ENUM} statement
@cindex @code{ENUMERATOR} statement
@cindex statement, @code{ENUM}
@cindex statement, @code{ENUMERATOR}
@opindex @code{fshort-enums}
Support for the declaration of enumeration constants via the
@code{ENUM} and @code{ENUMERATOR} statements.  Interoperability with
@command{gcc} is guaranteed also for the case where the
@command{-fshort-enums} command line option is given.

@item
@cindex TR 15581
TR 15581:
@itemize
@item
@cindex @code{ALLOCATABLE} dummy arguments
@code{ALLOCATABLE} dummy arguments.
@item
@cindex @code{ALLOCATABLE} function results
@code{ALLOCATABLE} function results
@item
@cindex @code{ALLOCATABLE} components of derived types
@code{ALLOCATABLE} components of derived types
@end itemize

@item
@cindex @code{STREAM} I/O
@cindex @code{ACCESS='STREAM'} I/O
The @code{OPEN} statement supports the @code{ACCESS='STREAM'} specifier,
allowing I/O without any record structure.

@item
Namelist input/output for internal files.

@item Minor I/O features: Rounding during formatted output, using of
a decimal comma instead of a decimal point, setting whether a plus sign
should appear for positive numbers. On system where @code{strtod} honours
the rounding mode, the rounding mode is also supported for input.

@item
@cindex @code{PROTECTED} statement
@cindex statement, @code{PROTECTED}
The @code{PROTECTED} statement and attribute.

@item
@cindex @code{VALUE} statement
@cindex statement, @code{VALUE}
The @code{VALUE} statement and attribute.

@item
@cindex @code{VOLATILE} statement
@cindex statement, @code{VOLATILE}
The @code{VOLATILE} statement and attribute.

@item
@cindex @code{IMPORT} statement
@cindex statement, @code{IMPORT}
The @code{IMPORT} statement, allowing to import
host-associated derived types.

@item The intrinsic modules @code{ISO_FORTRAN_ENVIRONMENT} is supported,
which contains parameters of the I/O units, storage sizes. Additionally,
procedures for C interoperability are available in the @code{ISO_C_BINDING}
module.

@item
@cindex @code{USE, INTRINSIC} statement
@cindex statement, @code{USE, INTRINSIC}
@cindex @code{ISO_FORTRAN_ENV} statement
@cindex statement, @code{ISO_FORTRAN_ENV}
@code{USE} statement with @code{INTRINSIC} and @code{NON_INTRINSIC}
attribute; supported intrinsic modules: @code{ISO_FORTRAN_ENV},
@code{ISO_C_BINDING}, @code{OMP_LIB} and @code{OMP_LIB_KINDS}.

@item
Renaming of operators in the @code{USE} statement.

@end itemize


@node Fortran 2008 status
@section Fortran 2008 status

The latest version of the Fortran standard is ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010, informally
known as Fortran 2008.  The official version is available from International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) or its national member organizations.
The the final draft (FDIS) can be downloaded free of charge from
@url{http://www.nag.co.uk/@/sc22wg5/@/links.html}.  Fortran is developed by the
Working Group 5 of Sub-Committee 22 of the Joint Technical Committee 1 of the
International Organization for Standardization and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).  This group is known as
@uref{http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/, WG5}.

The GNU Fortran compiler supports several of the new features of Fortran 2008;
the @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2008Status, wiki} has some information
about the current Fortran 2008 implementation status.  In particular, the
following is implemented.

@itemize
@item The @option{-std=f2008} option and support for the file extensions 
@file{.f08} and @file{.F08}.

@item The @code{OPEN} statement now supports the @code{NEWUNIT=} option,
which returns a unique file unit, thus preventing inadvertent use of the
same unit in different parts of the program.

@item The @code{g0} format descriptor and unlimited format items.

@item The mathematical intrinsics @code{ASINH}, @code{ACOSH}, @code{ATANH},
@code{ERF}, @code{ERFC}, @code{GAMMA}, @code{LOG_GAMMA}, @code{BESSEL_J0},
@code{BESSEL_J1}, @code{BESSEL_JN}, @code{BESSEL_Y0}, @code{BESSEL_Y1},
@code{BESSEL_YN}, @code{HYPOT}, @code{NORM2}, and @code{ERFC_SCALED}.

@item Using complex arguments with @code{TAN}, @code{SINH}, @code{COSH},
@code{TANH}, @code{ASIN}, @code{ACOS}, and @code{ATAN} is now possible;
@code{ATAN}(@var{Y},@var{X}) is now an alias for @code{ATAN2}(@var{Y},@var{X}).

@item Support of the @code{PARITY} intrinsic functions.

@item The following bit intrinsics: @code{LEADZ} and @code{TRAILZ} for
counting the number of leading and trailing zero bits, @code{POPCNT} and
@code{POPPAR} for counting the number of one bits and returning the parity;
@code{BGE}, @code{BGT}, @code{BLE}, and @code{BLT} for bitwise comparisons;
@code{DSHIFTL} and @code{DSHIFTR} for combined left and right shifts,
@code{MASKL} and @code{MASKR} for simple left and right justified masks,
@code{MERGE_BITS} for a bitwise merge using a mask, @code{SHIFTA},
@code{SHIFTL} and @code{SHIFTR} for shift operations, and the
transformational bit intrinsics @code{IALL}, @code{IANY} and @code{IPARITY}.

@item Support of the @code{EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE} intrinsic subroutine.

@item Support for the @code{STORAGE_SIZE} intrinsic inquiry function.

@item The @code{INT@{8,16,32@}} and @code{REAL@{32,64,128@}} kind type
parameters and the array-valued named constants @code{INTEGER_KINDS},
@code{LOGICAL_KINDS}, @code{REAL_KINDS} and @code{CHARACTER_KINDS} of
the intrinsic module @code{ISO_FORTRAN_ENV}.

@item The module procedures @code{C_SIZEOF} of the intrinsic module
@code{ISO_C_BINDINGS} and @code{COMPILER_VERSION} and @code{COMPILER_OPTIONS}
of @code{ISO_FORTRAN_ENV}.

@item Coarray support for serial programs with @option{-fcoarray=single} flag
and experimental support for multiple images with the @option{-fcoarray=lib}
flag.

@item The @code{DO CONCURRENT} construct is supported.

@item The @code{BLOCK} construct is supported.

@item The @code{STOP} and the new @code{ERROR STOP} statements now
support all constant expressions. Both show the signals which were signaling
at termination.

@item Support for the @code{CONTIGUOUS} attribute.

@item Support for @code{ALLOCATE} with @code{MOLD}.

@item Support for the @code{IMPURE} attribute for procedures, which
allows for @code{ELEMENTAL} procedures without the restrictions of
@code{PURE}.

@item Null pointers (including @code{NULL()}) and not-allocated variables
can be used as actual argument to optional non-pointer, non-allocatable
dummy arguments, denoting an absent argument.

@item Non-pointer variables with @code{TARGET} attribute can be used as
actual argument to @code{POINTER} dummies with @code{INTENT(IN)}.

@item Pointers including procedure pointers and those in a derived
type (pointer components) can now be initialized by a target instead
of only by @code{NULL}.

@item The @code{EXIT} statement (with construct-name) can be now be
used to leave not only the @code{DO} but also the @code{ASSOCIATE},
@code{BLOCK}, @code{IF}, @code{SELECT CASE} and @code{SELECT TYPE}
constructs.

@item Internal procedures can now be used as actual argument.

@item Minor features: obsolesce diagnostics for @code{ENTRY} with
@option{-std=f2008}; a line may start with a semicolon; for internal
and module procedures @code{END} can be used instead of
@code{END SUBROUTINE} and @code{END FUNCTION}; @code{SELECTED_REAL_KIND}
now also takes a @code{RADIX} argument; intrinsic types are supported
for @code{TYPE}(@var{intrinsic-type-spec}); multiple type-bound procedures
can be declared in a single @code{PROCEDURE} statement; implied-shape
arrays are supported for named constants (@code{PARAMETER}).
@end itemize



@node TS 29113 status
@section Technical Specification 29113 Status

GNU Fortran supports some of the new features of the Technical
Specification (TS) 29113 on Further Interoperability of Fortran with C.
The @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/TS29113Status, wiki} has some information
about the current TS 29113 implementation status.  In particular, the
following is implemented.

See also @ref{Further Interoperability of Fortran with C}.

@itemize
@item The @option{-std=f2008ts} option.

@item The @code{OPTIONAL} attribute is allowed for dummy arguments
of @code{BIND(C) procedures.}

@item The @code{RANK} intrinsic is supported.

@item GNU Fortran's implementation for variables with @code{ASYNCHRONOUS}
attribute is compatible with TS 29113.

@item Assumed types (@code{TYPE(*)}.

@item Assumed-rank (@code{DIMENSION(..)}). However, the array descriptor
of the TS is not yet supported.
@end itemize



@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Compiler Characteristics
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Compiler Characteristics
@chapter Compiler Characteristics

This chapter describes certain characteristics of the GNU Fortran
compiler, that are not specified by the Fortran standard, but which
might in some way or another become visible to the programmer.

@menu
* KIND Type Parameters::
* Internal representation of LOGICAL variables::
* Thread-safety of the runtime library::
* Data consistency and durability::
@end menu


@node KIND Type Parameters
@section KIND Type Parameters
@cindex kind

The @code{KIND} type parameters supported by GNU Fortran for the primitive
data types are:

@table @code

@item INTEGER
1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4**

@item LOGICAL
1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4**

@item REAL
4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4***

@item COMPLEX
4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4***

@item DOUBLE PRECISION
4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 8***

@item CHARACTER
1, 4, default: 1

@end table

@noindent
* not available on all systems @*
** unless @option{-fdefault-integer-8} is used @*
*** unless @option{-fdefault-real-8} is used (see @ref{Fortran Dialect Options})

@noindent
The @code{KIND} value matches the storage size in bytes, except for
@code{COMPLEX} where the storage size is twice as much (or both real and
imaginary part are a real value of the given size).  It is recommended to use
the @ref{SELECTED_CHAR_KIND}, @ref{SELECTED_INT_KIND} and
@ref{SELECTED_REAL_KIND} intrinsics or the @code{INT8}, @code{INT16},
@code{INT32}, @code{INT64}, @code{REAL32}, @code{REAL64}, and @code{REAL128}
parameters of the @code{ISO_FORTRAN_ENV} module instead of the concrete values.
The available kind parameters can be found in the constant arrays
@code{CHARACTER_KINDS}, @code{INTEGER_KINDS}, @code{LOGICAL_KINDS} and
@code{REAL_KINDS} in the @ref{ISO_FORTRAN_ENV} module.  For C interoperability,
the kind parameters of the @ref{ISO_C_BINDING} module should be used.


@node Internal representation of LOGICAL variables
@section Internal representation of LOGICAL variables
@cindex logical, variable representation

The Fortran standard does not specify how variables of @code{LOGICAL}
type are represented, beyond requiring that @code{LOGICAL} variables
of default kind have the same storage size as default @code{INTEGER}
and @code{REAL} variables.  The GNU Fortran internal representation is
as follows.

A @code{LOGICAL(KIND=N)} variable is represented as an
@code{INTEGER(KIND=N)} variable, however, with only two permissible
values: @code{1} for @code{.TRUE.} and @code{0} for
@code{.FALSE.}.  Any other integer value results in undefined behavior.

See also @ref{Argument passing conventions} and @ref{Interoperability with C}.


@node Thread-safety of the runtime library
@section Thread-safety of the runtime library
@cindex thread-safety, threads

GNU Fortran can be used in programs with multiple threads, e.g.@: by
using OpenMP, by calling OS thread handling functions via the
@code{ISO_C_BINDING} facility, or by GNU Fortran compiled library code
being called from a multi-threaded program.

The GNU Fortran runtime library, (@code{libgfortran}), supports being
called concurrently from multiple threads with the following
exceptions. 

During library initialization, the C @code{getenv} function is used,
which need not be thread-safe.  Similarly, the @code{getenv}
function is used to implement the @code{GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE} and
@code{GETENV} intrinsics.  It is the responsibility of the user to
ensure that the environment is not being updated concurrently when any
of these actions are taking place.

The @code{EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE} and @code{SYSTEM} intrinsics are
implemented with the @code{system} function, which need not be
thread-safe.  It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that
@code{system} is not called concurrently.

Finally, for platforms not supporting thread-safe POSIX functions,
further functionality might not be thread-safe.  For details, please
consult the documentation for your operating system.


@node Data consistency and durability
@section Data consistency and durability
@cindex consistency, durability

This section contains a brief overview of data and metadata
consistency and durability issues when doing I/O.

With respect to durability, GNU Fortran makes no effort to ensure that
data is committed to stable storage. If this is required, the GNU
Fortran programmer can use the intrinsic @code{FNUM} to retrieve the
low level file descriptor corresponding to an open Fortran unit. Then,
using e.g. the @code{ISO_C_BINDING} feature, one can call the
underlying system call to flush dirty data to stable storage, such as
@code{fsync} on POSIX, @code{_commit} on MingW, or @code{fcntl(fd,
F_FULLSYNC, 0)} on Mac OS X. The following example shows how to call
fsync:

@smallexample
  ! Declare the interface for POSIX fsync function
  interface
    function fsync (fd) bind(c,name="fsync")
    use iso_c_binding, only: c_int
      integer(c_int), value :: fd
      integer(c_int) :: fsync
    end function fsync
  end interface

  ! Variable declaration
  integer :: ret

  ! Opening unit 10
  open (10,file="foo")

  ! ...
  ! Perform I/O on unit 10
  ! ...

  ! Flush and sync
  flush(10)
  ret = fsync(fnum(10))

  ! Handle possible error
  if (ret /= 0) stop "Error calling FSYNC"
@end smallexample

With respect to consistency, for regular files GNU Fortran uses
buffered I/O in order to improve performance. This buffer is flushed
automatically when full and in some other situations, e.g. when
closing a unit. It can also be explicitly flushed with the
@code{FLUSH} statement. Also, the buffering can be turned off with the
@code{GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL} and
@code{GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED} environment variables. Special
files, such as terminals and pipes, are always unbuffered. Sometimes,
however, further things may need to be done in order to allow other
processes to see data that GNU Fortran has written, as follows.

The Windows platform supports a relaxed metadata consistency model,
where file metadata is written to the directory lazily. This means
that, for instance, the @code{dir} command can show a stale size for a
file. One can force a directory metadata update by closing the unit,
or by calling @code{_commit} on the file descriptor. Note, though,
that @code{_commit} will force all dirty data to stable storage, which
is often a very slow operation.

The Network File System (NFS) implements a relaxed consistency model
called open-to-close consistency. Closing a file forces dirty data and
metadata to be flushed to the server, and opening a file forces the
client to contact the server in order to revalidate cached
data. @code{fsync} will also force a flush of dirty data and metadata
to the server. Similar to @code{open} and @code{close}, acquiring and
releasing @code{fcntl} file locks, if the server supports them, will
also force cache validation and flushing dirty data and metadata.


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Extensions
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@c Maybe this chapter should be merged with the 'Standards' section,
@c whenever that is written :-)

@node Extensions
@chapter Extensions
@cindex extensions

The two sections below detail the extensions to standard Fortran that are
implemented in GNU Fortran, as well as some of the popular or
historically important extensions that are not (or not yet) implemented.
For the latter case, we explain the alternatives available to GNU Fortran
users, including replacement by standard-conforming code or GNU
extensions.

@menu
* Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran::
* Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran::
@end menu


@node Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
@section Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran
@cindex extensions, implemented

GNU Fortran implements a number of extensions over standard
Fortran.  This chapter contains information on their syntax and
meaning.  There are currently two categories of GNU Fortran
extensions, those that provide functionality beyond that provided
by any standard, and those that are supported by GNU Fortran
purely for backward compatibility with legacy compilers.  By default,
@option{-std=gnu} allows the compiler to accept both types of
extensions, but to warn about the use of the latter.  Specifying
either @option{-std=f95}, @option{-std=f2003} or @option{-std=f2008}
disables both types of extensions, and @option{-std=legacy} allows both
without warning.

@menu
* Old-style kind specifications::
* Old-style variable initialization::
* Extensions to namelist::
* X format descriptor without count field::
* Commas in FORMAT specifications::
* Missing period in FORMAT specifications::
* I/O item lists::
* @code{Q} exponent-letter::
* BOZ literal constants::
* Real array indices::
* Unary operators::
* Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values::
* Hollerith constants support::
* Cray pointers::
* CONVERT specifier::
* OpenMP::
* Argument list functions::
@end menu

@node Old-style kind specifications
@subsection Old-style kind specifications
@cindex kind, old-style

GNU Fortran allows old-style kind specifications in declarations.  These
look like:
@smallexample
      TYPESPEC*size x,y,z
@end smallexample
@noindent
where @code{TYPESPEC} is a basic type (@code{INTEGER}, @code{REAL},
etc.), and where @code{size} is a byte count corresponding to the
storage size of a valid kind for that type.  (For @code{COMPLEX}
variables, @code{size} is the total size of the real and imaginary
parts.)  The statement then declares @code{x}, @code{y} and @code{z} to
be of type @code{TYPESPEC} with the appropriate kind.  This is
equivalent to the standard-conforming declaration
@smallexample
      TYPESPEC(k) x,y,z
@end smallexample
@noindent
where @code{k} is the kind parameter suitable for the intended precision.  As
kind parameters are implementation-dependent, use the @code{KIND},
@code{SELECTED_INT_KIND} and @code{SELECTED_REAL_KIND} intrinsics to retrieve
the correct value, for instance @code{REAL*8 x} can be replaced by:
@smallexample
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: dbl = KIND(1.0d0)
REAL(KIND=dbl) :: x
@end smallexample

@node Old-style variable initialization
@subsection Old-style variable initialization

GNU Fortran allows old-style initialization of variables of the
form:
@smallexample
      INTEGER i/1/,j/2/
      REAL x(2,2) /3*0.,1./
@end smallexample
The syntax for the initializers is as for the @code{DATA} statement, but
unlike in a @code{DATA} statement, an initializer only applies to the
variable immediately preceding the initialization.  In other words,
something like @code{INTEGER I,J/2,3/} is not valid.  This style of
initialization is only allowed in declarations without double colons
(@code{::}); the double colons were introduced in Fortran 90, which also
introduced a standard syntax for initializing variables in type
declarations.

Examples of standard-conforming code equivalent to the above example
are:
@smallexample
! Fortran 90
      INTEGER :: i = 1, j = 2
      REAL :: x(2,2) = RESHAPE((/0.,0.,0.,1./),SHAPE(x))
! Fortran 77
      INTEGER i, j
      REAL x(2,2)
      DATA i/1/, j/2/, x/3*0.,1./
@end smallexample

Note that variables which are explicitly initialized in declarations
or in @code{DATA} statements automatically acquire the @code{SAVE}
attribute.

@node Extensions to namelist
@subsection Extensions to namelist
@cindex Namelist

GNU Fortran fully supports the Fortran 95 standard for namelist I/O
including array qualifiers, substrings and fully qualified derived types.
The output from a namelist write is compatible with namelist read.  The
output has all names in upper case and indentation to column 1 after the
namelist name.  Two extensions are permitted:

Old-style use of @samp{$} instead of @samp{&}
@smallexample
$MYNML
 X(:)%Y(2) = 1.0 2.0 3.0
 CH(1:4) = "abcd"
$END
@end smallexample

It should be noted that the default terminator is @samp{/} rather than
@samp{&END}.

Querying of the namelist when inputting from stdin.  After at least
one space, entering @samp{?} sends to stdout the namelist name and the names of
the variables in the namelist:
@smallexample
 ?

&mynml
 x
 x%y
 ch
&end
@end smallexample

Entering @samp{=?} outputs the namelist to stdout, as if
@code{WRITE(*,NML = mynml)} had been called:
@smallexample
=?

&MYNML
 X(1)%Y=  0.000000    ,  1.000000    ,  0.000000    ,
 X(2)%Y=  0.000000    ,  2.000000    ,  0.000000    ,
 X(3)%Y=  0.000000    ,  3.000000    ,  0.000000    ,
 CH=abcd,  /
@end smallexample

To aid this dialog, when input is from stdin, errors send their
messages to stderr and execution continues, even if @code{IOSTAT} is set.

@code{PRINT} namelist is permitted.  This causes an error if
@option{-std=f95} is used.
@smallexample
PROGRAM test_print
  REAL, dimension (4)  ::  x = (/1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0/)
  NAMELIST /mynml/ x
  PRINT mynml
END PROGRAM test_print
@end smallexample

Expanded namelist reads are permitted.  This causes an error if 
@option{-std=f95} is used.  In the following example, the first element
of the array will be given the value 0.00 and the two succeeding
elements will be given the values 1.00 and 2.00.
@smallexample
&MYNML
  X(1,1) = 0.00 , 1.00 , 2.00
/
@end smallexample

When writing a namelist, if no @code{DELIM=} is specified, by default a
double quote is used to delimit character strings. If -std=F95, F2003,
or F2008, etc, the delim status is set to 'none'.  Defaulting to
quotes ensures that namelists with character strings can be subsequently
read back in accurately.

@node X format descriptor without count field
@subsection @code{X} format descriptor without count field

To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran permits the count field of the
@code{X} edit descriptor in @code{FORMAT} statements to be omitted.
When omitted, the count is implicitly assumed to be one.

@smallexample
       PRINT 10, 2, 3
10     FORMAT (I1, X, I1)
@end smallexample

@node Commas in FORMAT specifications
@subsection Commas in @code{FORMAT} specifications

To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the comma separator
to be omitted immediately before and after character string edit
descriptors in @code{FORMAT} statements.

@smallexample
       PRINT 10, 2, 3
10     FORMAT ('FOO='I1' BAR='I2)
@end smallexample


@node Missing period in FORMAT specifications
@subsection Missing period in @code{FORMAT} specifications

To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows missing periods in format
specifications if and only if @option{-std=legacy} is given on the
command line.  This is considered non-conforming code and is
discouraged.

@smallexample
       REAL :: value
       READ(*,10) value
10     FORMAT ('F4')
@end smallexample

@node I/O item lists
@subsection I/O item lists
@cindex I/O item lists

To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the input item list
of the @code{READ} statement, and the output item lists of the
@code{WRITE} and @code{PRINT} statements, to start with a comma.

@node @code{Q} exponent-letter
@subsection @code{Q} exponent-letter
@cindex @code{Q} exponent-letter

GNU Fortran accepts real literal constants with an exponent-letter
of @code{Q}, for example, @code{1.23Q45}.  The constant is interpreted
as a @code{REAL(16)} entity on targets that support this type.  If
the target does not support @code{REAL(16)} but has a @code{REAL(10)}
type, then the real-literal-constant will be interpreted as a
@code{REAL(10)} entity.  In the absence of @code{REAL(16)} and
@code{REAL(10)}, an error will occur.

@node BOZ literal constants
@subsection BOZ literal constants
@cindex BOZ literal constants

Besides decimal constants, Fortran also supports binary (@code{b}),
octal (@code{o}) and hexadecimal (@code{z}) integer constants.  The
syntax is: @samp{prefix quote digits quote}, were the prefix is
either @code{b}, @code{o} or @code{z}, quote is either @code{'} or
@code{"} and the digits are for binary @code{0} or @code{1}, for
octal between @code{0} and @code{7}, and for hexadecimal between
@code{0} and @code{F}.  (Example: @code{b'01011101'}.)

Up to Fortran 95, BOZ literals were only allowed to initialize
integer variables in DATA statements.  Since Fortran 2003 BOZ literals
are also allowed as argument of @code{REAL}, @code{DBLE}, @code{INT}
and @code{CMPLX}; the result is the same as if the integer BOZ
literal had been converted by @code{TRANSFER} to, respectively,
@code{real}, @code{double precision}, @code{integer} or @code{complex}.
As GNU Fortran extension the intrinsic procedures @code{FLOAT},
@code{DFLOAT}, @code{COMPLEX} and @code{DCMPLX} are treated alike.

As an extension, GNU Fortran allows hexadecimal BOZ literal constants to
be specified using the @code{X} prefix, in addition to the standard
@code{Z} prefix.  The BOZ literal can also be specified by adding a
suffix to the string, for example, @code{Z'ABC'} and @code{'ABC'Z} are
equivalent.

Furthermore, GNU Fortran allows using BOZ literal constants outside
DATA statements and the four intrinsic functions allowed by Fortran 2003.
In DATA statements, in direct assignments, where the right-hand side
only contains a BOZ literal constant, and for old-style initializers of
the form @code{integer i /o'0173'/}, the constant is transferred
as if @code{TRANSFER} had been used; for @code{COMPLEX} numbers, only
the real part is initialized unless @code{CMPLX} is used.  In all other
cases, the BOZ literal constant is converted to an @code{INTEGER} value with
the largest decimal representation.  This value is then converted
numerically to the type and kind of the variable in question.
(For instance, @code{real :: r = b'0000001' + 1} initializes @code{r}
with @code{2.0}.) As different compilers implement the extension
differently, one should be careful when doing bitwise initialization
of non-integer variables.

Note that initializing an @code{INTEGER} variable with a statement such
as @code{DATA i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/} will give an integer overflow error rather
than the desired result of @math{-1} when @code{i} is a 32-bit integer
on a system that supports 64-bit integers.  The @samp{-fno-range-check}
option can be used as a workaround for legacy code that initializes
integers in this manner.

@node Real array indices
@subsection Real array indices
@cindex array, indices of type real

As an extension, GNU Fortran allows the use of @code{REAL} expressions
or variables as array indices.

@node Unary operators
@subsection Unary operators
@cindex operators, unary

As an extension, GNU Fortran allows unary plus and unary minus operators
to appear as the second operand of binary arithmetic operators without
the need for parenthesis.

@smallexample
       X = Y * -Z
@end smallexample

@node Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values
@subsection Implicitly convert @code{LOGICAL} and @code{INTEGER} values
@cindex conversion, to integer
@cindex conversion, to logical

As an extension for backwards compatibility with other compilers, GNU
Fortran allows the implicit conversion of @code{LOGICAL} values to
@code{INTEGER} values and vice versa.  When converting from a
@code{LOGICAL} to an @code{INTEGER}, @code{.FALSE.} is interpreted as
zero, and @code{.TRUE.} is interpreted as one.  When converting from
@code{INTEGER} to @code{LOGICAL}, the value zero is interpreted as
@code{.FALSE.} and any nonzero value is interpreted as @code{.TRUE.}.

@smallexample
        LOGICAL :: l
        l = 1
@end smallexample
@smallexample
        INTEGER :: i
        i = .TRUE.
@end smallexample

However, there is no implicit conversion of @code{INTEGER} values in
@code{if}-statements, nor of @code{LOGICAL} or @code{INTEGER} values
in I/O operations.

@node Hollerith constants support
@subsection Hollerith constants support
@cindex Hollerith constants

GNU Fortran supports Hollerith constants in assignments, function
arguments, and @code{DATA} and @code{ASSIGN} statements.  A Hollerith
constant is written as a string of characters preceded by an integer
constant indicating the character count, and the letter @code{H} or
@code{h}, and stored in bytewise fashion in a numeric (@code{INTEGER},
@code{REAL}, or @code{complex}) or @code{LOGICAL} variable.  The
constant will be padded or truncated to fit the size of the variable in
which it is stored.

Examples of valid uses of Hollerith constants:
@smallexample
      complex*16 x(2)
      data x /16Habcdefghijklmnop, 16Hqrstuvwxyz012345/
      x(1) = 16HABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP
      call foo (4h abc)
@end smallexample

Invalid Hollerith constants examples:
@smallexample
      integer*4 a
      a = 8H12345678 ! Valid, but the Hollerith constant will be truncated.
      a = 0H         ! At least one character is needed.
@end smallexample

In general, Hollerith constants were used to provide a rudimentary
facility for handling character strings in early Fortran compilers,
prior to the introduction of @code{CHARACTER} variables in Fortran 77;
in those cases, the standard-compliant equivalent is to convert the
program to use proper character strings.  On occasion, there may be a
case where the intent is specifically to initialize a numeric variable
with a given byte sequence.  In these cases, the same result can be
obtained by using the @code{TRANSFER} statement, as in this example.
@smallexample
      INTEGER(KIND=4) :: a
      a = TRANSFER ("abcd", a)     ! equivalent to: a = 4Habcd
@end smallexample


@node Cray pointers
@subsection Cray pointers
@cindex pointer, Cray

Cray pointers are part of a non-standard extension that provides a
C-like pointer in Fortran.  This is accomplished through a pair of
variables: an integer "pointer" that holds a memory address, and a
"pointee" that is used to dereference the pointer.

Pointer/pointee pairs are declared in statements of the form:
@smallexample
        pointer ( <pointer> , <pointee> )
@end smallexample
or,
@smallexample
        pointer ( <pointer1> , <pointee1> ), ( <pointer2> , <pointee2> ), ...
@end smallexample
The pointer is an integer that is intended to hold a memory address.
The pointee may be an array or scalar.  A pointee can be an assumed
size array---that is, the last dimension may be left unspecified by
using a @code{*} in place of a value---but a pointee cannot be an
assumed shape array.  No space is allocated for the pointee.

The pointee may have its type declared before or after the pointer
statement, and its array specification (if any) may be declared
before, during, or after the pointer statement.  The pointer may be
declared as an integer prior to the pointer statement.  However, some
machines have default integer sizes that are different than the size
of a pointer, and so the following code is not portable:
@smallexample
        integer ipt
        pointer (ipt, iarr)
@end smallexample
If a pointer is declared with a kind that is too small, the compiler
will issue a warning; the resulting binary will probably not work
correctly, because the memory addresses stored in the pointers may be
truncated.  It is safer to omit the first line of the above example;
if explicit declaration of ipt's type is omitted, then the compiler
will ensure that ipt is an integer variable large enough to hold a
pointer.

Pointer arithmetic is valid with Cray pointers, but it is not the same
as C pointer arithmetic.  Cray pointers are just ordinary integers, so
the user is responsible for determining how many bytes to add to a
pointer in order to increment it.  Consider the following example:
@smallexample
        real target(10)
        real pointee(10)
        pointer (ipt, pointee)
        ipt = loc (target)
        ipt = ipt + 1       
@end smallexample
The last statement does not set @code{ipt} to the address of
@code{target(1)}, as it would in C pointer arithmetic.  Adding @code{1}
to @code{ipt} just adds one byte to the address stored in @code{ipt}.

Any expression involving the pointee will be translated to use the
value stored in the pointer as the base address.

To get the address of elements, this extension provides an intrinsic
function @code{LOC()}.  The @code{LOC()} function is equivalent to the
@code{&} operator in C, except the address is cast to an integer type:
@smallexample
        real ar(10)
        pointer(ipt, arpte(10))
        real arpte
        ipt = loc(ar)  ! Makes arpte is an alias for ar
        arpte(1) = 1.0 ! Sets ar(1) to 1.0
@end smallexample
The pointer can also be set by a call to the @code{MALLOC} intrinsic
(see @ref{MALLOC}).

Cray pointees often are used to alias an existing variable.  For
example:
@smallexample
        integer target(10)
        integer iarr(10)
        pointer (ipt, iarr)
        ipt = loc(target)
@end smallexample
As long as @code{ipt} remains unchanged, @code{iarr} is now an alias for
@code{target}.  The optimizer, however, will not detect this aliasing, so
it is unsafe to use @code{iarr} and @code{target} simultaneously.  Using
a pointee in any way that violates the Fortran aliasing rules or
assumptions is illegal.  It is the user's responsibility to avoid doing
this; the compiler works under the assumption that no such aliasing
occurs.

Cray pointers will work correctly when there is no aliasing (i.e., when
they are used to access a dynamically allocated block of memory), and
also in any routine where a pointee is used, but any variable with which
it shares storage is not used.  Code that violates these rules may not
run as the user intends.  This is not a bug in the optimizer; any code
that violates the aliasing rules is illegal.  (Note that this is not
unique to GNU Fortran; any Fortran compiler that supports Cray pointers
will ``incorrectly'' optimize code with illegal aliasing.)

There are a number of restrictions on the attributes that can be applied
to Cray pointers and pointees.  Pointees may not have the
@code{ALLOCATABLE}, @code{INTENT}, @code{OPTIONAL}, @code{DUMMY},
@code{TARGET}, @code{INTRINSIC}, or @code{POINTER} attributes.  Pointers
may not have the @code{DIMENSION}, @code{POINTER}, @code{TARGET},
@code{ALLOCATABLE}, @code{EXTERNAL}, or @code{INTRINSIC} attributes, nor
may they be function results.  Pointees may not occur in more than one
pointer statement.  A pointee cannot be a pointer.  Pointees cannot occur
in equivalence, common, or data statements.

A Cray pointer may also point to a function or a subroutine.  For
example, the following excerpt is valid:
@smallexample
  implicit none
  external sub
  pointer (subptr,subpte)
  external subpte
  subptr = loc(sub)
  call subpte()
  [...]
  subroutine sub
  [...]
  end subroutine sub
@end smallexample

A pointer may be modified during the course of a program, and this
will change the location to which the pointee refers.  However, when
pointees are passed as arguments, they are treated as ordinary
variables in the invoked function.  Subsequent changes to the pointer
will not change the base address of the array that was passed.

@node CONVERT specifier
@subsection @code{CONVERT} specifier
@cindex @code{CONVERT} specifier

GNU Fortran allows the conversion of unformatted data between little-
and big-endian representation to facilitate moving of data
between different systems.  The conversion can be indicated with
the @code{CONVERT} specifier on the @code{OPEN} statement.
@xref{GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT}, for an alternative way of specifying
the data format via an environment variable.

Valid values for @code{CONVERT} are:
@itemize @w{}
@item @code{CONVERT='NATIVE'} Use the native format.  This is the default.
@item @code{CONVERT='SWAP'} Swap between little- and big-endian.
@item @code{CONVERT='LITTLE_ENDIAN'} Use the little-endian representation
for unformatted files.
@item @code{CONVERT='BIG_ENDIAN'} Use the big-endian representation for
unformatted files.
@end itemize

Using the option could look like this:
@smallexample
  open(file='big.dat',form='unformatted',access='sequential', &
       convert='big_endian')
@end smallexample

The value of the conversion can be queried by using
@code{INQUIRE(CONVERT=ch)}.  The values returned are
@code{'BIG_ENDIAN'} and @code{'LITTLE_ENDIAN'}.

@code{CONVERT} works between big- and little-endian for
@code{INTEGER} values of all supported kinds and for @code{REAL}
on IEEE systems of kinds 4 and 8.  Conversion between different
``extended double'' types on different architectures such as
m68k and x86_64, which GNU Fortran
supports as @code{REAL(KIND=10)} and @code{REAL(KIND=16)}, will
probably not work.

@emph{Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT
environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the
open statement}.  This is to give control over data formats to
users who do not have the source code of their program available.

Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data
carries a significant speed overhead.  If speed in this area matters
to you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be
portable.

@node OpenMP
@subsection OpenMP
@cindex OpenMP

OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming
interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared memory 
multiprocessing programming in C/C++ and Fortran on many 
architectures, including Unix and Microsoft Windows platforms.
It consists of a set of compiler directives, library routines,
and environment variables that influence run-time behavior.

GNU Fortran strives to be compatible to the 
@uref{http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-specifications/,
OpenMP Application Program Interface v4.0}.

To enable the processing of the OpenMP directive @code{!$omp} in
free-form source code; the @code{c$omp}, @code{*$omp} and @code{!$omp}
directives in fixed form; the @code{!$} conditional compilation sentinels
in free form; and the @code{c$}, @code{*$} and @code{!$} sentinels
in fixed form, @command{gfortran} needs to be invoked with the
@option{-fopenmp}.  This also arranges for automatic linking of the
GNU OpenMP runtime library @ref{Top,,libgomp,libgomp,GNU OpenMP
runtime library}.

The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a
form of a Fortran 90 module named @code{omp_lib} and in a form of
a Fortran @code{include} file named @file{omp_lib.h}.

An example of a parallelized loop taken from Appendix A.1 of
the OpenMP Application Program Interface v2.5:
@smallexample
SUBROUTINE A1(N, A, B)
  INTEGER I, N
  REAL B(N), A(N)
!$OMP PARALLEL DO !I is private by default
  DO I=2,N
    B(I) = (A(I) + A(I-1)) / 2.0
  ENDDO
!$OMP END PARALLEL DO
END SUBROUTINE A1
@end smallexample

Please note:
@itemize
@item
@option{-fopenmp} implies @option{-frecursive}, i.e., all local arrays
will be allocated on the stack.  When porting existing code to OpenMP,
this may lead to surprising results, especially to segmentation faults
if the stacksize is limited.

@item
On glibc-based systems, OpenMP enabled applications cannot be statically
linked due to limitations of the underlying pthreads-implementation.  It
might be possible to get a working solution if 
@command{-Wl,--whole-archive -lpthread -Wl,--no-whole-archive} is added
to the command line.  However, this is not supported by @command{gcc} and
thus not recommended.
@end itemize

@node Argument list functions
@subsection Argument list functions @code{%VAL}, @code{%REF} and @code{%LOC}
@cindex argument list functions
@cindex @code{%VAL}
@cindex @code{%REF}
@cindex @code{%LOC}

GNU Fortran supports argument list functions @code{%VAL}, @code{%REF} 
and @code{%LOC} statements, for backward compatibility with g77. 
It is recommended that these should be used only for code that is 
accessing facilities outside of GNU Fortran, such as operating system 
or windowing facilities.  It is best to constrain such uses to isolated 
portions of a program--portions that deal specifically and exclusively 
with low-level, system-dependent facilities.  Such portions might well 
provide a portable interface for use by the program as a whole, but are 
themselves not portable, and should be thoroughly tested each time they 
are rebuilt using a new compiler or version of a compiler.

@code{%VAL} passes a scalar argument by value, @code{%REF} passes it by 
reference and @code{%LOC} passes its memory location.  Since gfortran 
already passes scalar arguments by reference, @code{%REF} is in effect 
a do-nothing.  @code{%LOC} has the same effect as a Fortran pointer.

An example of passing an argument by value to a C subroutine foo.:
@smallexample
C
C prototype      void foo_ (float x);
C
      external foo
      real*4 x
      x = 3.14159
      call foo (%VAL (x))
      end
@end smallexample

For details refer to the g77 manual
@uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/@/onlinedocs/@/gcc-3.4.6/@/g77/@/index.html#Top}.

Also, @code{c_by_val.f} and its partner @code{c_by_val.c} of the
GNU Fortran testsuite are worth a look.


@node Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
@section Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran
@cindex extensions, not implemented

The long history of the Fortran language, its wide use and broad
userbase, the large number of different compiler vendors and the lack of
some features crucial to users in the first standards have lead to the
existence of a number of important extensions to the language.  While
some of the most useful or popular extensions are supported by the GNU
Fortran compiler, not all existing extensions are supported.  This section
aims at listing these extensions and offering advice on how best make
code that uses them running with the GNU Fortran compiler.

@c More can be found here:
@c   -- http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-3.4.6/g77/Missing-Features.html
@c   -- the list of Fortran and libgfortran bugs closed as WONTFIX:
@c      http://tinyurl.com/2u4h5y

@menu
* STRUCTURE and RECORD::
@c * UNION and MAP::
* ENCODE and DECODE statements::
* Variable FORMAT expressions::
@c * Q edit descriptor::
@c * AUTOMATIC statement::
@c * TYPE and ACCEPT I/O Statements::
@c * .XOR. operator::
@c * CARRIAGECONTROL, DEFAULTFILE, DISPOSE and RECORDTYPE I/O specifiers::
@c * Omitted arguments in procedure call::
* Alternate complex function syntax::
* Volatile COMMON blocks::
@end menu


@node STRUCTURE and RECORD
@subsection @code{STRUCTURE} and @code{RECORD}
@cindex @code{STRUCTURE}
@cindex @code{RECORD}

Record structures are a pre-Fortran-90 vendor extension to create
user-defined aggregate data types.  GNU Fortran does not support
record structures, only Fortran 90's ``derived types'', which have
a different syntax.

In many cases, record structures can easily be converted to derived types.
To convert, replace @code{STRUCTURE /}@var{structure-name}@code{/}
by @code{TYPE} @var{type-name}.  Additionally, replace
@code{RECORD /}@var{structure-name}@code{/} by
@code{TYPE(}@var{type-name}@code{)}. Finally, in the component access,
replace the period (@code{.}) by the percent sign (@code{%}).

Here is an example of code using the non portable record structure syntax:

@example
! Declaring a structure named ``item'' and containing three fields:
! an integer ID, an description string and a floating-point price.
STRUCTURE /item/
  INTEGER id
  CHARACTER(LEN=200) description
  REAL price
END STRUCTURE

! Define two variables, an single record of type ``item''
! named ``pear'', and an array of items named ``store_catalog''
RECORD /item/ pear, store_catalog(100)

! We can directly access the fields of both variables
pear.id = 92316
pear.description = "juicy D'Anjou pear"
pear.price = 0.15
store_catalog(7).id = 7831
store_catalog(7).description = "milk bottle"
store_catalog(7).price = 1.2

! We can also manipulate the whole structure
store_catalog(12) = pear
print *, store_catalog(12)
@end example

@noindent
This code can easily be rewritten in the Fortran 90 syntax as following:

@example
! ``STRUCTURE /name/ ... END STRUCTURE'' becomes
! ``TYPE name ... END TYPE''
TYPE item
  INTEGER id
  CHARACTER(LEN=200) description
  REAL price
END TYPE

! ``RECORD /name/ variable'' becomes ``TYPE(name) variable''
TYPE(item) pear, store_catalog(100)

! Instead of using a dot (.) to access fields of a record, the
! standard syntax uses a percent sign (%)
pear%id = 92316
pear%description = "juicy D'Anjou pear"
pear%price = 0.15
store_catalog(7)%id = 7831
store_catalog(7)%description = "milk bottle"
store_catalog(7)%price = 1.2

! Assignments of a whole variable do not change
store_catalog(12) = pear
print *, store_catalog(12)
@end example


@c @node UNION and MAP
@c @subsection @code{UNION} and @code{MAP}
@c @cindex @code{UNION}
@c @cindex @code{MAP}
@c
@c For help writing this one, see
@c http://www.eng.umd.edu/~nsw/ench250/fortran1.htm#UNION and
@c http://www.tacc.utexas.edu/services/userguides/pgi/pgiws_ug/pgi32u06.htm


@node ENCODE and DECODE statements
@subsection @code{ENCODE} and @code{DECODE} statements
@cindex @code{ENCODE}
@cindex @code{DECODE}

GNU Fortran does not support the @code{ENCODE} and @code{DECODE}
statements.  These statements are best replaced by @code{READ} and
@code{WRITE} statements involving internal files (@code{CHARACTER}
variables and arrays), which have been part of the Fortran standard since
Fortran 77.  For example, replace a code fragment like

@smallexample
      INTEGER*1 LINE(80)
      REAL A, B, C
c     ... Code that sets LINE
      DECODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C
 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))
@end smallexample

@noindent
with the following:

@smallexample
      CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE
      REAL A, B, C
c     ... Code that sets LINE
      READ (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C
 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))
@end smallexample

Similarly, replace a code fragment like

@smallexample
      INTEGER*1 LINE(80)
      REAL A, B, C
c     ... Code that sets A, B and C
      ENCODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C
 9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5))
@end smallexample

@noindent
with the following:

@smallexample
      CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE
      REAL A, B, C
c     ... Code that sets A, B and C
      WRITE (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C
 9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5))
@end smallexample


@node Variable FORMAT expressions
@subsection Variable @code{FORMAT} expressions
@cindex @code{FORMAT}

A variable @code{FORMAT} expression is format statement which includes
angle brackets enclosing a Fortran expression: @code{FORMAT(I<N>)}.  GNU
Fortran does not support this legacy extension.  The effect of variable
format expressions can be reproduced by using the more powerful (and
standard) combination of internal output and string formats.  For example,
replace a code fragment like this:

@smallexample
      WRITE(6,20) INT1
 20   FORMAT(I<N+1>)
@end smallexample

@noindent
with the following:

@smallexample
c     Variable declaration
      CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT
c     
c     Other code here...
c
      WRITE(FMT,'("(I", I0, ")")') N+1
      WRITE(6,FMT) INT1
@end smallexample

@noindent
or with:

@smallexample
c     Variable declaration
      CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT
c     
c     Other code here...
c
      WRITE(FMT,*) N+1
      WRITE(6,"(I" // ADJUSTL(FMT) // ")") INT1
@end smallexample


@node Alternate complex function syntax
@subsection Alternate complex function syntax
@cindex Complex function

Some Fortran compilers, including @command{g77}, let the user declare
complex functions with the syntax @code{COMPLEX FUNCTION name*16()}, as
well as @code{COMPLEX*16 FUNCTION name()}.  Both are non-standard, legacy
extensions.  @command{gfortran} accepts the latter form, which is more
common, but not the former.


@node Volatile COMMON blocks
@subsection Volatile @code{COMMON} blocks
@cindex @code{VOLATILE}
@cindex @code{COMMON}

Some Fortran compilers, including @command{g77}, let the user declare
@code{COMMON} with the @code{VOLATILE} attribute. This is
invalid standard Fortran syntax and is not supported by
@command{gfortran}.  Note that @command{gfortran} accepts
@code{VOLATILE} variables in @code{COMMON} blocks since revision 4.3.



@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Mixed-Language Programming
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Mixed-Language Programming
@chapter Mixed-Language Programming
@cindex Interoperability
@cindex Mixed-language programming

@menu
* Interoperability with C::
* GNU Fortran Compiler Directives::
* Non-Fortran Main Program::
* Naming and argument-passing conventions::
@end menu

This chapter is about mixed-language interoperability, but also applies
if one links Fortran code compiled by different compilers.  In most cases,
use of the C Binding features of the Fortran 2003 standard is sufficient,
and their use is highly recommended.


@node Interoperability with C
@section Interoperability with C

@menu
* Intrinsic Types::
* Derived Types and struct::
* Interoperable Global Variables::
* Interoperable Subroutines and Functions::
* Working with Pointers::
* Further Interoperability of Fortran with C::
@end menu

Since Fortran 2003 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004(E)) there is a
standardized way to generate procedure and derived-type
declarations and global variables which are interoperable with C
(ISO/IEC 9899:1999).  The @code{bind(C)} attribute has been added
to inform the compiler that a symbol shall be interoperable with C;
also, some constraints are added.  Note, however, that not
all C features have a Fortran equivalent or vice versa.  For instance,
neither C's unsigned integers nor C's functions with variable number
of arguments have an equivalent in Fortran.

Note that array dimensions are reversely ordered in C and that arrays in
C always start with index 0 while in Fortran they start by default with
1.  Thus, an array declaration @code{A(n,m)} in Fortran matches
@code{A[m][n]} in C and accessing the element @code{A(i,j)} matches
@code{A[j-1][i-1]}.  The element following @code{A(i,j)} (C: @code{A[j-1][i-1]};
assuming @math{i < n}) in memory is @code{A(i+1,j)} (C: @code{A[j-1][i]}).

@node Intrinsic Types
@subsection Intrinsic Types

In order to ensure that exactly the same variable type and kind is used
in C and Fortran, the named constants shall be used which are defined in the
@code{ISO_C_BINDING} intrinsic module.  That module contains named constants
for kind parameters and character named constants for the escape sequences
in C.  For a list of the constants, see @ref{ISO_C_BINDING}.

For logical types, please note that the Fortran standard only guarantees
interoperability between C99's @code{_Bool} and Fortran's @code{C_Bool}-kind
logicals and C99 defines that @code{true} has the value 1 and @code{false}
the value 0.  Using any other integer value with GNU Fortran's @code{LOGICAL}
(with any kind parameter) gives an undefined result.  (Passing other integer
values than 0 and 1 to GCC's @code{_Bool} is also undefined, unless the
integer is explicitly or implicitly casted to @code{_Bool}.)



@node Derived Types and struct
@subsection Derived Types and struct

For compatibility of derived types with @code{struct}, one needs to use
the @code{BIND(C)} attribute in the type declaration.  For instance, the
following type declaration

@smallexample
 USE ISO_C_BINDING
 TYPE, BIND(C) :: myType
   INTEGER(C_INT) :: i1, i2
   INTEGER(C_SIGNED_CHAR) :: i3
   REAL(C_DOUBLE) :: d1
   COMPLEX(C_FLOAT_COMPLEX) :: c1
   CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR) :: str(5)
 END TYPE
@end smallexample

matches the following @code{struct} declaration in C

@smallexample
 struct @{
   int i1, i2;
   /* Note: "char" might be signed or unsigned.  */
   signed char i3;
   double d1;
   float _Complex c1;
   char str[5];
 @} myType;
@end smallexample

Derived types with the C binding attribute shall not have the @code{sequence}
attribute, type parameters, the @code{extends} attribute, nor type-bound
procedures.  Every component must be of interoperable type and kind and may not
have the @code{pointer} or @code{allocatable} attribute.  The names of the
components are irrelevant for interoperability.

As there exist no direct Fortran equivalents, neither unions nor structs
with bit field or variable-length array members are interoperable.

@node Interoperable Global Variables
@subsection Interoperable Global Variables

Variables can be made accessible from C using the C binding attribute,
optionally together with specifying a binding name.  Those variables
have to be declared in the declaration part of a @code{MODULE},
be of interoperable type, and have neither the @code{pointer} nor
the @code{allocatable} attribute.

@smallexample
  MODULE m
    USE myType_module
    USE ISO_C_BINDING
    integer(C_INT), bind(C, name="_MyProject_flags") :: global_flag
    type(myType), bind(C) :: tp
  END MODULE
@end smallexample

Here, @code{_MyProject_flags} is the case-sensitive name of the variable
as seen from C programs while @code{global_flag} is the case-insensitive
name as seen from Fortran.  If no binding name is specified, as for
@var{tp}, the C binding name is the (lowercase) Fortran binding name.
If a binding name is specified, only a single variable may be after the
double colon.  Note of warning: You cannot use a global variable to
access @var{errno} of the C library as the C standard allows it to be
a macro.  Use the @code{IERRNO} intrinsic (GNU extension) instead.

@node Interoperable Subroutines and Functions
@subsection Interoperable Subroutines and Functions

Subroutines and functions have to have the @code{BIND(C)} attribute to
be compatible with C.  The dummy argument declaration is relatively
straightforward.  However, one needs to be careful because C uses
call-by-value by default while Fortran behaves usually similar to
call-by-reference.  Furthermore, strings and pointers are handled
differently.  Note that in Fortran 2003 and 2008 only explicit size
and assumed-size arrays are supported but not assumed-shape or
deferred-shape (i.e. allocatable or pointer) arrays.  However, those
are allowed since the Technical Specification 29113, see
@ref{Further Interoperability of Fortran with C}

To pass a variable by value, use the @code{VALUE} attribute.
Thus, the following C prototype

@smallexample
@code{int func(int i, int *j)}
@end smallexample

matches the Fortran declaration

@smallexample
  integer(c_int) function func(i,j)
    use iso_c_binding, only: c_int
    integer(c_int), VALUE :: i
    integer(c_int) :: j
@end smallexample

Note that pointer arguments also frequently need the @code{VALUE} attribute,
see @ref{Working with Pointers}.

Strings are handled quite differently in C and Fortran.  In C a string
is a @code{NUL}-terminated array of characters while in Fortran each string
has a length associated with it and is thus not terminated (by e.g.
@code{NUL}).  For example, if one wants to use the following C function,

@smallexample
  #include <stdio.h>
  void print_C(char *string) /* equivalent: char string[]  */
  @{
     printf("%s\n", string);
  @}
@end smallexample

to print ``Hello World'' from Fortran, one can call it using

@smallexample
  use iso_c_binding, only: C_CHAR, C_NULL_CHAR
  interface
    subroutine print_c(string) bind(C, name="print_C")
      use iso_c_binding, only: c_char
      character(kind=c_char) :: string(*)
    end subroutine print_c
  end interface
  call print_c(C_CHAR_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR)
@end smallexample

As the example shows, one needs to ensure that the
string is @code{NUL} terminated.  Additionally, the dummy argument
@var{string} of @code{print_C} is a length-one assumed-size
array; using @code{character(len=*)} is not allowed.  The example
above uses @code{c_char_"Hello World"} to ensure the string
literal has the right type; typically the default character
kind and @code{c_char} are the same and thus @code{"Hello World"}
is equivalent.  However, the standard does not guarantee this.

The use of strings is now further illustrated using the C library
function @code{strncpy}, whose prototype is

@smallexample
  char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);
@end smallexample

The function @code{strncpy} copies at most @var{n} characters from
string @var{s2} to @var{s1} and returns @var{s1}.  In the following
example, we ignore the return value:

@smallexample
  use iso_c_binding
  implicit none
  character(len=30) :: str,str2
  interface
    ! Ignore the return value of strncpy -> subroutine
    ! "restrict" is always assumed if we do not pass a pointer
    subroutine strncpy(dest, src, n) bind(C)
      import
      character(kind=c_char),  intent(out) :: dest(*)
      character(kind=c_char),  intent(in)  :: src(*)
      integer(c_size_t), value, intent(in) :: n
    end subroutine strncpy
  end interface
  str = repeat('X',30) ! Initialize whole string with 'X'
  call strncpy(str, c_char_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR, &
               len(c_char_"Hello World",kind=c_size_t))
  print '(a)', str ! prints: "Hello WorldXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
  end
@end smallexample

The intrinsic procedures are described in @ref{Intrinsic Procedures}.

@node Working with Pointers
@subsection Working with Pointers

C pointers are represented in Fortran via the special opaque derived type
@code{type(c_ptr)} (with private components).  Thus one needs to
use intrinsic conversion procedures to convert from or to C pointers.

For some applications, using an assumed type (@code{TYPE(*)}) can be an
alternative to a C pointer; see
@ref{Further Interoperability of Fortran with C}.

For example,

@smallexample
  use iso_c_binding
  type(c_ptr) :: cptr1, cptr2
  integer, target :: array(7), scalar
  integer, pointer :: pa(:), ps
  cptr1 = c_loc(array(1)) ! The programmer needs to ensure that the
                          ! array is contiguous if required by the C
                          ! procedure
  cptr2 = c_loc(scalar)
  call c_f_pointer(cptr2, ps)
  call c_f_pointer(cptr2, pa, shape=[7])
@end smallexample

When converting C to Fortran arrays, the one-dimensional @code{SHAPE} argument
has to be passed.

If a pointer is a dummy-argument of an interoperable procedure, it usually
has to be declared using the @code{VALUE} attribute.  @code{void*}
matches @code{TYPE(C_PTR), VALUE}, while @code{TYPE(C_PTR)} alone
matches @code{void**}.

Procedure pointers are handled analogously to pointers; the C type is
@code{TYPE(C_FUNPTR)} and the intrinsic conversion procedures are
@code{C_F_PROCPOINTER} and @code{C_FUNLOC}.

Let us consider two examples of actually passing a procedure pointer from
C to Fortran and vice versa.  Note that these examples are also very
similar to passing ordinary pointers between both languages. First,
consider this code in C:

@smallexample
/* Procedure implemented in Fortran.  */
void get_values (void (*)(double));

/* Call-back routine we want called from Fortran.  */
void
print_it (double x)
@{
  printf ("Number is %f.\n", x);
@}

/* Call Fortran routine and pass call-back to it.  */
void
foobar ()
@{
  get_values (&print_it);
@}
@end smallexample

A matching implementation for @code{get_values} in Fortran, that correctly
receives the procedure pointer from C and is able to call it, is given
in the following @code{MODULE}:

@smallexample
MODULE m
  IMPLICIT NONE

  ! Define interface of call-back routine.
  ABSTRACT INTERFACE
    SUBROUTINE callback (x)
      USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
      REAL(KIND=C_DOUBLE), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: x
    END SUBROUTINE callback
  END INTERFACE

CONTAINS

  ! Define C-bound procedure.
  SUBROUTINE get_values (cproc) BIND(C)
    USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
    TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: cproc

    PROCEDURE(callback), POINTER :: proc

    ! Convert C to Fortran procedure pointer.
    CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER (cproc, proc)

    ! Call it.
    CALL proc (1.0_C_DOUBLE)
    CALL proc (-42.0_C_DOUBLE)
    CALL proc (18.12_C_DOUBLE)
  END SUBROUTINE get_values

END MODULE m
@end smallexample

Next, we want to call a C routine that expects a procedure pointer argument
and pass it a Fortran procedure (which clearly must be interoperable!).
Again, the C function may be:

@smallexample
int
call_it (int (*func)(int), int arg)
@{
  return func (arg);
@}
@end smallexample

It can be used as in the following Fortran code:

@smallexample
MODULE m
  USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
  IMPLICIT NONE

  ! Define interface of C function.
  INTERFACE
    INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION call_it (func, arg) BIND(C)
      USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
      TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: func
      INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg
    END FUNCTION call_it
  END INTERFACE

CONTAINS

  ! Define procedure passed to C function.
  ! It must be interoperable!
  INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION double_it (arg) BIND(C)
    INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg
    double_it = arg + arg
  END FUNCTION double_it

  ! Call C function.
  SUBROUTINE foobar ()
    TYPE(C_FUNPTR) :: cproc
    INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) :: i

    ! Get C procedure pointer.
    cproc = C_FUNLOC (double_it)

    ! Use it.
    DO i = 1_C_INT, 10_C_INT
      PRINT *, call_it (cproc, i)
    END DO
  END SUBROUTINE foobar

END MODULE m
@end smallexample

@node Further Interoperability of Fortran with C
@subsection Further Interoperability of Fortran with C

The Technical Specification ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012 on further
interoperability of Fortran with C extends the interoperability support
of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008. Besides removing some restrictions
and constraints, it adds assumed-type (@code{TYPE(*)}) and assumed-rank
(@code{dimension}) variables and allows for interoperability of
assumed-shape, assumed-rank and deferred-shape arrays, including
allocatables and pointers.

Note: Currently, GNU Fortran does not support the array descriptor
(dope vector) as specified in the Technical Specification, but uses
an array descriptor with different fields. The Chasm Language
Interoperability Tools, @url{http://chasm-interop.sourceforge.net/},
provide an interface to GNU Fortran's array descriptor.

The Technical Specification adds the following new features, which
are supported by GNU Fortran:

@itemize @bullet

@item The @code{ASYNCHRONOUS} attribute has been clarified and
extended to allow its use with asynchronous communication in
user-provided libraries such as in implementations of the
Message Passing Interface specification.

@item Many constraints have been relaxed, in particular for
the @code{C_LOC} and @code{C_F_POINTER} intrinsics.

@item The @code{OPTIONAL} attribute is now allowed for dummy
arguments; an absent argument matches a @code{NULL} pointer.

@item Assumed types (@code{TYPE(*)}) have been added, which may
only be used for dummy arguments.  They are unlimited polymorphic
but contrary to @code{CLASS(*)} they do not contain any type
information, similar to C's @code{void *} pointers.  Expressions
of any type and kind can be passed; thus, it can be used as
replacement for @code{TYPE(C_PTR)}, avoiding the use of
@code{C_LOC} in the caller.

Note, however, that @code{TYPE(*)} only accepts scalar arguments,
unless the @code{DIMENSION} is explicitly specified.  As
@code{DIMENSION(*)} only supports array (including array elements) but
no scalars, it is not a full replacement for @code{C_LOC}.  On the
other hand, assumed-type assumed-rank dummy arguments
(@code{TYPE(*), DIMENSION(..)}) allow for both scalars and arrays, but
require special code on the callee side to handle the array descriptor.

@item Assumed-rank arrays (@code{DIMENSION(..)}) as dummy argument
allow that scalars and arrays of any rank can be passed as actual
argument. As the Technical Specification does not provide for direct
means to operate with them, they have to be used either from the C side
or be converted using @code{C_LOC} and @code{C_F_POINTER} to scalars
or arrays of a specific rank. The rank can be determined using the
@code{RANK} intrinisic.
@end itemize


Currently unimplemented:

@itemize @bullet

@item GNU Fortran always uses an array descriptor, which does not
match the one of the Technical Specification. The
@code{ISO_Fortran_binding.h} header file and the C functions it
specifies are not available.

@item Using assumed-shape, assumed-rank and deferred-shape arrays in
@code{BIND(C)} procedures is not fully supported. In particular,
C interoperable strings of other length than one are not supported
as this requires the new array descriptor.
@end itemize


@node GNU Fortran Compiler Directives
@section GNU Fortran Compiler Directives

The Fortran standard describes how a conforming program shall
behave; however, the exact implementation is not standardized.  In order
to allow the user to choose specific implementation details, compiler
directives can be used to set attributes of variables and procedures
which are not part of the standard.  Whether a given attribute is
supported and its exact effects depend on both the operating system and
on the processor; see
@ref{Top,,C Extensions,gcc,Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}
for details.

For procedures and procedure pointers, the following attributes can
be used to change the calling convention:

@itemize
@item @code{CDECL} -- standard C calling convention
@item @code{STDCALL} -- convention where the called procedure pops the stack
@item @code{FASTCALL} -- part of the arguments are passed via registers
instead using the stack
@end itemize

Besides changing the calling convention, the attributes also influence
the decoration of the symbol name, e.g., by a leading underscore or by
a trailing at-sign followed by the number of bytes on the stack.  When
assigning a procedure to a procedure pointer, both should use the same
calling convention.

On some systems, procedures and global variables (module variables and
@code{COMMON} blocks) need special handling to be accessible when they
are in a shared library.  The following attributes are available:

@itemize
@item @code{DLLEXPORT} -- provide a global pointer to a pointer in the DLL
@item @code{DLLIMPORT} -- reference the function or variable using a global pointer 
@end itemize

For dummy arguments, the @code{NO_ARG_CHECK} attribute can be used; in
other compilers, it is also known as @code{IGNORE_TKR}.  For dummy arguments
with this attribute actual arguments of any type and kind (similar to
@code{TYPE(*)}), scalars and arrays of any rank (no equivalent
in Fortran standard) are accepted.  As with @code{TYPE(*)}, the argument
is unlimited polymorphic and no type information is available.
Additionally, the argument may only be passed to dummy arguments
with the @code{NO_ARG_CHECK} attribute and as argument to the
@code{PRESENT} intrinsic function and to @code{C_LOC} of the
@code{ISO_C_BINDING} module.

Variables with @code{NO_ARG_CHECK} attribute shall be of assumed-type
(@code{TYPE(*)}; recommended) or of type @code{INTEGER}, @code{LOGICAL},
@code{REAL} or @code{COMPLEX}. They shall not have the @code{ALLOCATE},
@code{CODIMENSION}, @code{INTENT(OUT)}, @code{POINTER} or @code{VALUE}
attribute; furthermore, they shall be either scalar or of assumed-size
(@code{dimension(*)}). As @code{TYPE(*)}, the @code{NO_ARG_CHECK} attribute
requires an explicit interface.

@itemize
@item @code{NO_ARG_CHECK} -- disable the type, kind and rank checking
@end itemize


The attributes are specified using the syntax

@code{!GCC$ ATTRIBUTES} @var{attribute-list} @code{::} @var{variable-list}

where in free-form source code only whitespace is allowed before @code{!GCC$}
and in fixed-form source code @code{!GCC$}, @code{cGCC$} or @code{*GCC$} shall
start in the first column.

For procedures, the compiler directives shall be placed into the body
of the procedure; for variables and procedure pointers, they shall be in
the same declaration part as the variable or procedure pointer.



@node Non-Fortran Main Program
@section Non-Fortran Main Program

@menu
* _gfortran_set_args:: Save command-line arguments
* _gfortran_set_options:: Set library option flags
* _gfortran_set_convert:: Set endian conversion
* _gfortran_set_record_marker:: Set length of record markers
* _gfortran_set_fpe:: Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised
* _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length:: Set subrecord length
@end menu

Even if you are doing mixed-language programming, it is very
likely that you do not need to know or use the information in this
section.  Since it is about the internal structure of GNU Fortran,
it may also change in GCC minor releases.

When you compile a @code{PROGRAM} with GNU Fortran, a function
with the name @code{main} (in the symbol table of the object file)
is generated, which initializes the libgfortran library and then
calls the actual program which uses the name @code{MAIN__}, for
historic reasons.  If you link GNU Fortran compiled procedures
to, e.g., a C or C++ program or to a Fortran program compiled by
a different compiler, the libgfortran library is not initialized
and thus a few intrinsic procedures do not work properly, e.g.
those for obtaining the command-line arguments.

Therefore, if your @code{PROGRAM} is not compiled with
GNU Fortran and the GNU Fortran compiled procedures require
intrinsics relying on the library initialization, you need to
initialize the library yourself.  Using the default options,
gfortran calls @code{_gfortran_set_args} and
@code{_gfortran_set_options}.  The initialization of the former
is needed if the called procedures access the command line
(and for backtracing); the latter sets some flags based on the
standard chosen or to enable backtracing.  In typical programs,
it is not necessary to call any initialization function.

If your @code{PROGRAM} is compiled with GNU Fortran, you shall
not call any of the following functions.  The libgfortran
initialization functions are shown in C syntax but using C
bindings they are also accessible from Fortran.


@node _gfortran_set_args
@subsection @code{_gfortran_set_args} --- Save command-line arguments
@fnindex _gfortran_set_args
@cindex libgfortran initialization, set_args

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{_gfortran_set_args} saves the command-line arguments; this
initialization is required if any of the command-line intrinsics
is called.  Additionally, it shall be called if backtracing is
enabled (see @code{_gfortran_set_options}).

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{void _gfortran_set_args (int argc, char *argv[])}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{argc} @tab number of command line argument strings
@item @var{argv} @tab the command-line argument strings; argv[0]
is the pathname of the executable itself.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
@{
  /* Initialize libgfortran.  */
  _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
  return 0;
@}
@end smallexample
@end table


@node _gfortran_set_options
@subsection @code{_gfortran_set_options} --- Set library option flags
@fnindex _gfortran_set_options
@cindex libgfortran initialization, set_options

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{_gfortran_set_options} sets several flags related to the Fortran
standard to be used, whether backtracing should be enabled
and whether range checks should be performed.  The syntax allows for
upward compatibility since the number of passed flags is specified; for
non-passed flags, the default value is used.  See also
@pxref{Code Gen Options}.  Please note that not all flags are actually
used.

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{void _gfortran_set_options (int num, int options[])}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{num} @tab number of options passed
@item @var{argv} @tab The list of flag values
@end multitable

@item @emph{option flag list}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{option}[0] @tab Allowed standard; can give run-time errors
if e.g. an input-output edit descriptor is invalid in a given standard.
Possible values are (bitwise or-ed) @code{GFC_STD_F77} (1),
@code{GFC_STD_F95_OBS} (2), @code{GFC_STD_F95_DEL} (4), @code{GFC_STD_F95}
(8), @code{GFC_STD_F2003} (16), @code{GFC_STD_GNU} (32),
@code{GFC_STD_LEGACY} (64), @code{GFC_STD_F2008} (128), 
@code{GFC_STD_F2008_OBS} (256) and GFC_STD_F2008_TS (512). Default:
@code{GFC_STD_F95_OBS | GFC_STD_F95_DEL | GFC_STD_F95 | GFC_STD_F2003
| GFC_STD_F2008 | GFC_STD_F2008_TS | GFC_STD_F2008_OBS | GFC_STD_F77
| GFC_STD_GNU | GFC_STD_LEGACY}.
@item @var{option}[1] @tab Standard-warning flag; prints a warning to
standard error.  Default: @code{GFC_STD_F95_DEL | GFC_STD_LEGACY}.
@item @var{option}[2] @tab If non zero, enable pedantic checking.
Default: off.
@item @var{option}[3] @tab Unused.
@item @var{option}[4] @tab If non zero, enable backtracing on run-time
errors.  Default: off. (Default in the compiler: on.)
Note: Installs a signal handler and requires command-line
initialization using @code{_gfortran_set_args}.
@item @var{option}[5] @tab If non zero, supports signed zeros.
Default: enabled.
@item @var{option}[6] @tab Enables run-time checking.  Possible values
are (bitwise or-ed): GFC_RTCHECK_BOUNDS (1), GFC_RTCHECK_ARRAY_TEMPS (2),
GFC_RTCHECK_RECURSION (4), GFC_RTCHECK_DO (16), GFC_RTCHECK_POINTER (32).
Default: disabled.
@item @var{option}[7] @tab Unused.
@item @var{option}[8] @tab Show a warning when invoking @code{STOP} and
@code{ERROR STOP} if a floating-point exception occurred. Possible values
are (bitwise or-ed) @code{GFC_FPE_INVALID} (1), @code{GFC_FPE_DENORMAL} (2),
@code{GFC_FPE_ZERO} (4), @code{GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW} (8),
@code{GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW} (16), @code{GFC_FPE_INEXACT} (32). Default: None (0).
(Default in the compiler: @code{GFC_FPE_INVALID | GFC_FPE_DENORMAL |
GFC_FPE_ZERO | GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW | GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW}.)
@end multitable

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
  /* Use gfortran 4.9 default options.  */
  static int options[] = @{68, 511, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 31@};
  _gfortran_set_options (9, &options);
@end smallexample
@end table


@node _gfortran_set_convert
@subsection @code{_gfortran_set_convert} --- Set endian conversion
@fnindex _gfortran_set_convert
@cindex libgfortran initialization, set_convert

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{_gfortran_set_convert} set the representation of data for
unformatted files.

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{void _gfortran_set_convert (int conv)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{conv} @tab Endian conversion, possible values:
GFC_CONVERT_NATIVE (0, default), GFC_CONVERT_SWAP (1),
GFC_CONVERT_BIG (2), GFC_CONVERT_LITTLE (3).
@end multitable

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
@{
  /* Initialize libgfortran.  */
  _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
  _gfortran_set_convert (1);
  return 0;
@}
@end smallexample
@end table


@node _gfortran_set_record_marker
@subsection @code{_gfortran_set_record_marker} --- Set length of record markers
@fnindex _gfortran_set_record_marker
@cindex libgfortran initialization, set_record_marker

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{_gfortran_set_record_marker} sets the length of record markers
for unformatted files.

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{void _gfortran_set_record_marker (int val)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{val} @tab Length of the record marker; valid values
are 4 and 8.  Default is 4.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
@{
  /* Initialize libgfortran.  */
  _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
  _gfortran_set_record_marker (8);
  return 0;
@}
@end smallexample
@end table


@node _gfortran_set_fpe
@subsection @code{_gfortran_set_fpe} --- Enable floating point exception traps
@fnindex _gfortran_set_fpe
@cindex libgfortran initialization, set_fpe

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{_gfortran_set_fpe} enables floating point exception traps for
the specified exceptions.  On most systems, this will result in a
SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being aborted.

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{void _gfortran_set_fpe (int val)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{option}[0] @tab IEEE exceptions.  Possible values are
(bitwise or-ed) zero (0, default) no trapping,
@code{GFC_FPE_INVALID} (1), @code{GFC_FPE_DENORMAL} (2),
@code{GFC_FPE_ZERO} (4), @code{GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW} (8),
@code{GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW} (16), and @code{GFC_FPE_INEXACT} (32).
@end multitable

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
@{
  /* Initialize libgfortran.  */
  _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
  /* FPE for invalid operations such as SQRT(-1.0).  */
  _gfortran_set_fpe (1);
  return 0;
@}
@end smallexample
@end table


@node _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length
@subsection @code{_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length} --- Set subrecord length
@fnindex _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length
@cindex libgfortran initialization, set_max_subrecord_length

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length} set the maximum length
for a subrecord.  This option only makes sense for testing and
debugging of unformatted I/O.

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{void _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (int val)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{val} @tab the maximum length for a subrecord;
the maximum permitted value is 2147483639, which is also
the default.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
@{
  /* Initialize libgfortran.  */
  _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv);
  _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (8);
  return 0;
@}
@end smallexample
@end table


@node Naming and argument-passing conventions
@section Naming and argument-passing conventions

This section gives an overview about the naming convention of procedures
and global variables and about the argument passing conventions used by
GNU Fortran.  If a C binding has been specified, the naming convention
and some of the argument-passing conventions change.  If possible,
mixed-language and mixed-compiler projects should use the better defined
C binding for interoperability.  See @pxref{Interoperability with C}.

@menu
* Naming conventions::
* Argument passing conventions::
@end menu


@node Naming conventions
@subsection Naming conventions

According the Fortran standard, valid Fortran names consist of a letter
between @code{A} to @code{Z}, @code{a} to @code{z}, digits @code{0},
@code{1} to @code{9} and underscores (@code{_}) with the restriction
that names may only start with a letter.  As vendor extension, the
dollar sign (@code{$}) is additionally permitted with the option
@option{-fdollar-ok}, but not as first character and only if the
target system supports it.

By default, the procedure name is the lower-cased Fortran name with an
appended underscore (@code{_}); using @option{-fno-underscoring} no
underscore is appended while @code{-fsecond-underscore} appends two
underscores.  Depending on the target system and the calling convention,
the procedure might be additionally dressed; for instance, on 32bit
Windows with @code{stdcall}, an at-sign @code{@@} followed by an integer
number is appended.  For the changing the calling convention, see
@pxref{GNU Fortran Compiler Directives}.

For common blocks, the same convention is used, i.e. by default an
underscore is appended to the lower-cased Fortran name.  Blank commons
have the name @code{__BLNK__}.

For procedures and variables declared in the specification space of a
module, the name is formed by @code{__}, followed by the lower-cased
module name, @code{_MOD_}, and the lower-cased Fortran name.  Note that
no underscore is appended.


@node Argument passing conventions
@subsection Argument passing conventions

Subroutines do not return a value (matching C99's @code{void}) while
functions either return a value as specified in the platform ABI or
the result variable is passed as hidden argument to the function and
no result is returned.  A hidden result variable is used when the
result variable is an array or of type @code{CHARACTER}.

Arguments are passed according to the platform ABI. In particular,
complex arguments might not be compatible to a struct with two real
components for the real and imaginary part. The argument passing
matches the one of C99's @code{_Complex}.  Functions with scalar
complex result variables return their value and do not use a
by-reference argument.  Note that with the @option{-ff2c} option,
the argument passing is modified and no longer completely matches
the platform ABI.  Some other Fortran compilers use @code{f2c}
semantic by default; this might cause problems with
interoperablility. 

GNU Fortran passes most arguments by reference, i.e. by passing a
pointer to the data.  Note that the compiler might use a temporary
variable into which the actual argument has been copied, if required
semantically (copy-in/copy-out).

For arguments with @code{ALLOCATABLE} and @code{POINTER}
attribute (including procedure pointers), a pointer to the pointer
is passed such that the pointer address can be modified in the
procedure.

For dummy arguments with the @code{VALUE} attribute: Scalar arguments
of the type @code{INTEGER}, @code{LOGICAL}, @code{REAL} and
@code{COMPLEX} are passed by value according to the platform ABI.
(As vendor extension and not recommended, using @code{%VAL()} in the
call to a procedure has the same effect.) For @code{TYPE(C_PTR)} and
procedure pointers, the pointer itself is passed such that it can be
modified without affecting the caller.
@c FIXME: Document how VALUE is handled for CHARACTER, TYPE,
@c CLASS and arrays, i.e. whether the copy-in is done in the caller
@c or in the callee.

For Boolean (@code{LOGICAL}) arguments, please note that GCC expects
only the integer value 0 and 1.  If a GNU Fortran @code{LOGICAL}
variable contains another integer value, the result is undefined.
As some other Fortran compilers use @math{-1} for @code{.TRUE.},
extra care has to be taken -- such as passing the value as
@code{INTEGER}.  (The same value restriction also applies to other
front ends of GCC, e.g. to GCC's C99 compiler for @code{_Bool}
or GCC's Ada compiler for @code{Boolean}.)

For arguments of @code{CHARACTER} type, the character length is passed
as hidden argument.  For deferred-length strings, the value is passed
by reference, otherwise by value.  The character length has the type
@code{INTEGER(kind=4)}.  Note with C binding, @code{CHARACTER(len=1)}
result variables are returned according to the platform ABI and no
hidden length argument is used for dummy arguments; with @code{VALUE},
those variables are passed by value.

For @code{OPTIONAL} dummy arguments, an absent argument is denoted
by a NULL pointer, except for scalar dummy arguments of type
@code{INTEGER}, @code{LOGICAL}, @code{REAL} and @code{COMPLEX}
which have the @code{VALUE} attribute.  For those, a hidden Boolean
argument (@code{logical(kind=C_bool),value}) is used to indicate
whether the argument is present.

Arguments which are assumed-shape, assumed-rank or deferred-rank
arrays or, with @option{-fcoarray=lib}, allocatable scalar coarrays use
an array descriptor.  All other arrays pass the address of the
first element of the array.  With @option{-fcoarray=lib}, the token
and the offset belonging to nonallocatable coarrays dummy arguments
are passed as hidden argument along the character length hidden
arguments.  The token is an oparque pointer identifying the coarray
and the offset is a passed-by-value integer of kind @code{C_PTRDIFF_T},
denoting the byte offset between the base address of the coarray and
the passed scalar or first element of the passed array.

The arguments are passed in the following order
@itemize @bullet
@item Result variable, when the function result is passed by reference
@item Character length of the function result, if it is a of type
@code{CHARACTER} and no C binding is used
@item The arguments in the order in which they appear in the Fortran
declaration
@item The the present status for optional arguments with value attribute,
which are internally passed by value
@item The character length and/or coarray token and offset for the first
argument which is a @code{CHARACTER} or a nonallocatable coarray dummy
argument, followed by the hidden arguments of the next dummy argument
of such a type
@end itemize



@c Intrinsic Procedures
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@include intrinsic.texi


@tex
\blankpart
@end tex

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Contributing
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Contributing
@unnumbered Contributing
@cindex Contributing

Free software is only possible if people contribute to efforts
to create it.
We're always in need of more people helping out with ideas
and comments, writing documentation and contributing code.

If you want to contribute to GNU Fortran,
have a look at the long lists of projects you can take on.
Some of these projects are small,
some of them are large;
some are completely orthogonal to the rest of what is
happening on GNU Fortran,
but others are ``mainstream'' projects in need of enthusiastic hackers.
All of these projects are important!
We will eventually get around to the things here,
but they are also things doable by someone who is willing and able.

@menu
* Contributors::
* Projects::
* Proposed Extensions::
@end menu


@node Contributors
@section Contributors to GNU Fortran
@cindex Contributors
@cindex Credits
@cindex Authors

Most of the parser was hand-crafted by @emph{Andy Vaught}, who is
also the initiator of the whole project.  Thanks Andy!
Most of the interface with GCC was written by @emph{Paul Brook}.

The following individuals have contributed code and/or
ideas and significant help to the GNU Fortran project
(in alphabetical order):

@itemize @minus
@item Janne Blomqvist
@item Steven Bosscher
@item Paul Brook
@item Tobias Burnus
@item Fran@,{c}ois-Xavier Coudert
@item Bud Davis
@item Jerry DeLisle
@item Erik Edelmann
@item Bernhard Fischer
@item Daniel Franke
@item Richard Guenther
@item Richard Henderson
@item Katherine Holcomb
@item Jakub Jelinek
@item Niels Kristian Bech Jensen
@item Steven Johnson
@item Steven G. Kargl
@item Thomas Koenig
@item Asher Langton
@item H. J. Lu
@item Toon Moene
@item Brooks Moses
@item Andrew Pinski
@item Tim Prince
@item Christopher D. Rickett
@item Richard Sandiford
@item Tobias Schl@"uter
@item Roger Sayle
@item Paul Thomas
@item Andy Vaught
@item Feng Wang
@item Janus Weil
@item Daniel Kraft
@end itemize

The following people have contributed bug reports,
smaller or larger patches,
and much needed feedback and encouragement for the
GNU Fortran project: 

@itemize @minus
@item Bill Clodius
@item Dominique d'Humi@`eres
@item Kate Hedstrom
@item Erik Schnetter
@item Joost VandeVondele
@end itemize

Many other individuals have helped debug,
test and improve the GNU Fortran compiler over the past few years,
and we welcome you to do the same!
If you already have done so,
and you would like to see your name listed in the
list above, please contact us.


@node Projects
@section Projects

@table @emph

@item Help build the test suite
Solicit more code for donation to the test suite: the more extensive the
testsuite, the smaller the risk of breaking things in the future! We can
keep code private on request.

@item Bug hunting/squishing
Find bugs and write more test cases! Test cases are especially very
welcome, because it allows us to concentrate on fixing bugs instead of
isolating them.  Going through the bugzilla database at
@url{http://gcc.gnu.org/@/bugzilla/} to reduce testcases posted there and
add more information (for example, for which version does the testcase
work, for which versions does it fail?) is also very helpful.

@end table


@node Proposed Extensions
@section Proposed Extensions

Here's a list of proposed extensions for the GNU Fortran compiler, in no particular
order.  Most of these are necessary to be fully compatible with
existing Fortran compilers, but they are not part of the official
J3 Fortran 95 standard.

@subsection Compiler extensions: 
@itemize @bullet
@item
User-specified alignment rules for structures.

@item
Automatically extend single precision constants to double.

@item
Compile code that conserves memory by dynamically allocating common and
module storage either on stack or heap.

@item
Compile flag to generate code for array conformance checking (suggest -CC).

@item
User control of symbol names (underscores, etc).

@item
Compile setting for maximum size of stack frame size before spilling
parts to static or heap.

@item
Flag to force local variables into static space.

@item
Flag to force local variables onto stack.
@end itemize


@subsection Environment Options
@itemize @bullet
@item
Pluggable library modules for random numbers, linear algebra.
LA should use BLAS calling conventions.

@item
Environment variables controlling actions on arithmetic exceptions like
overflow, underflow, precision loss---Generate NaN, abort, default.
action.

@item
Set precision for fp units that support it (i387).

@item
Variable for setting fp rounding mode.

@item
Variable to fill uninitialized variables with a user-defined bit
pattern.

@item
Environment variable controlling filename that is opened for that unit
number.

@item
Environment variable to clear/trash memory being freed.

@item
Environment variable to control tracing of allocations and frees.

@item
Environment variable to display allocated memory at normal program end.

@item
Environment variable for filename for * IO-unit.

@item
Environment variable for temporary file directory.

@item
Environment variable forcing standard output to be line buffered (Unix).

@end itemize


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c GNU General Public License
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@include gpl_v3.texi



@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c GNU Free Documentation License
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@include fdl.texi



@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Funding Free Software
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@include funding.texi

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Indices
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Option Index
@unnumbered Option Index
@command{gfortran}'s command line options are indexed here without any
initial @samp{-} or @samp{--}.  Where an option has both positive and
negative forms (such as -foption and -fno-option), relevant entries in
the manual are indexed under the most appropriate form; it may sometimes
be useful to look up both forms.
@printindex op

@node Keyword Index
@unnumbered Keyword Index
@printindex cp

@bye