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author | Ben Cheng <bccheng@google.com> | 2014-04-22 13:33:12 -0700 |
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committer | Ben Cheng <bccheng@google.com> | 2014-04-22 13:33:12 -0700 |
commit | e3cc64dec20832769406aa38cde83c7dd4194bf4 (patch) | |
tree | ef8e39be37cfe0cb69d850043b7924389ff17164 /gcc-4.9/libffi/doc | |
parent | f33c7b3122b1d7950efa88067c9a156229ba647b (diff) | |
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[4.9] GCC 4.9.0 official release refresh
Change-Id: Ic99a7da8b44b789a48aeec93b33e93944d6e6767
Diffstat (limited to 'gcc-4.9/libffi/doc')
-rw-r--r-- | gcc-4.9/libffi/doc/libffi.info | 618 |
1 files changed, 618 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/gcc-4.9/libffi/doc/libffi.info b/gcc-4.9/libffi/doc/libffi.info new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cd69689c --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc-4.9/libffi/doc/libffi.info @@ -0,0 +1,618 @@ +This is libffi.info, produced by makeinfo version 5.1 from libffi.texi. + +This manual is for Libffi, a portable foreign-function interface +library. + + Copyright (C) 2008, 2010, 2011 Red Hat, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU General Public License as + published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at + your option) any later version. A copy of the license is included + in the section entitled "GNU General Public License". + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Development +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* libffi: (libffi). Portable foreign-function interface library. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) + +libffi +****** + +This manual is for Libffi, a portable foreign-function interface +library. + + Copyright (C) 2008, 2010, 2011 Red Hat, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU General Public License as + published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at + your option) any later version. A copy of the license is included + in the section entitled "GNU General Public License". + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: What is libffi? +* Using libffi:: How to use libffi. +* Missing Features:: Things libffi can't do. +* Index:: Index. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Using libffi, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 What is libffi? +***************** + +Compilers for high-level languages generate code that follow certain +conventions. These conventions are necessary, in part, for separate +compilation to work. One such convention is the "calling convention". +The calling convention is a set of assumptions made by the compiler +about where function arguments will be found on entry to a function. A +calling convention also specifies where the return value for a function +is found. The calling convention is part of what is called the "ABI" or +"Application Binary Interface". + + Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments +are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be +told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call a +given function. 'Libffi' can be used in such programs to provide a +bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code. + + The 'libffi' library provides a portable, high level programming +interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to +call any function specified by a call interface description at run time. + + FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface. A foreign function +interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code written +in one language to call code written in another language. The 'libffi' +library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent layer of a +fully featured foreign function interface. A layer must exist above +'libffi' that handles type conversions for values passed between the two +languages. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Using libffi, Next: Missing Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 Using libffi +************** + +* Menu: + +* The Basics:: The basic libffi API. +* Simple Example:: A simple example. +* Types:: libffi type descriptions. +* Multiple ABIs:: Different passing styles on one platform. +* The Closure API:: Writing a generic function. +* Closure Example:: A closure example. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: The Basics, Next: Simple Example, Up: Using libffi + +2.1 The Basics +============== + +'Libffi' assumes that you have a pointer to the function you wish to +call and that you know the number and types of arguments to pass it, as +well as the return type of the function. + + The first thing you must do is create an 'ffi_cif' object that +matches the signature of the function you wish to call. This is a +separate step because it is common to make multiple calls using a single +'ffi_cif'. The "cif" in 'ffi_cif' stands for Call InterFace. To +prepare a call interface object, use the function 'ffi_prep_cif'. + + -- Function: ffi_status ffi_prep_cif (ffi_cif *CIF, ffi_abi ABI, + unsigned int NARGS, ffi_type *RTYPE, ffi_type **ARGTYPES) + This initializes CIF according to the given parameters. + + ABI is the ABI to use; normally 'FFI_DEFAULT_ABI' is what you want. + *note Multiple ABIs:: for more information. + + NARGS is the number of arguments that this function accepts. + + RTYPE is a pointer to an 'ffi_type' structure that describes the + return type of the function. *Note Types::. + + ARGTYPES is a vector of 'ffi_type' pointers. ARGTYPES must have + NARGS elements. If NARGS is 0, this argument is ignored. + + 'ffi_prep_cif' returns a 'libffi' status code, of type + 'ffi_status'. This will be either 'FFI_OK' if everything worked + properly; 'FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF' if one of the 'ffi_type' objects is + incorrect; or 'FFI_BAD_ABI' if the ABI parameter is invalid. + + If the function being called is variadic (varargs) then +'ffi_prep_cif_var' must be used instead of 'ffi_prep_cif'. + + -- Function: ffi_status ffi_prep_cif_var (ffi_cif *CIF, ffi_abi varabi, + unsigned int NFIXEDARGS, unsigned int varntotalargs, ffi_type + *RTYPE, ffi_type **ARGTYPES) + This initializes CIF according to the given parameters for a call + to a variadic function. In general it's operation is the same as + for 'ffi_prep_cif' except that: + + NFIXEDARGS is the number of fixed arguments, prior to any variadic + arguments. It must be greater than zero. + + NTOTALARGS the total number of arguments, including variadic and + fixed arguments. + + Note that, different cif's must be prepped for calls to the same + function when different numbers of arguments are passed. + + Also note that a call to 'ffi_prep_cif_var' with + NFIXEDARGS=NOTOTALARGS is NOT equivalent to a call to + 'ffi_prep_cif'. + + To call a function using an initialized 'ffi_cif', use the 'ffi_call' +function: + + -- Function: void ffi_call (ffi_cif *CIF, void *FN, void *RVALUE, void + **AVALUES) + This calls the function FN according to the description given in + CIF. CIF must have already been prepared using 'ffi_prep_cif'. + + RVALUE is a pointer to a chunk of memory that will hold the result + of the function call. This must be large enough to hold the + result, no smaller than the system register size (generally 32 or + 64 bits), and must be suitably aligned; it is the caller's + responsibility to ensure this. If CIF declares that the function + returns 'void' (using 'ffi_type_void'), then RVALUE is ignored. + + AVALUES is a vector of 'void *' pointers that point to the memory + locations holding the argument values for a call. If CIF declares + that the function has no arguments (i.e., NARGS was 0), then + AVALUES is ignored. Note that argument values may be modified by + the callee (for instance, structs passed by value); the burden of + copying pass-by-value arguments is placed on the caller. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Simple Example, Next: Types, Prev: The Basics, Up: Using libffi + +2.2 Simple Example +================== + +Here is a trivial example that calls 'puts' a few times. + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <ffi.h> + + int main() + { + ffi_cif cif; + ffi_type *args[1]; + void *values[1]; + char *s; + ffi_arg rc; + + /* Initialize the argument info vectors */ + args[0] = &ffi_type_pointer; + values[0] = &s; + + /* Initialize the cif */ + if (ffi_prep_cif(&cif, FFI_DEFAULT_ABI, 1, + &ffi_type_sint, args) == FFI_OK) + { + s = "Hello World!"; + ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values); + /* rc now holds the result of the call to puts */ + + /* values holds a pointer to the function's arg, so to + call puts() again all we need to do is change the + value of s */ + s = "This is cool!"; + ffi_call(&cif, puts, &rc, values); + } + + return 0; + } + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Types, Next: Multiple ABIs, Prev: Simple Example, Up: Using libffi + +2.3 Types +========= + +* Menu: + +* Primitive Types:: Built-in types. +* Structures:: Structure types. +* Type Example:: Structure type example. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Primitive Types, Next: Structures, Up: Types + +2.3.1 Primitive Types +--------------------- + +'Libffi' provides a number of built-in type descriptors that can be used +to describe argument and return types: + +'ffi_type_void' + The type 'void'. This cannot be used for argument types, only for + return values. + +'ffi_type_uint8' + An unsigned, 8-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_sint8' + A signed, 8-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_uint16' + An unsigned, 16-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_sint16' + A signed, 16-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_uint32' + An unsigned, 32-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_sint32' + A signed, 32-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_uint64' + An unsigned, 64-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_sint64' + A signed, 64-bit integer type. + +'ffi_type_float' + The C 'float' type. + +'ffi_type_double' + The C 'double' type. + +'ffi_type_uchar' + The C 'unsigned char' type. + +'ffi_type_schar' + The C 'signed char' type. (Note that there is not an exact + equivalent to the C 'char' type in 'libffi'; ordinarily you should + either use 'ffi_type_schar' or 'ffi_type_uchar' depending on + whether 'char' is signed.) + +'ffi_type_ushort' + The C 'unsigned short' type. + +'ffi_type_sshort' + The C 'short' type. + +'ffi_type_uint' + The C 'unsigned int' type. + +'ffi_type_sint' + The C 'int' type. + +'ffi_type_ulong' + The C 'unsigned long' type. + +'ffi_type_slong' + The C 'long' type. + +'ffi_type_longdouble' + On platforms that have a C 'long double' type, this is defined. On + other platforms, it is not. + +'ffi_type_pointer' + A generic 'void *' pointer. You should use this for all pointers, + regardless of their real type. + + Each of these is of type 'ffi_type', so you must take the address +when passing to 'ffi_prep_cif'. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Structures, Next: Type Example, Prev: Primitive Types, Up: Types + +2.3.2 Structures +---------------- + +Although 'libffi' has no special support for unions or bit-fields, it is +perfectly happy passing structures back and forth. You must first +describe the structure to 'libffi' by creating a new 'ffi_type' object +for it. + + -- Data type: ffi_type + The 'ffi_type' has the following members: + 'size_t size' + This is set by 'libffi'; you should initialize it to zero. + + 'unsigned short alignment' + This is set by 'libffi'; you should initialize it to zero. + + 'unsigned short type' + For a structure, this should be set to 'FFI_TYPE_STRUCT'. + + 'ffi_type **elements' + This is a 'NULL'-terminated array of pointers to 'ffi_type' + objects. There is one element per field of the struct. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Type Example, Prev: Structures, Up: Types + +2.3.3 Type Example +------------------ + +The following example initializes a 'ffi_type' object representing the +'tm' struct from Linux's 'time.h'. + + Here is how the struct is defined: + + struct tm { + int tm_sec; + int tm_min; + int tm_hour; + int tm_mday; + int tm_mon; + int tm_year; + int tm_wday; + int tm_yday; + int tm_isdst; + /* Those are for future use. */ + long int __tm_gmtoff__; + __const char *__tm_zone__; + }; + + Here is the corresponding code to describe this struct to 'libffi': + + { + ffi_type tm_type; + ffi_type *tm_type_elements[12]; + int i; + + tm_type.size = tm_type.alignment = 0; + tm_type.type = FFI_TYPE_STRUCT; + tm_type.elements = &tm_type_elements; + + for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) + tm_type_elements[i] = &ffi_type_sint; + + tm_type_elements[9] = &ffi_type_slong; + tm_type_elements[10] = &ffi_type_pointer; + tm_type_elements[11] = NULL; + + /* tm_type can now be used to represent tm argument types and + return types for ffi_prep_cif() */ + } + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Multiple ABIs, Next: The Closure API, Prev: Types, Up: Using libffi + +2.4 Multiple ABIs +================= + +A given platform may provide multiple different ABIs at once. For +instance, the x86 platform has both 'stdcall' and 'fastcall' functions. + + 'libffi' provides some support for this. However, this is +necessarily platform-specific. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: The Closure API, Next: Closure Example, Prev: Multiple ABIs, Up: Using libffi + +2.5 The Closure API +=================== + +'libffi' also provides a way to write a generic function - a function +that can accept and decode any combination of arguments. This can be +useful when writing an interpreter, or to provide wrappers for arbitrary +functions. + + This facility is called the "closure API". Closures are not supported +on all platforms; you can check the 'FFI_CLOSURES' define to determine +whether they are supported on the current platform. + + Because closures work by assembling a tiny function at runtime, they +require special allocation on platforms that have a non-executable heap. +Memory management for closures is handled by a pair of functions: + + -- Function: void *ffi_closure_alloc (size_t SIZE, void **CODE) + Allocate a chunk of memory holding SIZE bytes. This returns a + pointer to the writable address, and sets *CODE to the + corresponding executable address. + + SIZE should be sufficient to hold a 'ffi_closure' object. + + -- Function: void ffi_closure_free (void *WRITABLE) + Free memory allocated using 'ffi_closure_alloc'. The argument is + the writable address that was returned. + + Once you have allocated the memory for a closure, you must construct +a 'ffi_cif' describing the function call. Finally you can prepare the +closure function: + + -- Function: ffi_status ffi_prep_closure_loc (ffi_closure *CLOSURE, + ffi_cif *CIF, void (*FUN) (ffi_cif *CIF, void *RET, void + **ARGS, void *USER_DATA), void *USER_DATA, void *CODELOC) + Prepare a closure function. + + CLOSURE is the address of a 'ffi_closure' object; this is the + writable address returned by 'ffi_closure_alloc'. + + CIF is the 'ffi_cif' describing the function parameters. + + USER_DATA is an arbitrary datum that is passed, uninterpreted, to + your closure function. + + CODELOC is the executable address returned by 'ffi_closure_alloc'. + + FUN is the function which will be called when the closure is + invoked. It is called with the arguments: + CIF + The 'ffi_cif' passed to 'ffi_prep_closure_loc'. + + RET + A pointer to the memory used for the function's return value. + FUN must fill this, unless the function is declared as + returning 'void'. + + ARGS + A vector of pointers to memory holding the arguments to the + function. + + USER_DATA + The same USER_DATA that was passed to 'ffi_prep_closure_loc'. + + 'ffi_prep_closure_loc' will return 'FFI_OK' if everything went ok, + and something else on error. + + After calling 'ffi_prep_closure_loc', you can cast CODELOC to the + appropriate pointer-to-function type. + + You may see old code referring to 'ffi_prep_closure'. This function +is deprecated, as it cannot handle the need for separate writable and +executable addresses. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Closure Example, Prev: The Closure API, Up: Using libffi + +2.6 Closure Example +=================== + +A trivial example that creates a new 'puts' by binding 'fputs' with +'stdin'. + + #include <stdio.h> + #include <ffi.h> + + /* Acts like puts with the file given at time of enclosure. */ + void puts_binding(ffi_cif *cif, void *ret, void* args[], + void *stream) + { + *(ffi_arg *)ret = fputs(*(char **)args[0], (FILE *)stream); + } + + typedef int (*puts_t)(char *); + + int main() + { + ffi_cif cif; + ffi_type *args[1]; + ffi_closure *closure; + + void *bound_puts; + int rc; + + /* Allocate closure and bound_puts */ + closure = ffi_closure_alloc(sizeof(ffi_closure), &bound_puts); + + if (closure) + { + /* Initialize the argument info vectors */ + args[0] = &ffi_type_pointer; + + /* Initialize the cif */ + if (ffi_prep_cif(&cif, FFI_DEFAULT_ABI, 1, + &ffi_type_sint, args) == FFI_OK) + { + /* Initialize the closure, setting stream to stdout */ + if (ffi_prep_closure_loc(closure, &cif, puts_binding, + stdout, bound_puts) == FFI_OK) + { + rc = ((puts_t)bound_puts)("Hello World!"); + /* rc now holds the result of the call to fputs */ + } + } + } + + /* Deallocate both closure, and bound_puts */ + ffi_closure_free(closure); + + return 0; + } + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Missing Features, Next: Index, Prev: Using libffi, Up: Top + +3 Missing Features +****************** + +'libffi' is missing a few features. We welcome patches to add support +for these. + + * Variadic closures. + + * There is no support for bit fields in structures. + + * The closure API is + + * The "raw" API is undocumented. + + Note that variadic support is very new and tested on a relatively +small number of platforms. + + +File: libffi.info, Node: Index, Prev: Missing Features, Up: Top + +Index +***** + + +* Menu: + +* ABI: Introduction. (line 13) +* Application Binary Interface: Introduction. (line 13) +* calling convention: Introduction. (line 13) +* cif: The Basics. (line 14) +* closure API: The Closure API. (line 13) +* closures: The Closure API. (line 13) +* FFI: Introduction. (line 31) +* ffi_call: The Basics. (line 62) +* FFI_CLOSURES: The Closure API. (line 13) +* ffi_closure_alloc: The Closure API. (line 19) +* ffi_closure_free: The Closure API. (line 26) +* ffi_prep_cif: The Basics. (line 16) +* ffi_prep_cif_var: The Basics. (line 39) +* ffi_prep_closure_loc: The Closure API. (line 34) +* ffi_status: The Basics. (line 16) +* ffi_status <1>: The Basics. (line 39) +* ffi_status <2>: The Closure API. (line 34) +* ffi_type: Structures. (line 11) +* ffi_type <1>: Structures. (line 11) +* ffi_type_double: Primitive Types. (line 41) +* ffi_type_float: Primitive Types. (line 38) +* ffi_type_longdouble: Primitive Types. (line 71) +* ffi_type_pointer: Primitive Types. (line 75) +* ffi_type_schar: Primitive Types. (line 47) +* ffi_type_sint: Primitive Types. (line 62) +* ffi_type_sint16: Primitive Types. (line 23) +* ffi_type_sint32: Primitive Types. (line 29) +* ffi_type_sint64: Primitive Types. (line 35) +* ffi_type_sint8: Primitive Types. (line 17) +* ffi_type_slong: Primitive Types. (line 68) +* ffi_type_sshort: Primitive Types. (line 56) +* ffi_type_uchar: Primitive Types. (line 44) +* ffi_type_uint: Primitive Types. (line 59) +* ffi_type_uint16: Primitive Types. (line 20) +* ffi_type_uint32: Primitive Types. (line 26) +* ffi_type_uint64: Primitive Types. (line 32) +* ffi_type_uint8: Primitive Types. (line 14) +* ffi_type_ulong: Primitive Types. (line 65) +* ffi_type_ushort: Primitive Types. (line 53) +* ffi_type_void: Primitive Types. (line 10) +* Foreign Function Interface: Introduction. (line 31) +* void: The Basics. (line 62) +* void <1>: The Closure API. (line 19) +* void <2>: The Closure API. (line 26) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top682 +Node: Introduction1429 +Node: Using libffi3062 +Node: The Basics3548 +Node: Simple Example7199 +Node: Types8230 +Node: Primitive Types8513 +Node: Structures10334 +Node: Type Example11208 +Node: Multiple ABIs12474 +Node: The Closure API12845 +Node: Closure Example15789 +Node: Missing Features17397 +Node: Index17850 + +End Tag Table |