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diff --git a/binutils-2.17/gas/doc/c-alpha.texi b/binutils-2.17/gas/doc/c-alpha.texi deleted file mode 100644 index f426b822..00000000 --- a/binutils-2.17/gas/doc/c-alpha.texi +++ /dev/null @@ -1,472 +0,0 @@ -@c Copyright 2002, 2003 -@c Free Software Foundation, Inc. -@c This is part of the GAS manual. -@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo. - -@ifset GENERIC -@page -@node Alpha-Dependent -@chapter Alpha Dependent Features -@end ifset - -@ifclear GENERIC -@node Machine Dependencies -@chapter Alpha Dependent Features -@end ifclear - -@cindex Alpha support -@menu -* Alpha Notes:: Notes -* Alpha Options:: Options -* Alpha Syntax:: Syntax -* Alpha Floating Point:: Floating Point -* Alpha Directives:: Alpha Machine Directives -* Alpha Opcodes:: Opcodes -@end menu - -@node Alpha Notes -@section Notes -@cindex Alpha notes -@cindex notes for Alpha - -The documentation here is primarily for the ELF object format. -@code{@value{AS}} also supports the ECOFF and EVAX formats, but -features specific to these formats are not yet documented. - -@node Alpha Options -@section Options -@cindex Alpha options -@cindex options for Alpha - -@table @option -@cindex @code{-m@var{cpu}} command line option, Alpha -@item -m@var{cpu} -This option specifies the target processor. If an attempt is made to -assemble an instruction which will not execute on the target processor, -the assembler may either expand the instruction as a macro or issue an -error message. This option is equivalent to the @code{.arch} directive. - -The following processor names are recognized: -@code{21064}, -@code{21064a}, -@code{21066}, -@code{21068}, -@code{21164}, -@code{21164a}, -@code{21164pc}, -@code{21264}, -@code{21264a}, -@code{21264b}, -@code{ev4}, -@code{ev5}, -@code{lca45}, -@code{ev5}, -@code{ev56}, -@code{pca56}, -@code{ev6}, -@code{ev67}, -@code{ev68}. -The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the assembler to accept -instructions valid for any Alpha processor. - -In order to support existing practice in OSF/1 with respect to @code{.arch}, -and existing practice within @command{MILO} (the Linux ARC bootloader), the -numbered processor names (e.g.@: 21064) enable the processor-specific PALcode -instructions, while the ``electro-vlasic'' names (e.g.@: @code{ev4}) do not. - -@cindex @code{-mdebug} command line option, Alpha -@cindex @code{-no-mdebug} command line option, Alpha -@item -mdebug -@itemx -no-mdebug -Enables or disables the generation of @code{.mdebug} encapsulation for -stabs directives and procedure descriptors. The default is to automatically -enable @code{.mdebug} when the first stabs directive is seen. - -@cindex @code{-relax} command line option, Alpha -@item -relax -This option forces all relocations to be put into the object file, instead -of saving space and resolving some relocations at assembly time. Note that -this option does not propagate all symbol arithmetic into the object file, -because not all symbol arithmetic can be represented. However, the option -can still be useful in specific applications. - -@cindex @code{-g} command line option, Alpha -@item -g -This option is used when the compiler generates debug information. When -@command{gcc} is using @command{mips-tfile} to generate debug -information for ECOFF, local labels must be passed through to the object -file. Otherwise this option has no effect. - -@cindex @code{-G} command line option, Alpha -@item -G@var{size} -A local common symbol larger than @var{size} is placed in @code{.bss}, -while smaller symbols are placed in @code{.sbss}. - -@cindex @code{-F} command line option, Alpha -@cindex @code{-32addr} command line option, Alpha -@item -F -@itemx -32addr -These options are ignored for backward compatibility. -@end table - -@cindex Alpha Syntax -@node Alpha Syntax -@section Syntax -The assembler syntax closely follow the Alpha Reference Manual; -assembler directives and general syntax closely follow the OSF/1 and -OpenVMS syntax, with a few differences for ELF. - -@menu -* Alpha-Chars:: Special Characters -* Alpha-Regs:: Register Names -* Alpha-Relocs:: Relocations -@end menu - -@node Alpha-Chars -@subsection Special Characters - -@cindex line comment character, Alpha -@cindex Alpha line comment character -@samp{#} is the line comment character. - -@cindex line separator, Alpha -@cindex statement separator, Alpha -@cindex Alpha line separator -@samp{;} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements. - -@node Alpha-Regs -@subsection Register Names -@cindex Alpha registers -@cindex register names, Alpha - -The 32 integer registers are referred to as @samp{$@var{n}} or -@samp{$r@var{n}}. In addition, registers 15, 28, 29, and 30 may -be referred to by the symbols @samp{$fp}, @samp{$at}, @samp{$gp}, -and @samp{$sp} respectively. - -The 32 floating-point registers are referred to as @samp{$f@var{n}}. - -@node Alpha-Relocs -@subsection Relocations -@cindex Alpha relocations -@cindex relocations, Alpha - -Some of these relocations are available for ECOFF, but mostly -only for ELF. They are modeled after the relocation format -introduced in Digital Unix 4.0, but there are additions. - -The format is @samp{!@var{tag}} or @samp{!@var{tag}!@var{number}} -where @var{tag} is the name of the relocation. In some cases -@var{number} is used to relate specific instructions. - -The relocation is placed at the end of the instruction like so: - -@example -ldah $0,a($29) !gprelhigh -lda $0,a($0) !gprellow -ldq $1,b($29) !literal!100 -ldl $2,0($1) !lituse_base!100 -@end example - -@table @code -@item !literal -@itemx !literal!@var{N} -Used with an @code{ldq} instruction to load the address of a symbol -from the GOT. - -A sequence number @var{N} is optional, and if present is used to pair -@code{lituse} relocations with this @code{literal} relocation. The -@code{lituse} relocations are used by the linker to optimize the code -based on the final location of the symbol. - -Note that these optimizations are dependent on the data flow of the -program. Therefore, if @emph{any} @code{lituse} is paired with a -@code{literal} relocation, then @emph{all} uses of the register set by -the @code{literal} instruction must also be marked with @code{lituse} -relocations. This is because the original @code{literal} instruction -may be deleted or transformed into another instruction. - -Also note that there may be a one-to-many relationship between -@code{literal} and @code{lituse}, but not a many-to-one. That is, if -there are two code paths that load up the same address and feed the -value to a single use, then the use may not use a @code{lituse} -relocation. - -@item !lituse_base!@var{N} -Used with any memory format instruction (e.g.@: @code{ldl}) to indicate -that the literal is used for an address load. The offset field of the -instruction must be zero. During relaxation, the code may be altered -to use a gp-relative load. - -@item !lituse_jsr!@var{N} -Used with a register branch format instruction (e.g.@: @code{jsr}) to -indicate that the literal is used for a call. During relaxation, the -code may be altered to use a direct branch (e.g.@: @code{bsr}). - -@item !lituse_jsrdirect!@var{N} -Similar to @code{lituse_jsr}, but also that this call cannot be vectored -through a PLT entry. This is useful for functions with special calling -conventions which do not allow the normal call-clobbered registers to be -clobbered. - -@item !lituse_bytoff!@var{N} -Used with a byte mask instruction (e.g.@: @code{extbl}) to indicate -that only the low 3 bits of the address are relevant. During relaxation, -the code may be altered to use an immediate instead of a register shift. - -@item !lituse_addr!@var{N} -Used with any other instruction to indicate that the original address -is in fact used, and the original @code{ldq} instruction may not be -altered or deleted. This is useful in conjunction with @code{lituse_jsr} -to test whether a weak symbol is defined. - -@example -ldq $27,foo($29) !literal!1 -beq $27,is_undef !lituse_addr!1 -jsr $26,($27),foo !lituse_jsr!1 -@end example - -@item !lituse_tlsgd!@var{N} -Used with a register branch format instruction to indicate that the -literal is the call to @code{__tls_get_addr} used to compute the -address of the thread-local storage variable whose descriptor was -loaded with @code{!tlsgd!@var{N}}. - -@item !lituse_tlsldm!@var{N} -Used with a register branch format instruction to indicate that the -literal is the call to @code{__tls_get_addr} used to compute the -address of the base of the thread-local storage block for the current -module. The descriptor for the module must have been loaded with -@code{!tlsldm!@var{N}}. - -@item !gpdisp!@var{N} -Used with @code{ldah} and @code{lda} to load the GP from the current -address, a-la the @code{ldgp} macro. The source register for the -@code{ldah} instruction must contain the address of the @code{ldah} -instruction. There must be exactly one @code{lda} instruction paired -with the @code{ldah} instruction, though it may appear anywhere in -the instruction stream. The immediate operands must be zero. - -@example -bsr $26,foo -ldah $29,0($26) !gpdisp!1 -lda $29,0($29) !gpdisp!1 -@end example - -@item !gprelhigh -Used with an @code{ldah} instruction to add the high 16 bits of a -32-bit displacement from the GP. - -@item !gprellow -Used with any memory format instruction to add the low 16 bits of a -32-bit displacement from the GP. - -@item !gprel -Used with any memory format instruction to add a 16-bit displacement -from the GP. - -@item !samegp -Used with any branch format instruction to skip the GP load at the -target address. The referenced symbol must have the same GP as the -source object file, and it must be declared to either not use @code{$27} -or perform a standard GP load in the first two instructions via the -@code{.prologue} directive. - -@item !tlsgd -@itemx !tlsgd!@var{N} -Used with an @code{lda} instruction to load the address of a TLS -descriptor for a symbol in the GOT. - -The sequence number @var{N} is optional, and if present it used to -pair the descriptor load with both the @code{literal} loading the -address of the @code{__tls_get_addr} function and the @code{lituse_tlsgd} -marking the call to that function. - -For proper relaxation, both the @code{tlsgd}, @code{literal} and -@code{lituse} relocations must be in the same extended basic block. -That is, the relocation with the lowest address must be executed -first at runtime. - -@item !tlsldm -@itemx !tlsldm!@var{N} -Used with an @code{lda} instruction to load the address of a TLS -descriptor for the current module in the GOT. - -Similar in other respects to @code{tlsgd}. - -@item !gotdtprel -Used with an @code{ldq} instruction to load the offset of the TLS -symbol within its module's thread-local storage block. Also known -as the dynamic thread pointer offset or dtp-relative offset. - -@item !dtprelhi -@itemx !dtprello -@itemx !dtprel -Like @code{gprel} relocations except they compute dtp-relative offsets. - -@item !gottprel -Used with an @code{ldq} instruction to load the offset of the TLS -symbol from the thread pointer. Also known as the tp-relative offset. - -@item !tprelhi -@itemx !tprello -@itemx !tprel -Like @code{gprel} relocations except they compute tp-relative offsets. -@end table - -@node Alpha Floating Point -@section Floating Point -@cindex floating point, Alpha (@sc{ieee}) -@cindex Alpha floating point (@sc{ieee}) -The Alpha family uses both @sc{ieee} and VAX floating-point numbers. - -@node Alpha Directives -@section Alpha Assembler Directives - -@command{@value{AS}} for the Alpha supports many additional directives for -compatibility with the native assembler. This section describes them only -briefly. - -@cindex Alpha-only directives -These are the additional directives in @code{@value{AS}} for the Alpha: - -@table @code -@item .arch @var{cpu} -Specifies the target processor. This is equivalent to the -@option{-m@var{cpu}} command-line option. @xref{Alpha Options, Options}, -for a list of values for @var{cpu}. - -@item .ent @var{function}[, @var{n}] -Mark the beginning of @var{function}. An optional number may follow for -compatibility with the OSF/1 assembler, but is ignored. When generating -@code{.mdebug} information, this will create a procedure descriptor for -the function. In ELF, it will mark the symbol as a function a-la the -generic @code{.type} directive. - -@item .end @var{function} -Mark the end of @var{function}. In ELF, it will set the size of the symbol -a-la the generic @code{.size} directive. - -@item .mask @var{mask}, @var{offset} -Indicate which of the integer registers are saved in the current -function's stack frame. @var{mask} is interpreted a bit mask in which -bit @var{n} set indicates that register @var{n} is saved. The registers -are saved in a block located @var{offset} bytes from the @dfn{canonical -frame address} (CFA) which is the value of the stack pointer on entry to -the function. The registers are saved sequentially, except that the -return address register (normally @code{$26}) is saved first. - -This and the other directives that describe the stack frame are -currently only used when generating @code{.mdebug} information. They -may in the future be used to generate DWARF2 @code{.debug_frame} unwind -information for hand written assembly. - -@item .fmask @var{mask}, @var{offset} -Indicate which of the floating-point registers are saved in the current -stack frame. The @var{mask} and @var{offset} parameters are interpreted -as with @code{.mask}. - -@item .frame @var{framereg}, @var{frameoffset}, @var{retreg}[, @var{argoffset}] -Describes the shape of the stack frame. The frame pointer in use is -@var{framereg}; normally this is either @code{$fp} or @code{$sp}. The -frame pointer is @var{frameoffset} bytes below the CFA. The return -address is initially located in @var{retreg} until it is saved as -indicated in @code{.mask}. For compatibility with OSF/1 an optional -@var{argoffset} parameter is accepted and ignored. It is believed to -indicate the offset from the CFA to the saved argument registers. - -@item .prologue @var{n} -Indicate that the stack frame is set up and all registers have been -spilled. The argument @var{n} indicates whether and how the function -uses the incoming @dfn{procedure vector} (the address of the called -function) in @code{$27}. 0 indicates that @code{$27} is not used; 1 -indicates that the first two instructions of the function use @code{$27} -to perform a load of the GP register; 2 indicates that @code{$27} is -used in some non-standard way and so the linker cannot elide the load of -the procedure vector during relaxation. - -@item .usepv @var{function}, @var{which} -Used to indicate the use of the @code{$27} register, similar to -@code{.prologue}, but without the other semantics of needing to -be inside an open @code{.ent}/@code{.end} block. - -The @var{which} argument should be either @code{no}, indicating that -@code{$27} is not used, or @code{std}, indicating that the first two -instructions of the function perform a GP load. - -One might use this directive instead of @code{.prologue} if you are -also using dwarf2 CFI directives. - -@item .gprel32 @var{expression} -Computes the difference between the address in @var{expression} and the -GP for the current object file, and stores it in 4 bytes. In addition -to being smaller than a full 8 byte address, this also does not require -a dynamic relocation when used in a shared library. - -@item .t_floating @var{expression} -Stores @var{expression} as an @sc{ieee} double precision value. - -@item .s_floating @var{expression} -Stores @var{expression} as an @sc{ieee} single precision value. - -@item .f_floating @var{expression} -Stores @var{expression} as a VAX F format value. - -@item .g_floating @var{expression} -Stores @var{expression} as a VAX G format value. - -@item .d_floating @var{expression} -Stores @var{expression} as a VAX D format value. - -@item .set @var{feature} -Enables or disables various assembler features. Using the positive -name of the feature enables while using @samp{no@var{feature}} disables. - -@table @code -@item at -Indicates that macro expansions may clobber the @dfn{assembler -temporary} (@code{$at} or @code{$28}) register. Some macros may not be -expanded without this and will generate an error message if @code{noat} -is in effect. When @code{at} is in effect, a warning will be generated -if @code{$at} is used by the programmer. - -@item macro -Enables the expansion of macro instructions. Note that variants of real -instructions, such as @code{br label} vs @code{br $31,label} are -considered alternate forms and not macros. - -@item move -@itemx reorder -@itemx volatile -These control whether and how the assembler may re-order instructions. -Accepted for compatibility with the OSF/1 assembler, but @command{@value{AS}} -does not do instruction scheduling, so these features are ignored. -@end table -@end table - -The following directives are recognized for compatibility with the OSF/1 -assembler but are ignored. - -@example -.proc .aproc -.reguse .livereg -.option .aent -.ugen .eflag -.alias .noalias -@end example - -@node Alpha Opcodes -@section Opcodes -For detailed information on the Alpha machine instruction set, see the -@c Attempt to work around a very overfull hbox. -@iftex -Alpha Architecture Handbook located at -@smallfonts -@example -ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/Digital/info/semiconductor/literature/alphaahb.pdf -@end example -@textfonts -@end iftex -@ifnottex -@uref{ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/Digital/info/semiconductor/literature/alphaahb.pdf,Alpha Architecture Handbook}. -@end ifnottex |