Cherry-pick: cldr-ticket 11751: Time zone data updates for 2018h and 2018i am: c92c11cb79 am: c222b3819b

am: f60536c937

Change-Id: I6ca37b709951b70f682d9c95f7c713ddfef02ecd

17 files changed, 2261 insertions, 859 deletions

diff --git a/common/bcp47/timezone.xml b/common/bcp47/timezone.xml
index 35f8fc8..57551dd 100644
--- a/common/bcp47/timezone.xml
+++ b/common/bcp47/timezone.xml
@@ -240,6 +240,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
             <type name="kzakx" description="Aqtobe, Kazakhstan" alias="Asia/Aqtobe"/>
             <type name="kzala" description="Almaty, Kazakhstan" alias="Asia/Almaty"/>
             <type name="kzguw" description="Atyrau (Guryev), Kazakhstan" alias="Asia/Atyrau" since="31"/>
+            <type name="kzksn" description="Qostanay (Kostanay), Kazakhstan" alias="Asia/Qostanay" since="35"/>
             <type name="kzkzo" description="Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan" alias="Asia/Qyzylorda"/>
             <type name="kzura" description="Oral, Kazakhstan" alias="Asia/Oral"/>
             <type name="lavte" description="Vientiane, Laos" alias="Asia/Vientiane"/>
diff --git a/common/main/en.xml b/common/main/en.xml
index 210c973..eb0bd7c 100644
--- a/common/main/en.xml
+++ b/common/main/en.xml
@@ -3202,6 +3202,9 @@ Warnings: All cp values have U+FE0F characters removed. See /annotationsDerived/
 			<zone type="America/St_Barthelemy">
 				<exemplarCity>St. Barthélemy</exemplarCity>
 			</zone>
+			<zone type="Asia/Qostanay">
+				<exemplarCity>Kostanay</exemplarCity>
+			</zone>
 			<zone type="America/Curacao">
 				<exemplarCity>Curaçao</exemplarCity>
 			</zone>
diff --git a/common/supplemental/metaZones.xml b/common/supplemental/metaZones.xml
index d0f62eb..84409cc 100644
--- a/common/supplemental/metaZones.xml
+++ b/common/supplemental/metaZones.xml
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 			<timezone type="Africa/Casablanca">
 				<usesMetazone to="1984-03-16 00:00" mzone="Europe_Western"/>
 				<usesMetazone to="1985-12-31 23:00" from="1984-03-16 00:00" mzone="Europe_Central"/>
-				<usesMetazone to="2018-10-26 23:00" from="1985-12-31 23:00" mzone="Europe_Western"/>
-				<usesMetazone from="2018-10-26 23:00" mzone="Europe_Central"/>
+				<usesMetazone to="2018-10-28 02:00" from="1985-12-31 23:00" mzone="Europe_Western"/>
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Africa/Ceuta">
 				<usesMetazone to="1984-03-16 00:00" mzone="Europe_Western"/>
@@ -80,8 +79,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Africa/El_Aaiun">
 				<usesMetazone to="1976-04-14 01:00" mzone="Africa_FarWestern"/>
-				<usesMetazone to="2018-10-26 23:00" from="1976-04-14 01:00" mzone="Europe_Western"/>
-				<usesMetazone from="2018-10-26 23:00" mzone="Europe_Central"/>
+				<usesMetazone to="2018-10-28 02:00" from="1976-04-14 01:00" mzone="Europe_Western"/>
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Africa/Freetown">
 				<usesMetazone mzone="GMT"/>
@@ -170,7 +168,8 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Africa/Sao_Tome">
 				<usesMetazone to="2018-01-01 01:00" mzone="GMT"/>
-				<usesMetazone from="2018-01-01 01:00" mzone="Africa_Western"/>
+				<usesMetazone to="2019-01-01 01:00" from="2018-01-01 01:00" mzone="Africa_Western"/>
+				<usesMetazone from="2019-01-01 01:00" mzone="GMT"/>
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Africa/Tripoli">
 				<usesMetazone to="1981-12-31 22:00" mzone="Europe_Eastern"/>
@@ -562,7 +561,9 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="America/Metlakatla">
 				<usesMetazone to="2015-11-01 10:00" mzone="America_Pacific"/>
-				<usesMetazone from="2015-11-01 10:00" mzone="Alaska"/>
+				<usesMetazone to="2018-11-04 10:00" from="2015-11-01 10:00" mzone="Alaska"/>
+				<usesMetazone to="2019-03-10 11:00" from="2018-11-04 10:00" mzone="America_Pacific"/>
+				<usesMetazone from="2019-03-10 11:00" mzone="Alaska"/>
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="America/Mexico_City">
 				<usesMetazone mzone="America_Central"/>
@@ -1013,10 +1014,14 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 				<usesMetazone to="1972-05-31 20:00" mzone="Gulf"/>
 				<usesMetazone from="1972-05-31 20:00" mzone="Arabian"/>
 			</timezone>
+			<timezone type="Asia/Qostanay">
+				<usesMetazone from="2004-10-30 21:00" mzone="Kazakhstan_Eastern"/>
+			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Asia/Qyzylorda">
 				<usesMetazone to="1991-12-15 19:00" mzone="Kizilorda"/>
 				<usesMetazone to="2004-10-30 21:00" from="1991-12-15 19:00" mzone="Qyzylorda"/>
-				<usesMetazone from="2004-10-30 21:00" mzone="Kazakhstan_Eastern"/>
+				<usesMetazone to="2018-12-20 18:00" from="2004-10-30 21:00" mzone="Kazakhstan_Eastern"/>
+				<usesMetazone from="2018-12-20 18:00" mzone="Kazakhstan_Western"/>
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Asia/Rangoon">
 				<usesMetazone mzone="Myanmar"/>
@@ -1489,8 +1494,8 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 				<usesMetazone mzone="Kosrae"/>
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Pacific/Kwajalein">
-				<usesMetazone to="1993-08-20 12:00" mzone="Kwajalein"/>
-				<usesMetazone from="1993-08-20 12:00" mzone="Marshall_Islands"/>
+				<usesMetazone to="1993-08-21 12:00" mzone="Kwajalein"/>
+				<usesMetazone from="1993-08-21 12:00" mzone="Marshall_Islands"/>
 			</timezone>
 			<timezone type="Pacific/Majuro">
 				<usesMetazone mzone="Marshall_Islands"/>
diff --git a/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml b/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml
index f12064a..6a271f5 100644
--- a/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml
+++ b/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 <supplementalData>
 	<version number="$Revision: 14334 $"/>
 	<windowsZones>
-		<mapTimezones otherVersion="7e10c00" typeVersion="2018g">
+		<mapTimezones otherVersion="7e10c00" typeVersion="2018i">
 
 			<!-- (UTC-12:00) International Date Line West -->
 			<mapZone other="Dateline Standard Time" territory="001" type="Etc/GMT+12"/>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 
 			<!-- (UTC-09:00) Alaska -->
 			<mapZone other="Alaskan Standard Time" territory="001" type="America/Anchorage"/>
-			<mapZone other="Alaskan Standard Time" territory="US" type="America/Anchorage America/Juneau America/Metlakatla America/Nome America/Sitka America/Yakutat"/>
+			<mapZone other="Alaskan Standard Time" territory="US" type="America/Anchorage America/Juneau America/Nome America/Sitka America/Yakutat"/>
 
 			<!-- (UTC-09:00) Coordinated Universal Time-09 -->
 			<mapZone other="UTC-09" territory="001" type="Etc/GMT+9"/>
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 			<!-- (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada) -->
 			<mapZone other="Pacific Standard Time" territory="001" type="America/Los_Angeles"/>
 			<mapZone other="Pacific Standard Time" territory="CA" type="America/Vancouver America/Dawson America/Whitehorse"/>
-			<mapZone other="Pacific Standard Time" territory="US" type="America/Los_Angeles"/>
+			<mapZone other="Pacific Standard Time" territory="US" type="America/Los_Angeles America/Metlakatla"/>
 			<mapZone other="Pacific Standard Time" territory="ZZ" type="PST8PDT"/>
 
 			<!-- (UTC-07:00) Arizona -->
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 			<!-- (UTC+05:00) Ashgabat, Tashkent -->
 			<mapZone other="West Asia Standard Time" territory="001" type="Asia/Tashkent"/>
 			<mapZone other="West Asia Standard Time" territory="AQ" type="Antarctica/Mawson"/>
-			<mapZone other="West Asia Standard Time" territory="KZ" type="Asia/Oral Asia/Aqtau Asia/Aqtobe Asia/Atyrau"/>
+			<mapZone other="West Asia Standard Time" territory="KZ" type="Asia/Oral Asia/Aqtau Asia/Aqtobe Asia/Atyrau Asia/Qyzylorda"/>
 			<mapZone other="West Asia Standard Time" territory="MV" type="Indian/Maldives"/>
 			<mapZone other="West Asia Standard Time" territory="TF" type="Indian/Kerguelen"/>
 			<mapZone other="West Asia Standard Time" territory="TJ" type="Asia/Dushanbe"/>
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 			<mapZone other="Central Asia Standard Time" territory="CN" type="Asia/Urumqi"/>
 			<mapZone other="Central Asia Standard Time" territory="IO" type="Indian/Chagos"/>
 			<mapZone other="Central Asia Standard Time" territory="KG" type="Asia/Bishkek"/>
-			<mapZone other="Central Asia Standard Time" territory="KZ" type="Asia/Almaty Asia/Qyzylorda"/>
+			<mapZone other="Central Asia Standard Time" territory="KZ" type="Asia/Almaty Asia/Qostanay"/>
 			<mapZone other="Central Asia Standard Time" territory="ZZ" type="Etc/GMT-6"/>
 
 			<!-- (UTC+06:00) Dhaka -->
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/africa b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/africa
index dcc20b9..0a0f586 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/africa
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/africa
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for Africa and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-20):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-27):
 #
 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
-# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
@@ -51,13 +53,15 @@
 # I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
 # cannot now come up with solid citations.
 #
-# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
+# I invented the following abbreviations in the 1990s:
 #	 +02	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
-#	 +03	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
-#	 +03	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
+#	 +03	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time
+#	 +03	SAST	South Africa Summer Time
 #	 +03	EAT	East Africa Time
-# 'EAT' also seems to have caught on; the others are rare but are paired
-# with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
+# 'EAT' seems to have caught on and is in current timestamps, and though
+# the other abbreviations are rarer and are only in past timestamps,
+# they are paired with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
+# Corrections are welcome.
 
 # Algeria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -115,13 +119,13 @@ Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 
 # Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
 # Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
-# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
-# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
-# merely made it official?
+# For now, ignore that and follow the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# (see Europe/Lisbon).
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907        # Praia
+Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1912 Jan 01  2:00u # Praia
 			-2:00	-	-02	1942 Sep
 			-2:00	1:00	-01	1945 Oct 15
 			-2:00	-	-02	1975 Nov 25  2:00
@@ -158,7 +162,6 @@ Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome		# Togo
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott	# Mauritania
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou	# Burkina Faso
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Sao_Tome	# São Tomé and Príncipe
 Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
 
 # Djibouti
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
 Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
@@ -256,8 +259,8 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
 #
 # [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
-# [2] http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
-# [3] http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
+# [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
+# [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
@@ -267,10 +270,10 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
 # Information and Decision Support Center:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
 #
 # The Middle East News Agency
-# http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
+# https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
@@ -320,7 +323,7 @@ Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
 # dates not yet announced....
 # http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
 
 # From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
 # Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
@@ -363,6 +366,13 @@ Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 # Eritrea
 # Ethiopia
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
+#
+# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
+# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
+# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time.  See:
+# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
+# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
+# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
 
 # Gabon
 # See Africa/Lagos.
@@ -371,15 +381,34 @@ Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Ghana
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-30):
 # Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
-# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
-# and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
-# Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
-# 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
-# For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
-Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
-Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942 with 20 minutes of DST,
+# with transitions on 09-01 and 12-31 at 00:00.
+# Page 33 of Parish GCB, Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 1066. Gold
+# Coast. Report for 1919. (March 1921), OCLC 784024077
+# http://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530214/5530214_1919/5530214_1919_opt.pdf
+# lists the Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919, No. 18,
+# "to advance the time observed locally by the space of twenty minutes
+# during the last four months of each year; the object in view being
+# to extend during those months the period of daylight-time available
+# for evening recreation after office hours."
+# Vanessa Ogle, The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950 (2015), p 33,
+# writes "In 1919, the Gold Coast (Ghana as of 1957) made Greenwich
+# time its legal time and simultaneously legalized a summer time of
+# UTC - 00:20 minutes from March to October."; a footnote lists
+# the ordinance as being dated 1919-11-24.
+# The Crown Colonist, Volume 12 (1942), p 176, says "the Government
+# intend advancing Gold Coast time half an hour ahead of G.M.T.
+# The actual date of the alteration has not yet been announced."
+# These sources are incomplete and contradictory.  Possibly what is
+# now Ghana observed different DST regimes in different years.  For
+# lack of better info, use Shanks except treat the minus sign as a
+# typo, and assume DST started in 1920 not 1936.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	-
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
 			 0:00	Ghana	GMT/+0020
@@ -389,13 +418,13 @@ Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
 
 # Guinea-Bissau
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
 # Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
 # evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
-# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
-# with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
+# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u
 			-1:00	-	-01	1975
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
@@ -425,7 +454,7 @@ Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
 #
 # The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
 #
-# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UTC offset
+# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
 # that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.  The 1972 change was on
 # 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
 # Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
@@ -447,11 +476,11 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 
 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
-# http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
 #
 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
-# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
@@ -462,7 +491,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 # From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
 # The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
 # cancelled yesterday....
-# http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
+# https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
 # For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
@@ -515,7 +544,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 # basis....
 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
@@ -583,7 +612,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
@@ -591,9 +620,9 @@ Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
-Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
@@ -615,7 +644,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
 # Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 #
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
@@ -628,7 +657,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 
 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
 # According to this article:
-# http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
+# https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
 # (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
 # the changes occur at midnight:
 #
@@ -650,7 +679,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # posted in English).
 #
 # The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
-# http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
+# https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
@@ -661,7 +690,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
 #
 # We have some further details posted here:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
@@ -671,7 +700,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # (French)
 #
 # Our summary:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
@@ -694,7 +723,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
 # (French)
 # Our page:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
 
 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
@@ -711,7 +740,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # They said that the decision was already taken.
 #
 # More articles in the press
-# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
+# https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
 
@@ -803,7 +832,7 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
 # 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
 # Source (french):
-# http://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
+# https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
 #
 # From Milamber (2015-06-09):
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
@@ -812,17 +841,30 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 # [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
 # from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
 # I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
-# <http://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
+# <https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
 # with the patch.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-08):
-# For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use 2015's rules,
-# and guess that Morocco will switch to standard time at 03:00 the last
-# Sunday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Sunday after
-# Ramadan.  To implement this, transition dates for 2016 through 2037 were
-# determined by running the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the
-# results integrated by hand into the table below.
-# (let ((islamic-year 1437))
+# From Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26):
+# Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition
+# of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone.
+# From Matt Johnson (2018-10-28):
+# http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf
+#
+# From Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01):
+# We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1
+# the week end after....  The government does not announce yet the decision
+# about this temporary change.  But it s 99% sure that it will be the case,
+# as in previous years.  An unofficial survey was done these days, showing
+# that 64% of asked peopke are ok for moving from +1 to +0 during Ramadan.
+# https://leconomiste.com/article/1035870-enquete-l-economiste-sunergia-64-des-marocains-plebiscitent-le-gmt-pendant-ramadan
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-01):
+# For now, guess that Morocco will fall back at 03:00 the last Sunday
+# before Ramadan, and spring forward at 02:00 the first Sunday after
+# Ramadan, as this has been the practice since 2012.  To implement this,
+# transition dates for 2019 through 2037 were determined by running the
+# following program under GNU Emacs 26.1.
+# (let ((islamic-year 1440))
 #   (require 'cal-islam)
 #   (while (< islamic-year 1460)
 #     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
@@ -835,74 +877,101 @@ Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 #       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
 #       (insert
 #        (format
-#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
-#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
+#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t-1:00\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t0\t-\n")
 #         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
 #         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
 #     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-
-Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2014	2021	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	2018	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	2018	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	24	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2026	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	24	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Mar	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Mar	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Mar	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Feb	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Feb	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Mar	22	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Feb	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Mar	14	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Jan	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Feb	27	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Jan	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Feb	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Dec	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Feb	10	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Dec	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Jan	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Dec	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Jan	18	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Nov	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Jan	 9	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Nov	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Dec	25	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Nov	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Dec	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Oct	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Dec	 2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Nov	23	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Nov	15	 2:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
-			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
-			 1:00	-	CET	1986
-			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	+01	1986
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
 
 # Western Sahara
 #
@@ -917,7 +986,8 @@ Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
 
 Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
 			-1:00	-	-01	1976 Apr 14
-			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
+			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
 
 # Mozambique
 #
@@ -937,9 +1007,21 @@ Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali	# Rwanda
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi	# E Dem. Rep. of Congo
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
 
+
 # Namibia
-# The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
+# The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
+# www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
+# and includes this nugget:
+# Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
+# first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
+# commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
+# Sunday 4 September 1994.
+
+# From Michael Deckers (2017-04-06):
+# ... both summer and winter time are called "standard"
+# (which differs from the use in Ireland) ...
 
 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
 # http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
@@ -955,19 +1037,53 @@ Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
 # observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
 # In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
 # See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
-# http://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
+# https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
+# Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# This video is from the government decision:
+# https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
+# We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
+# the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-09):
+# Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally.
+# However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST.  See, e.g.:
+# http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-could-be-scrapped.2706
+# https://zone.my.na/news/times-are-changing-in-namibia
+# https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
+# Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
+# with Namibia's neighbors.
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Namibia	1994	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Namibia	1995	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	-1:00	WAT
+Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	CAT
+Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	-1:00	WAT
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	WAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	CAT
+#Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	WAT
+# End of rearguard section.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	+0130	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
 			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
 			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
-			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Apr  3
-			1:00	Namibia	WA%sT
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			2:00	Namibia	%s
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Mar 21  0:00
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):
+# The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24.  See:
+# http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf
+#			1:00	Namibia	%s	2017 Oct 24
+#			2:00	-	CAT
+# End of rearguard section.
 
 # Niger
 # See Africa/Lagos.
@@ -1018,6 +1134,31 @@ Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
 #	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
 
 # São Tomé and Príncipe
+
+# See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
+# Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
+# they entered the year 2018.
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
+# the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
+# http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017
+
+# From Vadim Nasardinov (2018-12-29):
+# São Tomé and Príncipe is about to do the following on Jan 1, 2019:
+# https://www.stp-press.st/2018/12/05/governo-jesus-ja-decidiu-repor-hora-legal-sao-tomense/
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-12-30):
+# https://www.legis-palop.org/download.jsp?idFile=102818
+# ... [The legal time of the country, which coincides with universal
+# coordinated time, will be restituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019.]
+
+Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
+			 0:00	-	GMT	2018 Jan  1 01:00
+			 1:00	-	WAT	2019 Jan  1 02:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
 # Senegal
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
@@ -1054,14 +1195,24 @@ Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Swaziland
 # no information
 
 # Sudan
-#
+
 # From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
 # Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
 # also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
 # Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
+
+# From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
+# ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
+# to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
+# year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
+# Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
@@ -1070,10 +1221,14 @@ Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
-			3:00	-	EAT
+			3:00	-	EAT	2017 Nov  1
+			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # South Sudan
-Link Africa/Khartoum Africa/Juba
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
+			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Swaziland
 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
@@ -1111,11 +1266,11 @@ Link Africa/Khartoum Africa/Juba
 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
 # (Arabic)
 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
-# http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
+# https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
 #
 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/antarctica b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/antarctica
index 3332d66..1dd9b00 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/antarctica
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/antarctica
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for Antarctica and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@
 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
 #	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
 #	Margaret Turner reports
-#	http://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
+#	https://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
 #	(1999-09-30) that they're UT +05, with no DST;
 #	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@
 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
 #
 # We have more background information here:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@
 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 #
 # Background:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-10-28):
 # Australian Antarctica Division informed us that Casey changed time
@@ -75,7 +77,8 @@ Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	-00	1969
 			8:00	-	+08	2011 Oct 28  2:00
 			11:00	-	+11	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
 			8:00	-	+08	2016 Oct 22
-			11:00	-	+11
+			11:00	-	+11	2018 Mar 11  4:00
+			8:00	-	+08
 Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 13
 			7:00	-	+07	1964 Nov
 			0	-	-00	1969 Feb
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	-00	1950 # Port-aux-Français
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
 # Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
-# <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
+# <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/asia b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/asia
index 35774c6..3165203 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/asia
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/asia
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for Asia and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-13):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
 #
 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
-# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
-# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables:
+# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
+# (corrections are welcome):
 #	     std  dst
 #	     LMT	Local Mean Time
 #	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
@@ -44,13 +47,15 @@
 #	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
 #	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
 #	8:00 CST	China
+#	8:00 PST  PDT*	Philippine Standard Time
 #	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830
 #	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
 #	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
 #	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
 #	9:30 ACST	Australian Central Standard Time
+# *I invented the abbreviation PDT; see "Philippines" below.
 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
-# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UTC offsets.  Although earlier
+# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
 #
@@ -69,14 +74,14 @@
 Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
-Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2011	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2011	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # Afghanistan
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -109,13 +114,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 # or
 # (brief)
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	-
+Rule Armenia	2011	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	+03	1957 Mar
 			4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			3:00 RussiaAsia	+03/+04	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
 			4:00	-	+04	1997
-			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2011
+			4:00	Armenia	+04/+05
 
 # Azerbaijan
 
@@ -127,12 +136,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
 # daylight saving time....
-# http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
+# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
@@ -168,11 +177,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 #
 # Some sources:
-# http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
+# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
 
 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
@@ -219,7 +228,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -258,9 +267,15 @@ Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
 
 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
+# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
+# of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
+# a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
-			6:24:40	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon Mean Time?
+Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:47 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
+			6:24:47	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon local time
 			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May
 			9:00	-	+09	1945 May  3
 			6:30	-	+0630
@@ -271,6 +286,29 @@ Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
 
 # China
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
+# The following comes from Table 1 of:
+# Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
+# Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
+# The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
+# Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
+# zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Oct	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Nov	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1942	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1945	only	-	Sep	 1	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1946	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1947	only	-	Oct	31	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1948	1949	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S #plan
+
 # From Guy Harris:
 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 
@@ -297,18 +335,33 @@ Zone	Asia/Yangon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880        # or Rangoon
 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
-# Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
-# this doesn't seem to be correct.  They also write that China observed summer
-# DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
-# go with them for DST rules as follows:
+# From P Chan (2018-05-07):
+# The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
+# (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
+# Government notices about summer time:
+#
+# 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
+# (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
+# at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
+#
+# 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
+# (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
+#
+# 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
+# (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
+# until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
+#
+# 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
+# (To suspend summer time from 1992)
+#
+# The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
+# to begin on 17 April.
+# http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	16	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	0:00	0	S
-Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	 2:00	0	S
+Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
@@ -317,7 +370,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 #
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
-# http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
+# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
@@ -330,10 +383,11 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
 #
 # (1)
-# Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
-# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
+# http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
 # officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
@@ -469,7 +523,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 
 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
-# http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
 
 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
@@ -510,7 +564,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
 Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
-			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
+			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949 May 28
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
 # / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
@@ -532,12 +586,82 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
 # obtained from
 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# According to Singaporean newspaper
+# http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
+# the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
+# Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
+# "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
+# (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
+# Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
+# <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
+# "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
+# of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
+# advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+#
+# From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
+# An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
+# astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
+#
+# From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
+# Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
+# page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
+# ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
+# ball was dropped.  So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
+# of broadcasting the new local time.
+#
+# From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
+# According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
+# governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
+# make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
+# dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
+# I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
+# on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
+# stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
+# Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
+# probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
+# the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
+# Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
+# before.  After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
+# the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
+# period of time.  Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
+# same month, but there were not much information about time there.  Later they
+# started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
+# explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
+# saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
+# also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
+# captured by Japan.
+#
+# Image of related sections on newspaper:
+# * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
+#   https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
+# * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
+#   time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
+# * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
+# * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
+# * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
+#   https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
+# Also, the Liberation day of Hong Kong after WWII which British rule
+# over the territory resumed was August 30, 1945, which I think should
+# be the termination date for the use of JST in the territory....
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
 # Here are the dates given at
-# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
-# as of 2009-10-28:
+# https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+# as of 2014-06-19:
 # Year        Period
-# 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
+# 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
 # 1942        Whole year
 # 1943        Whole year
 # 1944        Whole year
@@ -548,7 +672,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
-# 1952        6 Apr to 25 Oct
+# 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
@@ -577,25 +701,25 @@ Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
 # 1978        Nil
 # 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
 # 1980 to Now Nil
-# The page does not give start or end times of day.
-# The page does not give a start date for 1942.
-# The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
-# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
-# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
-# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
+# The page does not give times of day for transitions,
+# or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
+# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
+# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-16; see:
+# Heaver S. The days after the Pacific war ended: unsettling times
+# in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. 2016-06-13.
+# https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1852990/days-after-pacific-war-ended-unsettling-times-hong-kong
+# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the
+# transition times.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Apr	1	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Sep	30	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	20	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1948	1951	-	Oct	lastSun	3:30	0	-
-Rule	HK	1952	only	-	Oct	25	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1952	1953	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
-Rule	HK	1953	only	-	Nov	1	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1954	only	-	Oct	31	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1955	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
@@ -605,9 +729,11 @@ Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	Sun>=8	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
-			8:00	HK	HK%sT	1941 Dec 25
-			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 15
+Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30  0:36:42
+			8:00	-	HKT	1941 Jun 15  3:30
+			8:00	1:00	HKST	1941 Oct  1  4:00
+			8:30	-	HKT	1941 Dec 25
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 16
 			8:00	HK	HK%sT
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -626,7 +752,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
 # found on Wikisource:
-# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
 # declared officially.
@@ -637,17 +763,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
-# (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
 # be found on Wikisource:
-# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 #
-# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
 
 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
-# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
-# back to UTC+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
+# back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
-# zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
@@ -739,23 +865,140 @@ Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
 			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
 
 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
+#
+# From P Chan (2018-05-10):
+# * LegisMac
+#   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
+#   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
+#   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
+#   searching decrees about summer time.
+# * Archives of Macao
+#   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
+#   It contains images of old official gazettes.
+# * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
+#   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
+#   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
+# Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
+# advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
+# +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
+# and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
+# http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
+#
+# Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
+#
+# From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
+# [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
+#	DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
+#	DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
+#	DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
+#	PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
+#	PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
+#	PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
+#	PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
+#	PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
+#	PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
+#	PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
+#	PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
+#	PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
+#	PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
+#	PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
+#	PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
+#	PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
+#	PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
+#	PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
+#	PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
+#	PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
+#	PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
+#	PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
+#	PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
+#	PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
+#	PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
+#	PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
+#	PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
+#	PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
+#	PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
+#	PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
+#	PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
+#	PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
+#	PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
+#	PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
+#	PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
+#	PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
+#	PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
+#	PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
+#	PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
+#	PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
+#	PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
+#	PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
+#	PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
+#	PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
+#	PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
+#	PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
+#	PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
+#	PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
+#	PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
+#	PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
+#	PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
+#	PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
+#	PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
+#	PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
+#	PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
+#	PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
+#	PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
+#	PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
+#	PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
+#	PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
+#	PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
+#	PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
+#	PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
+#	PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
+#	PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
+#	PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
+#	PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
+#	PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
+#	PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
+#	PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
+# Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
+# LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
+# between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
+# The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
+# Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Macau	1961	1962	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1961	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	S
-Rule	Macau	1963	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1964	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Oct	31	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	S
-Rule	Macau	1972	1974	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1972	1973	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Macau	1974	1977	-	Oct	Sun>=15	3:30	0	S
-Rule	Macau	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun>=15	3:30	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1942	1943	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Macau	1942	only	-	Nov	17	23:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1943	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Apr	30	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1946	only	-	Sep	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Apr	19	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1947	only	-	Nov	30	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	May	 2	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1948	only	-	Oct	31	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Mar	31	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1951	only	-	Oct	28	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1952	1953	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1952	only	-	Nov	 1	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1953	1954	-	Oct	lastSat	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1954	1956	-	Mar	Sat>=17	23:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1955	only	-	Nov	 5	23:00s	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1956	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1957	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1973	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1965	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=16	02:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1967	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+Rule	Macau	1973	only	-	Dec	30	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1975	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	May	13	03:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Macau	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	03:30	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:10 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
+			8:00	-	CST	1941 Dec 21 23:00
+			9:00	Macau	+09/+10	1945 Sep 30 24:00
 			8:00	Macau	C%sT
 
 
@@ -775,6 +1018,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
+# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
+# Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
+# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
@@ -792,7 +1041,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
 Zone	Asia/Famagusta	2:15:48	-	LMT	1921 Nov 14
 			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
 			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT	2016 Sep  8
-			3:00	-	+03
+			3:00	-	+03	2017 Oct 29 1:00u
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
 
 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
@@ -852,7 +1102,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
 
 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
-# <http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
+# <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
@@ -879,22 +1129,73 @@ Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
 
 # India
 
+# British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
+# "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
+# The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
+# east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories.  No reason is
+# given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
+# chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
+# that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
+# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
+# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
+
 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
-# http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
+# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
 # (2015-12-22):
 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
 # outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
+# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
+# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
+# measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
+# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
+# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
+# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
+# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
+# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
+# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
+# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
+# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
+# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
+# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
+# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
+# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
+# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
+#
+# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
+# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
+# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
+# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
+# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
+# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
+#
+# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
+# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
+# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
+# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
+# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
+# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
+# government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
+# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
+# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
+# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
+# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
+# time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
+# 1941-1945 data.
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880        # Kolkata
-			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
-			6:30	-	+0630	1942 May 15
+Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
+			5:53:20	-	HMT	1870	    # Howrah Mean Time?
+			5:21:10	-	MMT	1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
+			5:30	-	IST	1941 Oct
+			5:30	1:00	+0630	1942 May 15
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
 			5:30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
 			5:30	-	IST
-# The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
+# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
 #	Andaman Is
 #	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
 #	Nicobar Is
@@ -1008,12 +1309,65 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
 # plan to change that law....
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
-# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
-# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
-# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
-# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
+# I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
+# lines from 2008 through 2087.  Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
+# cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
+# 2008-2087 range disagrees with the the astronomical Persian calendar
+# for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058),
+# so the following code special-case those years.  See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
+# Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
+# The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
+# https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
+# Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
+# happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
+# stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
+# (cl-loop
+#  initially (require 'cal-persia)
+#  with first-persian-year = 1387
+#  with last-persian-year = 1466
+#  ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
+#  ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
+#  with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
+#  with range-start = nil
+#  for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
+#  do
+#  (let*
+#      ((exceptional-year-offset
+#        (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
+#       (beg-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
+#           exceptional-year-offset))
+#       (end-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
+#           exceptional-year-offset))
+#       (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
+#        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
+#           (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
+#       (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
+#       (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
+#       (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
+#                           next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
+#       (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
+#       (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
+#    (setq range-start (or range-start year))
+#    (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
+#                  (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
+#              (= persian-year last-persian-year))
+#      (insert
+#       (format
+#        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
+#        range-start range-end
+#        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
+#        (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
+#      (insert
+#       (format
+#        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
+#        range-start range-end
+#        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
+#        (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
+#      (setq range-start nil))))
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
@@ -1036,7 +1390,7 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
 # daylight saving time ...
-# http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
+# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
 #
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
@@ -1048,61 +1402,113 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	19	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
-#
-# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
-# These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
-# restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
+Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	22	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 2	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+#
+# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
+# These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
+# restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
-Rule	Iran	2036	max	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iran	2036	max	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
@@ -1135,20 +1541,20 @@ Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
 #
 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
-Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
 #
-Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	S
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	-
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
 			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
@@ -1406,22 +1812,41 @@ Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
 # wanted to keep it.)
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
+# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
+# The source of information is Japanese law.
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
+# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
+# ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
+# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
+# [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
+# ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
+# 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
+# It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
+# during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
+# of the summer time is described in the document.
+# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
+# The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
+# September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
+# change the clock before they sleep.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
+# This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
+# it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
+# do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
+# which should be safe now.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-# but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
-# their audience is astrologers) were US military bases.  For now, assume
-# that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
-# would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
+Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	25:00	0	S
+Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sat>=1	24:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
-# Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
-# 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
+# Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
@@ -1429,10 +1854,10 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
-# which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
+# which stands for the time on 135° E.
 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
-# time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E....  But "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
 # standard....
@@ -1443,17 +1868,19 @@ Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
-# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
 #
 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
-# Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
-# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 			9:00	Japan	J%sT
-# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
+# except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
+# switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
 
 # Jordan
 #
@@ -1510,7 +1937,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 # Official, in Arabic:
 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
 # ... Our background/permalink about it
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
 # ...
 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
@@ -1743,8 +2170,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
-# The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
+# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
+# Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
+# UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
+# located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
@@ -1758,8 +2187,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
 			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
 			6:00	-	+06
 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
-# This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
-# see comments below.
 Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
 			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
@@ -1770,21 +2197,22 @@ Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
-			6:00	-	+06
-# The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
-# hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29.  The 1991/2 rules for
-# Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
-# reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
-#Zone	Asia/Qostanay	4:14:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-#			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
-#			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
-#			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
-#			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
-#			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
-#			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
-#			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
-#			6:00	-	+06
+			6:00	-	+06	2018 Dec 21  0:00
+			5:00	-	+05
 #
+# Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
+# The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
+# reorganization.
+Zone	Asia/Qostanay	4:14:28 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06
+
 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
 Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
 			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
@@ -1797,7 +2225,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	+05
 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
-# so include time stamps before 1963.
+# so include timestamps before 1963.
 Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
 			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
 			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
@@ -1845,9 +2273,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	-
 Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
@@ -1868,9 +2296,9 @@ Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
 
 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
-# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
-# http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
+# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
@@ -1878,21 +2306,43 @@ Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
 
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
+# date in South Korea should be
+# 1955-09-08 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
+# 1956-09-29 without specifying time
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
+# 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
+# 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
+# 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
+# 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
+# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
+# ...
+# 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
+# when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
+# aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
+# follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
+
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 9	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sun>=18	0:00	0	S
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	3:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	12	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=7	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 8	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	29	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sat>=17	24:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	 2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 3:00	0	S
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
@@ -1925,6 +2375,23 @@ Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	3:00	0	S
 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
 
+# From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
+# North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
+# Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
+#
+# From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
+# Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
+# https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
+# ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
+# No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
+# Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
+# It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
+# The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
 			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
@@ -1936,7 +2403,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
 			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
 			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
 			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
-			8:30	-	KST
+			8:30	-	KST	2018 May  4 23:30
+			9:00	-	KST
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -1979,7 +2447,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Malaysia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS # one-Third Summer
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
 #
 # peninsular Malaysia
@@ -2008,8 +2476,8 @@ Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
 
 # Maldives
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Male
-			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Male Mean Time
+Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Malé
+			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Malé Mean Time
 			5:00	-	+05
 
 # Mongolia
@@ -2092,7 +2560,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Male
 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
 # database on this, e.g.:
 #
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
 #
 # both say GMT+08:00.
@@ -2124,7 +2592,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Male
 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
@@ -2141,13 +2609,13 @@ Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
 # saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
 
-Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
-Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Mongol	2015	2016	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2222,7 +2690,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
 #
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
@@ -2288,7 +2756,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 #
 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
 
 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
@@ -2470,7 +2938,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
@@ -2508,7 +2976,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
 # Gaza and the West Bank.
 # Some more background info:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
@@ -2518,7 +2986,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
 # Additional info:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
@@ -2528,7 +2996,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
 # ...
-# http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
+# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
 
@@ -2549,7 +3017,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
@@ -2569,11 +3037,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
-# and http://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
+# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
 
 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
@@ -2581,9 +3049,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-12):
-# Predict spring transitions on March's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
 
 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
@@ -2597,8 +3062,18 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
+# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
+# clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
+# the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
+# time of the time shift.
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
+# For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
@@ -2629,7 +3104,7 @@ Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2014	2015	-	Oct	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	lastFri	24:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Mar	lastSat	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Mar	Sat>=22	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Oct	lastSat	1:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2657,11 +3132,16 @@ Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 # no information
 
 # Philippines
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
+# It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
+# 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
 # History of the International Date Line
-# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
@@ -2678,19 +3158,35 @@ Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
 
+# From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
+# In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
+# which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
+# The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
+# the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
+# it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
+# [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
+# [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
+# I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
+# more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
+# not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
+# influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
+# so use "PDT", the usual American style.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
-			8:00	Phil	+08/+09	1942 May
-			9:00	-	+09	1944 Nov
-			8:00	Phil	+08/+09
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT	1942 May
+			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
+			8:00	Phil	P%sT
 
 # Qatar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2701,15 +3197,34 @@ Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 
 # Saudi Arabia
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
-# standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
+# standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
 # has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
 #
+# Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
+# Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
+# practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
+# which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
+# the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
+# instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
+# used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
+# Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
+# (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
+# "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
+# station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
+# assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
+# shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
+# going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
+# Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
+# http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
+# Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
+# Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
+#
 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
 # we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
@@ -2719,7 +3234,8 @@ Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
-# the country.  Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+# the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
+# as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
@@ -2925,7 +3441,7 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
 #
 # Our summary
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
@@ -2952,7 +3468,7 @@ Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
 #
 # Our brief summary:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
@@ -3035,13 +3551,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # is quoted verbatim in:
 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
-# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
 # and is the basis for the information below.
 #
 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
-# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.
+# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
-# the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
+# the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
 # is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/australasia b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/australasia
index d389ae1..dfe73d3 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/australasia
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/australasia
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -196,20 +198,20 @@ Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
-Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
-Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	D
-Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
-Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
-Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
-Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
-Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
+Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
 			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
 #
 # A bit more background info here:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
@@ -357,23 +359,33 @@ Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-03):
-# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
-# 03:00 the third Sunday in January.  Although ad hoc, it matches
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
+# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
+# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
+# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
+
+# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
+# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
+# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-15):
+# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
+# the first Sunday on or after January 13.  January transitions reportedly
+# depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
 # practice than guessing no DST.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=13	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
 			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13
@@ -390,10 +402,44 @@ Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
 # it is uninhabited.
 
 # Guam
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1961	only	-	Jan	29	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1967	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jan	26	0:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Aug	31	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1973	only	-	Dec	16	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1974	only	-	Feb	24	2:00	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	May	26	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	Aug	22	2:01	0	S
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	D
+# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
+Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
-			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23 # Guam
+			10:00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
+			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul 31
+			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 
@@ -403,11 +449,11 @@ Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
 			 12:00	-	+12
 Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
-			-11:00	-	-11	1995
+			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
 			 13:00	-	+13
 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
-			-10:00	-	-10	1995
+			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
 			 14:00	-	+14
 
 # N Mariana Is
@@ -415,38 +461,63 @@ Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
-			12:00	-	+12
-Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
-			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20
-			12:00	-	+12
+Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Jan 30
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12
+Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Feb  6
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20 24:00
+			 12:00	-	+12
 
 # Micronesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
-			10:00	-	+10
-Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kolonia
-			11:00	-	+11
-Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
-			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
-			12:00	-	+12	1999
-			11:00	-	+11
+Zone Pacific/Chuuk	-13:52:52 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
+			 10:00	-	+10	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 10:00	-	+10
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
+			 10:32:52 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11
+Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
+			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
+			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
+			 11:00	-	+11	1937
+			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
+			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
+			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
+			 12:00	-	+12	1999
+			 11:00	-	+11
 
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
-			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Mar 15
-			9:00	-	+09	1944 Aug 15
-			11:30	-	+1130	1979 May
+			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Aug 29
+			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  8
+			11:30	-	+1130	1979 Feb 10  2:00
 			12:00	-	+12
 
 # New Caledonia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
-Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -466,27 +537,28 @@ Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
-# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
-# convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
-# so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
+# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
+# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
+# time to percolate out.
 Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
@@ -510,9 +582,9 @@ Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 # Cook Is
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
 			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
@@ -539,8 +611,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
 
 # Palau (Belau)
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901 # Koror
-			9:00	-	+09
+Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
+			  8:57:56 -	LMT	1901
+			  9:00	-	+09
 
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -557,7 +630,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
-# http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
+# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
 #
 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
@@ -579,7 +652,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
 			-8:00	-	-08
 
 # American Samoa
-Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
 			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
@@ -595,7 +668,7 @@ Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 # Sunday of April 2011."
 #
 # Background info:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
 #
 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 # contain any dates:
@@ -653,13 +726,13 @@ Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	D
-Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	S
-Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	D
-Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	S
-Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
 			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
 			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
@@ -680,13 +753,13 @@ Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
-# Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
-# actually was to UTC-11 back then.
+# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
+# actually was to UT-11 back then.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
-# <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
+# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
 
@@ -697,12 +770,12 @@ Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
 
 # Tonga
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Tonga	2016	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Tonga	2017	max	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
 			12:20	-	+1220	1941
@@ -756,7 +829,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
-# http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
+# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
 # Minus One Hour".
@@ -778,12 +851,12 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
 
 # Vanuatu
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
 			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12
@@ -802,7 +875,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 #
 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
@@ -822,11 +895,12 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
-# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
+# I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #		std	dst
@@ -834,7 +908,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
 #	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
 #	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
-#	 10:00	GST		Guam through 2000
+#	 10:00	GST	GDT*	Guam through 2000
 #	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
 #	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
 #	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
@@ -969,7 +1043,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
 #   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
-#   http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
+#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
 #   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
 #
 #   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
@@ -1005,13 +1079,13 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
-# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
 # ACT
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
-# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
 # SA
 # Standard Time Act, 1898
-# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
 
 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
@@ -1081,7 +1155,23 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
+# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
+# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
+# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
+# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
+# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
+# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
+# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
+
 # Queensland
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
+# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
+# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
+# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
+# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
+
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
 # #						[ Dec 1990 ]
@@ -1306,7 +1396,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
 # (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
 #
-# Victoria will following NSW.  See:
+# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
 #
@@ -1409,7 +1499,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
 #
 # We have a wrap-up here:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
@@ -1447,7 +1537,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
-# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
+# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
 #
 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
@@ -1463,7 +1553,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
-# http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
+# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
 # time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
@@ -1508,31 +1598,79 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
+# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
+# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
+# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
+# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
+# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
 
 # Kwajalein
 
-# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
-# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
-# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
-# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
-# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
+# From an AP article (1993-08-22):
+# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
+# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
+# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
+# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
+# one side of the international date line to the other."
+# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
+# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that
+# currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
+# 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
+# synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
+# should occur at around 1950s instead.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
+# The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
+# Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
+# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
+# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
+# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
+# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
+# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
 
 
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
+# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
+# period.  It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
+# that period of time like the surrounding area.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
-
+#
+# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
+# and end of Japanese control of Agana.  We don't know whether the Northern
+# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
+# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
+#
 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
 
+# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
 
-# Micronesia
+
+# Marshall Is
+# See the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
+# Micronesia (and nearby)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
+# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
 
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
@@ -1548,6 +1686,95 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
 
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+#
+# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
+# ...
+# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
+# Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
+#
+# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
+# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
+# of German New Guinea.  However there is a marking saying it have not been
+# implemented (yet).  No further information after that were found.
+#
+# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
+# instructed to use JST at the time.
+#
+# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
+# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
+# longitude of the atoll.
+# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
+# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
+# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
+# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
+# is if they keep their own time back then)
+#
+# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
+# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
+# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
+# year.  Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
+# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
+# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
+#    (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
+#    administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
+#  * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
+#    formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
+#    governance structure have been established, these district [become
+#    subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
+#    time of the area.
+#  * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
+#    occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
+#    Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
+#    subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
+#    subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
+#    starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
+#    Marshall Islands.
+#
+# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
+# area into 2 timezones:
+#  * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
+#    Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
+#  * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
+#    Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
+#    Standard Time)
+#
+# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
+# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
+# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
+#
+# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
+# island.  The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
+# period of time....
+#
+# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
+# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
+# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
+# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
+#
+# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
+# under American administration from year 1947.  The site listed some
+# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
+# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
+# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
+# information can be found.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+#
+# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
+# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known.  The information
+# for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
+#
+# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
+# done, so omit it from the data for now.
+#
+# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
+
 
 # Midway
 
@@ -1565,6 +1792,29 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
 
+# Nauru
+
+# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
+# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
+# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
+# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
+# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
+# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
+# ...
+# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
+# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
+# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
+# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
+# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
+# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
+# page 3, which does not give the UT offset.  In response to a comment by
+# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
+# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
+
 # Norfolk
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
@@ -1578,7 +1828,10 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
 # other than in 1974/5.  See:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
+
+# Palau
+# See commentary for Micronesia.
 
 # Pitcairn
 
@@ -1600,17 +1853,19 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
-# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
+# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
 
-# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
-# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
+# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
+# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
+# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
 
 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
@@ -1621,6 +1876,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
 
+
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
@@ -1636,7 +1892,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
-# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
+# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
 #
 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
@@ -1715,6 +1971,15 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
 
+# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
+# In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
+# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
+# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
+# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
+
+
 # Wake
 
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
@@ -1727,11 +1992,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
 # impossible.
 #
-# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
+# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
 
+# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
+
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 # The International Date Line
@@ -1755,7 +2023,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
 # correct date is ambiguous.
 
-# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
+# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/backward b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/backward
index 09f2a31..51e10f4 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/backward
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/backward
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# tzdb links for backward compatibility
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# This file provides links between current names for time zones
+# This file provides links between current names for timezones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
 
 # Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
@@ -61,7 +63,9 @@ Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
 Link	America/Manaus		Brazil/West
 Link	America/Halifax		Canada/Atlantic
 Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
-Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
+# This line is commented out, as the name exceeded the 14-character limit
+# and was an unused misnomer.
+#Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
 Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
 Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
 Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/etcetera b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/etcetera
index f5fa4c9..91ded93 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/etcetera
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/etcetera
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+# tzdb data for ships at sea and other miscellany
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
 # people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
-# to a time zone that was right for their area.  These days, the
+# to a timezone that was right for their area.  These days, the
 # tz files cover almost all the inhabited world, and the only practical
 # need now for the entries that are not on UTC are for ships at sea
 # that cannot use POSIX TZ settings.
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/europe b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/europe
index 558b9f1..587f7b0 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/europe
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/europe
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for Europe and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -37,14 +39,14 @@
 #	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
+#	<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
 #	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
 #	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
 #	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
 #
 #	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
 #	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
-#	http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
+#	https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
 #	The full Russian citation is:
 #	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
 #	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
@@ -68,14 +70,15 @@
 #        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
 #        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
 #        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
+#        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
 #        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
 #        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
 #        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
 #        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
 #        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow
 
-# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
-# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
+# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
@@ -116,8 +119,8 @@
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
-# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
+# position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@
 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
-# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
@@ -187,7 +190,7 @@
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
 #	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
 #	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
-#	http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
+#	https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
@@ -225,8 +228,8 @@
 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
-# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
-# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 
 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
@@ -243,13 +246,13 @@
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
-# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
+# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
-# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
+# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -278,16 +281,31 @@
 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 # we'll ignore it for now.
 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
 #
-#
-# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
-# Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
-# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
-# to London.  For example:
+# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
+# Greenwich was to London.  For example:
 #
 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
+#
+# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
+# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
+#
+# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
+# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
+# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
+# <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>.  Malone
+# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
+# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
+# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
+# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
+# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
+# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
+# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
+# transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
+# fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
 
 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
@@ -295,7 +313,7 @@
 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
-# http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
+# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
@@ -347,6 +365,28 @@
 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
+# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
+# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
+# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
+# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
+# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
+# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
+# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
+# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
+# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
+# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
+# as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
+# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
+# Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
+
+# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
+# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
+# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Summer Time Act, 1916
@@ -470,27 +510,60 @@ Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
+# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
+# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
+# and with tests for OpenJDK:
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
+#
+# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
+# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
+# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
+# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
+# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
+# suffices.  This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
+# values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
+# not rely on it.
+#
+# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
+# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
+# negative SAVE values are used.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00 # Dublin MT
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00s
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00
-			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
-			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
-			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+# The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
+			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
+# These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
+#			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+#			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
+#			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Europe
 
-# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
-# Common Market, etc.
+# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
+# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
+# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
@@ -625,7 +698,7 @@ Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
 #
 # I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
-# title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
+# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
@@ -656,7 +729,7 @@ Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
-# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
+# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
@@ -783,7 +856,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 # Sources (Russian language):
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
-# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
+# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
 #
 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
@@ -899,18 +972,30 @@ Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 
 # Czech Republic / Czechia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
+# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
+# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
+# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
+# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  9
+			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1946 Dec  1  3:00
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
+			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
+#			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+# End of rearguard section.
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
@@ -923,7 +1008,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 #
-# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
+# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
@@ -979,9 +1064,10 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
-# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
+# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
+# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
+# on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
 # rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
@@ -1104,7 +1190,7 @@ Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
-# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
+# From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
@@ -1156,7 +1242,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
-# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
@@ -1169,7 +1255,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 
 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
-# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
@@ -1295,11 +1381,11 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
-# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
+# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
 
 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
-# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
+# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
@@ -1392,7 +1478,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
 			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
-			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
+			# go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
@@ -1464,21 +1550,21 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	-
 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
 Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
@@ -1524,7 +1610,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
 # for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
-# Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
+# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
 #
@@ -1839,14 +1925,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
-# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
+# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
 
 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
-# http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
+# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
 
@@ -1918,7 +2004,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 # Amsterdam mean time.
 
 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
-# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
@@ -1944,7 +2030,7 @@ Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 #
-# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
+# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
@@ -1999,7 +2085,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
 # keeping Berlin time.
 #
-# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
+# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
 # frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
@@ -2037,7 +2123,7 @@ Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
-# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
+# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
@@ -2068,15 +2154,19 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Portugal
-#
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
-# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
-# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett but disagrees
-# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
-# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
+# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett....
 #
+# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
+# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
+# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
+# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
+# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
+
 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
@@ -2091,7 +2181,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
-# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
+# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
@@ -2159,7 +2249,7 @@ Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 # Lisbon Mean Time
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
 			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
@@ -2168,7 +2258,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
 Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
-			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1 # Horta Mean Time
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
 			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	+00	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
@@ -2184,7 +2274,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
 			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
 Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
-			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1 # Funchal Mean Time
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	+01	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
@@ -2253,7 +2343,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
+# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
@@ -2261,7 +2351,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
@@ -2297,7 +2387,7 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
-# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
@@ -2339,19 +2429,43 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
 
+# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
+# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
+# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
+# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
+# «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
+# отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
+# приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
+# единой службы времени, 1956 г.
+# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
+# Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
+# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
+# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
+# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
+# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
+# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
+# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
+# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
+# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
+# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
+# exceptions grew considerably.
+
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
 # are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
 # listing.  The region codes listed come from
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
 # future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
 # divisions where available.
 
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-
-
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
 # 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
@@ -2509,7 +2623,7 @@ Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
-# http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
+# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
 # 2 days before the switch.
 #
@@ -2522,13 +2636,13 @@ Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 
 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
-# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
-# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
+# coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
 # 2:31:19 ...
 #
@@ -2581,7 +2695,7 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
-# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
@@ -2619,6 +2733,15 @@ Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
 # 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
 
+# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
+# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
+# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
+# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
+# The law has been published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
+
 Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
@@ -2627,7 +2750,8 @@ Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
-			 3:00	-	+03
+			 3:00	-	+03	2018 Oct 28  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
 # Europe/Saratov covers:
@@ -2764,11 +2888,11 @@ Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
 # 1995-05-28.
 #
-# http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
+# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
-# before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
-# after 1957: UTC+7
-# since 1995: UTC+6
+# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
+# after 1957: UT+7
+# since 1995: UT+6
 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
 
@@ -3138,8 +3262,8 @@ Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
 # each!  (Yikes!)
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
 #
 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
@@ -3316,7 +3440,8 @@ Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
 #Rule NatSpain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00	1:00	S
 #Rule NatSpain	1937	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
 #Rule NatSpain	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00	1:00	S
-# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
+# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
+# except with "S" letters.
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
@@ -3336,6 +3461,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
 			 0:00	-	WET	1924
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
+			 0:00	-	WET	1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
 			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -3357,7 +3483,7 @@ Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
 #
-# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
@@ -3460,8 +3586,8 @@ Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 #
 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
 # The Federal regulations say
-# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
-# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
+# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
 
 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
@@ -3521,7 +3647,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
-# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
+# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
@@ -3537,9 +3663,9 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
-# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
+# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
 # Turkish:
-# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
+# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
 
 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
@@ -3576,6 +3702,17 @@ Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
 
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
+# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
+#
+# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
+# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
+# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
+# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
+# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -3675,7 +3812,7 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
 #
 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
-# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
+# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
 #
 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
@@ -3720,10 +3857,29 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
+# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
+# For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
+# English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
+# transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ".  This is similar to tzdb's use of
+# Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
+# "Praha".  ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
+# came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
+# in common.)  Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
+# controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
+# English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
+# means less disruption for our users.
+#
+# Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
+# Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
+# Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA).  This pronunciation has nothing like an
+# English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
+# would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
+# "Kuiyu".  Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
+# https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
-# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
-# "Kiev" is more common in English.
+# This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/leapseconds b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/leapseconds
index 1ebf70f..325f3a1 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/leapseconds
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/leapseconds
@@ -3,22 +3,28 @@
 # This file is in the public domain.
 
 # This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain
-# leap-seconds.list file available from most NIST time servers.
-# If the URL <ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list> does not work,
-# you should be able to pick up leap-seconds.list from a secondary NIST server.
-# See <http://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi> for a list of secondary servers.
+# leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from
+# <ftp://ftp.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>
+# or <ftp://ftp.boulder.nist.gov/pub/time/leap-seconds.list>
+# or <ftp://tycho.usno.navy.mil/pub/ntp/leap-seconds.list>.
 # For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
 # The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
-# http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html
+# <https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html>.
 
 # The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
 # periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
-# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space); see
-# Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,
-# Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.84965>.
+# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space)
+# and publishes leap second data in a copyrighted file
+# <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/Leap_Second.dat>.
+# See: Levine J. Coordinated Universal Time and the leap second.
+# URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2016;89(4):30-6. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2016.7909995
+# <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7909995>.
+
 # There were no leap seconds before 1972, because the official mechanism
 # accounting for the discrepancy between atomic time and the earth's rotation
-# did not exist until the early 1970s.
+# did not exist.  The first ("1 Jan 1972") data line in leap-seconds.list
+# does not denote a leap second; it denotes the start of the current definition
+# of UTC.
 
 # The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so lines
 # will typically look like:
@@ -26,10 +32,7 @@
 # or
 #	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	R/S
 
-# If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time.
-# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC.
-
-# Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S
+# If the leap second is Rolling (R) the given time is local time (unused here).
 Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1972	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1973	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
@@ -58,5 +61,9 @@ Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 
-#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C53
-#	File expires on:  28 December 2017
+# POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
+#updated 1467936000
+#expires 1561680000
+
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C56
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2019
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/northamerica b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/northamerica
index 6ede9dc..faaf979 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/northamerica
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/northamerica
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for North and Central America and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@
 # in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
 # but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-21):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
 # Dowd's proposal left many details unresolved, such as where to draw
 # lines between time zones.  The key individual who made time zones
 # work in the US was William Frederick Allen - railway engineer,
@@ -36,10 +38,9 @@
 # to the General Time Convention on 1883-04-11, saying that his plan
 # meant "local time would be practically abolished" - a plus for
 # railway scheduling.  By the next convention on 1883-10-11 nearly all
-# railroads had agreed and it took effect on 1883-11-18 at 12:00.
-# That Sunday was called the "day of two noons", as the eastern parts
-# of the new zones observed noon twice.  Allen witnessed the
-# transition in New York City, writing:
+# railroads had agreed and it took effect on 1883-11-18.  That Sunday
+# was called the "day of two noons", as some locations observed noon
+# twice.  Allen witnessed the transition in New York City, writing:
 #
 #   I heard the bells of St. Paul's strike on the old time.  Four
 #   minutes later, obedient to the electrical signal from the Naval
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@
 #
 # Most of the US soon followed suit.  See:
 # Bartky IR. The adoption of standard time. Technol Cult 1989 Jan;30(1):25-56.
-# http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105430
+# https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105430
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-04-16):
 # That 1883 transition occurred at 12:00 new time, not at 12:00 old time.
@@ -105,10 +106,13 @@
 # Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
 # In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
 # An AltaVista search turned up:
-# http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20000926032210/http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
 # "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
 # Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
 # (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-09-23):
+# This was the V-J Day issue of the Clamdigger, a Rowayton, CT newsletter.
 
 # From Joseph Gallant citing
 # George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
@@ -257,7 +261,7 @@ Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
 # HST and HDT are standardized abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian
 # standard and daylight times.  See section 9.47 (p 234) of the
 # U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008)
-# http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf
 
 # From Arthur David Olson, 2005-08-09
 # The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
@@ -345,8 +349,20 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
 # Nebraska, eastern North Dakota, Oklahoma, eastern South Dakota,
 # western Tennessee, most of Texas, Wisconsin
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-07):
+# In 1869 the Chicago Astronomical Society contracted with the city to keep
+# time.  Though delayed by the Great Fire, by 1880 a wire ran from the
+# Dearborn Observatory (on the University of Chicago campus) to City Hall,
+# which then sent signals to police and fire stations.  However, railroads got
+# their time signals from the Allegheny Observatory, the Madison Observatory,
+# the Ann Arbor Observatory, etc., so their clocks did not agree with each
+# other or with the city's official time.  The confusion took some years to
+# clear up.  See:
+# Moser M. How Chicago gave America its time zones. Chicago. 2018-01-04.
+# http://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/January-2018/How-Chicago-Gave-America-Its-Time-Zones/
+
 # From Larry M. Smith (2006-04-26) re Wisconsin:
-# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0175.pdf ...
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/175.pdf
 # is currently enforced at the 01:00 time of change.  Because the local
 # "bar time" in the state corresponds to 02:00, a number of citations
 # are issued for the "sale of class 'B' alcohol after prohibited
@@ -355,7 +371,7 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
 # From Douglas R. Bomberg (2007-03-12):
 # Wisconsin has enacted (nearly eleventh-hour) legislation to get WI
 # Statue 175 closer in synch with the US Congress' intent....
-# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/2007/data/acts/07Act3.pdf
+# https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2007/related/acts/3
 
 # From an email administrator of the City of Fort Pierre, SD (2015-12-21):
 # Fort Pierre is technically located in the Mountain time zone as is
@@ -402,15 +418,14 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
 # ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
 # mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
 # daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
-# http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
 # http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html
 
 # From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
 # ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
 # it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
 # largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
-# at 47 degrees 15' 51" N, 101 degrees 46' 40" W, which yields an offset
-# of 6h47'07".
+# at 47° 15' 51" N, 101° 46' 40" W, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
 
 Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
 			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7  2:00
@@ -424,6 +439,19 @@ Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
 # western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
 # and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-25):
+# On 1921-03-04 federal law placed all of Texas into the central time zone.
+# However, El Paso ignored the law for decades and continued to observe
+# mountain time, on the grounds that that's what they had always done
+# and they weren't about to let the federal government tell them what to do.
+# Eventually the federal government gave in and changed the law on
+# 1970-04-10 to match what El Paso was actually doing.  Although
+# that's slightly after our 1970 cutoff, there is no need to create a
+# separate zone for El Paso since they were ignoring the law anyway.  See:
+# Long T. El Pasoans were time rebels, fought to stay in Mountain zone.
+# El Paso Times. 2018-10-24 06:40 -06.
+# https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/el-paso/2018/10/24/el-pasoans-were-time-rebels-fought-stay-mountain-zone/1744509002/
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
@@ -443,7 +471,7 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
 # California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
 # Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
 # north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
-# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern 3/4 of
+# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern ¾ of
 # Malheur county), and Washington
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-20):
@@ -453,7 +481,7 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
 # legal time, and is not part of the data here.)  See:
 # Ross SA. An energy crisis from the past: Northern California in 1948.
 # Working Paper No. 8, Institute of Governmental Studies, UC Berkeley,
-# 1973-11.  http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x22k30c
+# 1973-11.  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x22k30c
 #
 # In another measure to save electricity, DST was instituted from 1948-03-14
 # at 02:01 to 1949-01-16 at 02:00, with the governor having the option to move
@@ -474,8 +502,8 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
 # which established DST from April's last Sunday at 01:00 until September's
 # last Sunday at 02:00. This was amended by 1962's Proposition 6, which changed
 # the fall-back date to October's last Sunday. See:
-# http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props
-# http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1636&context=ca_ballot_props
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props
+# https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1636&context=ca_ballot_props
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:01	1:00	D
@@ -492,20 +520,31 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # Alaska
 # AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -09 per USNO.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-06-15):
 # Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
 # and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, when the US bought it from Russia.
-# This was on 1867-10-18, a Friday; the previous day was 1867-10-06 Julian,
-# also a Friday.  Include only the time zone part of this transition,
-# ignoring the switch from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent
-# the Julian calendar.
-#
-# As far as we know, none of the exact locations mentioned below were
+# On Friday, 1867-10-18 (Gregorian), at precisely 15:30 local time, the
+# Russian forts and fleet at Sitka fired salutes to mark the ceremony of
+# formal transfer.  See the Sacramento Daily Union (1867-11-14), p 3, col 2.
+# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18671114.2.12.1
+# Sitka workers did not change their calendars until Sunday, 1867-10-20,
+# and so celebrated two Sundays that week.  See: Ahllund T (tr Hallamaa P).
+# From the memoirs of a Finnish workman. Alaska History. 2006 Fall;21(2):1-25.
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Ahllund-2006-Memoirs-of-a-Finnish-Workman.pdf
+# Include only the time zone part of this transition, ignoring the switch
+# from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent the Julian calendar.
+#
+# As far as we know, of the locations mentioned below only Sitka was
 # permanently inhabited in 1867 by anyone using either calendar.
-# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement
-# was destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  However, there
-# were nearby inhabitants in some cases and for our purposes perhaps
-# it's best to simply use the official transition.
+# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement was
+# destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  Many of Alaska's inhabitants
+# were unaware of the US acquisition of Alaska, much less of any calendar or
+# time change.  However, the Russian-influenced part of Alaska did observe
+# Russian time, and it is more accurate to model this than to ignore it.
+# The database format requires an exact transition time; use the Russian
+# salute as a somewhat-arbitrary time for the formal transfer of control for
+# all of Alaska.  Sitka's UTC offset is -9:01:13; adjust its 15:30 to the
+# local times of other Alaskan locations so that they change simultaneously.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
 # One opinion of the early-1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
@@ -558,10 +597,21 @@ Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
 # It seems Metlakatla did go off PST on Sunday, November 1, changing
 # their time to AKST and are going to follow Alaska's DST, switching
 # between AKST and AKDT from now on....
-# http://www.krbd.org/2015/10/30/annette-island-times-they-are-a-changing/
+# https://www.krbd.org/2015/10/30/annette-island-times-they-are-a-changing/
+
+# From Ryan Stanley (2018-11-06):
+# The Metlakatla community in Alaska has decided not to change its
+# clock back an hour starting on November 4th, 2018 (day before yesterday).
+# They will be gmtoff=-28800 year-round.
+# https://www.facebook.com/141055983004923/photos/pb.141055983004923.-2207520000.1541465673./569081370202380/
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-12-16):
+# In a 2018-12-11 special election, Metlakatla voted to go back to
+# Alaska time (including daylight saving time) starting next year.
+# https://www.krbd.org/2018/12/12/metlakatla-to-follow-alaska-standard-time-allow-liquor-sales/
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:33:32
 			 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
@@ -571,7 +621,7 @@ Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:30
 			 -9:01:13 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
@@ -579,22 +629,24 @@ Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:44:55
 			 -8:46:18 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
 			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
 			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -8:00	-	PST	2015 Nov  1  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT	2018 Nov  4  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2019 Mar Sun>=8 3:00
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 15:12:18
 			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1946
 			 -9:00	-	YST	1969
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 14:31:37
 			 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-10:00	-	AST	1942
 			-10:00	US	A%sT	1967 Apr
@@ -602,7 +654,7 @@ Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Nome	 12:58:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 13:29:35
 			-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
@@ -611,7 +663,7 @@ Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
 			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
 			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
-Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+Zone America/Adak	 12:13:22 -	LMT	1867 Oct 19 12:44:35
 			-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
 			-11:00	-	NST	1942
 			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
@@ -647,7 +699,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 # "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
 # of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
 # the article is available at
-# http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
+# https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
 # and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
 # 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
 # saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
@@ -682,9 +734,7 @@ Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
 Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00
 			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30  2:00
 			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00
-			-10:30	-	HST	1942 Feb  9  2:00
-			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
-			-10:30	-	HST	1947 Jun  8  2:00
+			-10:30	US	H%sT	1947 Jun  8  2:00
 			-10:00	-	HST
 
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
@@ -746,7 +796,23 @@ Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
 # Indiana
 #
 # For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
+# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
+# A brief but entertaining history of time in Indiana describes a 1949 debate
+# in the Indiana House where city legislators (who favored "fast time")
+# tussled with farm legislators (who didn't) over a bill to outlaw DST:
+#  "Lacking enough votes, the city faction tries to filibuster until time runs
+#   out on the session at midnight, but rural champion Rep. Herbert Copeland,
+#   R-Madison, leans over the gallery railing and forces the official clock
+#   back to 9 p.m., breaking it in the process.  The clock sticks on 9 as the
+#   debate rages on into the night.  The filibuster finally dies out and the
+#   bill passes, while outside the chamber, clocks read 3:30 a.m.  In the end,
+#   it doesn't matter which side won.  The law has no enforcement powers and
+#   is simply ignored by fast-time communities."
+# How Indiana went from 'God's time' to split zones and daylight-saving.
+# Indianapolis Star. 2018-11-27 14:58 -05.
+# https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/27/indianapolis-indiana-time-zone-history-central-eastern-daylight-savings-time/2126300002/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
 # Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
@@ -930,6 +996,13 @@ Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:19:44
 			-5:00	-	EST	2006
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-20):
+# The Louisville & Nashville Railroad's 1883-11-18 change occurred at
+# 10:00 old local time; train were supposed to come to a standstill
+# for precisely 18 minutes.  See Bartky Fig. 1 (page 50).  It is not
+# clear how this matched civil time in Louisville, so for now continue
+# to assume Louisville switched at noon new local time, like New York.
+#
 # Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
 # This also includes Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties in Indiana.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
@@ -973,7 +1046,7 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
 # The final rule was published in the
 # Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
-# http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2000_register&docid=fr17au00-22
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2000-08-17/html/00-20854.htm
 #
 Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
@@ -999,7 +1072,7 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
 # 1999-10-31.  See the
 # Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
-# http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr21oc99-15
+# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-10-21/html/99-27240.htm
 # However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
 # on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
 # hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
@@ -1029,12 +1102,23 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
 # one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
 # info, so omit this for now.
 #
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-26):
+# Although Shanks says Detroit observed DST in 1967 from 06-14 00:01
+# until 10-29 00:01, I now see multiple reports that this is incorrect.
+# For example, according to a 50-year anniversary report about the 1967
+# Detroit riots and a major-league doubleheader on 1967-07-23, "By the time
+# the last fly ball of the doubleheader settled into the glove of leftfielder
+# Lenny Green, it was after 7 p.m.  Detroit did not observe daylight saving
+# time, so light was already starting to fail.  Twilight was made even deeper
+# by billowing columns of smoke that ascended in an unbroken wall north of the
+# ballpark."  See: Dow B. Detroit '67: As violence unfolded, Tigers played two
+# at home vs. Yankees. Detroit Free Press 2017-07-23.
+# https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2017/07/23/detroit-tigers-1967-riot-new-york-yankees/499951001/
+#
 # Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
-Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Jun	14	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
 			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15  2:00
@@ -1098,7 +1182,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 #	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
+#	<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
 #
 # See the 'europe' file for Greenland.
 
@@ -1144,19 +1228,19 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # The British Columbia government announced yesterday that it will
 # adjust daylight savings next year to align with changes in the
 # U.S. and the rest of Canada....
-# http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
+# https://archive.news.gov.bc.ca/releases/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
 # ...
 # Nova Scotia
 # Daylight saving time will be extended by four weeks starting in 2007....
-# http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
+# https://www.novascotia.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
 #
 # [For New Brunswick] the new legislation dictates that the time change is to
 # be done at 02:00 instead of 00:01.
-# http://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
+# https://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
 # ...
 # Manitoba has traditionally changed the clock every fall at 03:00.
 # As of 2006, the transition is to take place one hour earlier at 02:00.
-# http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
+# https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
 # ...
 # [Alberta, Ontario, Quebec] will follow US rules.
 # http://www.qp.gov.ab.ca/documents/spring/CH03_06.CFM
@@ -1170,7 +1254,7 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # http://www.hoa.gov.nl.ca/hoa/bills/Bill0634.htm
 # ...
 # Yukon
-# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
+# https://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
 # ...
 # N.W.T. will follow US rules.  Whoever maintains the government web site
 # does not seem to believe in bookmarks.  To see the news release, click the
@@ -1191,8 +1275,8 @@ Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
 # time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
 #
 # National Research Council Canada maintains info about time zones and DST.
-# http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
-# http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
+# https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
 # Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
@@ -1229,11 +1313,13 @@ Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 
 # Newfoundland and Labrador
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Labrador should use NST/NDT,
-# but the only part of Labrador that follows the rules is the
-# southeast corner, including Port Hope Simpson and Mary's Harbour,
-# but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-14):
+# Legally Labrador should observe Newfoundland time; see:
+# McLeod J. Labrador time - legal or not? St. John's Telegram, 2017-10-07
+# http://www.thetelegram.com/news/local/labrador-time--legal-or-not-154860/
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that the only part of Labrador
+# that follows the rules is the southeast corner, including Port Hope
+# Simpson and Mary's Harbour, but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -1433,7 +1519,7 @@ Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
 # http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-minganie-a.htm
 # that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
 # observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
-# http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_8845en
+# https://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_8845en
 # says this common practice was codified into law as of 2007.
 # For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
 # Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
@@ -1465,6 +1551,11 @@ Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
 # earlier in June).
 #
 # Kenora, Ontario, was to abandon DST on 1914-06-01 (-05-21).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-08):
+# For more on Orillia, see: Daubs K. Bold attempt at daylight saving
+# time became a comic failure in Orillia. Toronto Star 2017-07-08.
+# https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/07/08/bold-attempt-at-daylight-saving-time-became-a-comic-failure-in-orillia.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
 # Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
@@ -1864,7 +1955,7 @@ Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
 # manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
 # http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
 # According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
-# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UTC-7 for 93 years.
+# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UT-7 for 93 years.
 # Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
 
 # Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
@@ -1956,7 +2047,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 #	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
 #	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9....
 #	see Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1).
-#	[http://canlii.ca/t/7vhg]
+#	[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html]
 #	* C.O. 1973/214 switched Yukon to PST on 1973-10-28 00:00.
 #	* O.I.C. 1980/02 established DST.
 #	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.
@@ -2021,7 +2112,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 #     hours behind Greenwich Time.
 #
 # * Yukon Standard Time defined as Pacific Standard Time, YCO 1973/214
-#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
 #   C.O. 1973/214 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
 #
 #     1. Effective October 28, 1973 Commissioner's Order 1967/59 is hereby
@@ -2036,7 +2127,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 #   http://? - no online source found
 #
 # * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
-#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
 #   O.I.C. 1987/056 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
 #
 #   In every year between
@@ -2048,7 +2139,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 #   Dated ... 9th day of March, A.D., 1987.
 #
 # * Yukon Daylight Saving Time 2006, YOIC 2006/127
-#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
+#   https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
 #   O.I.C. 2006/127 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
 #
 #     1. In Yukon each year the time for general purposes shall be 7 hours
@@ -2062,7 +2153,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 #     3. This order comes into force January 1, 2007.
 #
 # * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
-# http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
+# https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
 # Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
@@ -2105,7 +2196,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 
 # From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
 # Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
-# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
+# http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
 # Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
 # central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
 # for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
@@ -2123,7 +2214,7 @@ Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
 # Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
 # required to use daylight savings.
 
-# From <http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut001130/nvt21110_02.html>
+# From <http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut001130/nvt21110_02.html>
 # Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
 # The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
 # Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
@@ -2454,7 +2545,7 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
 # http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
 #
 # Our page:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
 # The page
@@ -2873,7 +2964,7 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
 # http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
 #
 # Some more background information is posted here:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
 #
 # The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
 # while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
@@ -2920,7 +3011,7 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
 # http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
 #
 # Our info:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
 # Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
@@ -2930,7 +3021,7 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
 # http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
 #
 # Our page:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
 # According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
@@ -2940,7 +3031,7 @@ Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
 # http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
 #
 # Our info on it:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
 # Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
@@ -3135,8 +3226,8 @@ Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-12):
 # Jean Antoine, editor of www.haiti-reference.com informed us that Haiti
 # are not going on DST this year.  Several other resources confirm this: ...
-# http://www.radiotelevisioncaraibes.com/presse/heure_d_t_pas_de_changement_d_heure_pr_vu_pour_cet_ann_e.html
-# http://www.vantbefinfo.com/changement-dheure-pas-pour-haiti/
+# https://www.radiotelevisioncaraibes.com/presse/heure_d_t_pas_de_changement_d_heure_pr_vu_pour_cet_ann_e.html
+# https://www.vantbefinfo.com/changement-dheure-pas-pour-haiti/
 # http://news.anmwe.com/haiti-lheure-nationale-ne-sera-ni-avancee-ni-reculee-cette-annee/
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2017-03-12):
@@ -3220,8 +3311,8 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:11 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
-			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:10 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
@@ -3335,7 +3426,7 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 # Turks and Caicos
 #
 # From Chris Dunn in
-# http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=415007
+# https://bugs.debian.org/415007
 # (2007-03-15): In the Turks & Caicos Islands (America/Grand_Turk) the
 # daylight saving dates for time changes have been adjusted to match
 # the recent U.S. change of dates.
@@ -3357,12 +3448,25 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 # "permanent daylight saving time" by one year....
 # http://tcweeklynews.com/time-change-to-go-ahead-this-november-p5437-127.htm
 #
+# From the Turks & Caicos Cabinet (2017-07-20), heads-up from Steffen Thorsen:
+# ... agreed to the reintroduction in TCI of Daylight Saving Time (DST)
+# during the summer months and Standard Time, also known as Local
+# Time, during the winter months with effect from April 2018 ...
+# https://www.gov.uk/government/news/turks-and-caicos-post-cabinet-meeting-statement--3
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-26):
+# The date of effect of the spring 2018 change appears to be March 11,
+# which makes more sense.  See: Hamilton D. Time change back
+# by March 2018 for TCI. Magnetic Media. 2017-08-25.
+# http://magneticmediatv.com/2017/08/time-change-back-by-march-2018-for-tci/
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:10 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST	1979
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Nov Sun>=1 2:00
-			-4:00	-	AST
+			-4:00	-	AST	2018 Mar 11 3:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
 # British Virgin Is
 # Virgin Is
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/pacificnew b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/pacificnew
index 7349434..0e6cf07 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/pacificnew
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/pacificnew
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for proposed US election time (this file is obsolete)
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/southamerica b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/southamerica
index 6038c3b..b66cb88 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/southamerica
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/southamerica
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for South America and environs
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
@@ -22,10 +24,10 @@
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
-# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # These tables use numeric abbreviations like -03 and -0330 for
-# integer hour and minute UTC offsets.  Although earlier editions used
+# integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier editions used
 # alphabetic time zone abbreviations, these abbreviations were
 # invented and did not reflect common practice.
 
@@ -47,28 +49,28 @@
 # AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1932	1940	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 #
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
 # (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
 Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 #
 # From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
 # From this moment on, the law that mandated the daylight saving
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,
 # which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours
 # from the International Date Line.
-Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-12-28):
 # DST was set to expire on March 5, not March 3, but since it was converted
 # to standard time on March 3 it's more convenient for us to pretend that
@@ -190,9 +192,9 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
 # la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
 # crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."
 
-Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
 # Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
@@ -202,12 +204,14 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
 # now we'll assume it's for this year only.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-09):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-31):
 # Hora de verano para la República Argentina
 # http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html
 # says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
 # to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
-# over Shanks & Pottenger.
+# over Shanks & Pottenger.  It is upward compatible with Milne, who
+# says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.
+
 #
 # From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):
 # These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:
@@ -265,8 +269,8 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 #
 # Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
 # (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
-# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
-# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
+# https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
 
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
 # The page of the San Luis provincial government
@@ -381,19 +385,16 @@ Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
 # rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
 # stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-05):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-23):
 # Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at -04
-# with perpetual summer time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
+# with perpetual daylight saving time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
 # just say it's at -03; see, for example,
-# http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
+# https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
 # We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
 # standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
 # offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
 # plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
-# setting for time stamps past 2038.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# Milne says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.  Round to the nearest second.
+# setting for timestamps past 2038.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
@@ -529,7 +530,7 @@ Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 # San Luis (SL)
 
 Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	-
 
 Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
 			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
@@ -579,7 +580,7 @@ Link America/Curacao America/Aruba
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
-			-4:32:36 1:00	BOST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
+			-4:32:36 1:00	BST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
 			-4:00	-	-04
 
 # Brazil
@@ -716,7 +717,7 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # (Portuguese)
 #
 # We have a written a short article about it as well:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
 # State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
@@ -725,7 +726,7 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # In Portuguese:
 # http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
-# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
 
 # From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
 # There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
@@ -751,16 +752,16 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
 # Tocantins state will have DST.
-# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+# https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
 # Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
 # http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
 # We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
+# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
 # Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
 # He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
 # will change as well.
@@ -771,14 +772,14 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Decree 20,466 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm> (1931-10-01)
 # Decree 21,896 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm> (1932-01-10)
-Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 23,195 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm> (1933-10-10)
 # revoked DST.
 # Decree 27,496 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm> (1949-11-24)
 # Decree 27,998 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm> (1950-04-13)
-Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 32,308 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm> (1953-02-24)
@@ -790,51 +791,51 @@ Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
 # Decree 53,071 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm> (1963-12-03)
 # extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
-Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 53,604 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm> (1964-02-25)
 # extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
 Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 55,639 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm> (1965-01-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 57,303 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm> (1965-11-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 57,843 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm> (1966-02-18)
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 63,429 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm> (1968-10-15)
 # revoked DST.
 # Decree 91,698 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm> (1985-09-27)
-Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
 # Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
-Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 94,922 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm> (1987-09-22)
-Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 96,676 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm> (1988-09-12)
 # except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
-Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 98,077 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm> (1989-08-21)
 # with the same exceptions
-Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 99,530 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm> (1990-09-17)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
 # Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
-Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
 # Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm> (1991-09-25)
 # adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
-Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
 # Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm> (1992-10-16)
 # adopted by same states.
-Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 942 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm> (1993-09-28)
 # adopted by same states, plus AM.
@@ -844,12 +845,12 @@ Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
 # adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
 # Decree 1,674 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm> (1995-10-13)
 # adds AL, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 2,000 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm> (1996-09-04)
 # adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 # From Daniel C. Sobral (1998-02-12):
 # In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
@@ -859,19 +860,19 @@ Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
 # to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
 #
 # Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
-Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 2,495 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG>
 # (1998-02-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 2,780 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg> (1998-09-11)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 3,150 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3150.gif>
 # (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
 # Decree 3,188 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV99.gif> (1999-09-30)
 # adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
-Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 3,592 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DEC3592.htm> (2000-09-06)
 # adopted by the same states as before.
@@ -881,39 +882,60 @@ Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
 # repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
 # Decree 3,916 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3916.gif>
 # (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
-Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
 # 4,399 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2002/D4399.htm>
-Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
 # 4,844 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2003/D4844.htm>
-Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
 # 5,223 <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5223.htm>
-Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 5,539 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5539.gif> (2005-09-19),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	-
 # Decree 5,920 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5920.gif> (2006-10-03),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
 # Decree 6,212 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV6212.gif> (2007-09-26),
 # adopted by the same states as before.
-Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	-
 # From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
 # According to this decree
 # http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
 # [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
 # 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
 # the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
-Rule	Brazil	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2008	2017	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2008	2011	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,584 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7584_20111013.jpg> (2011-10-13)
+# added Bahia.
 Rule	Brazil	2012	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+# Decree 7,826 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto7826_20121015.jpg> (2012-10-15)
+# removed Bahia and added Tocantins.
+# Decree 8,112 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HVdecreto8112_20130930.JPG> (2013-09-30)
+# removed Tocantins.
 Rule	Brazil	2013	2014	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2015	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2016	2022	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-18):
+# According to many media sources, next year's DST start in Brazil will move to
+# the first Sunday of November, and it will stay like that for the years after.
+# ... https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-delays-dst-2018.html
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2017-12-20):
+# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/D9242.htm
+#
+# From Fábio Gomes (2018-10-04):
+# The Brazilian president just announced a new change on this year DST.
+# It was scheduled to start on November 4th and it was changed to November 18th.
+# From Rodrigo Brüning Wessler (2018-10-15):
+# The Brazilian government just announced that the change in DST was
+# canceled....  Maybe the president Michel Temer also woke up one hour
+# earlier today. :)
+Rule	Brazil	2018	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Brazil	2023	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2024	2025	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Brazil	2026	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
@@ -1068,7 +1090,7 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-04-03):
 # Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
-# 1890 and rounds its UTC offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
+# 1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
 # was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
 # standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.
 #
@@ -1076,18 +1098,18 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
 # [1] Chile Law
 # http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
-# This contains a copy of a this official table:
+# This contains a copy of this official table:
 # Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
-# http://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
 # [1] needs several corrections, though.
 #
 # The first set of corrections is from:
 # [2] History of the Official Time of Chile
 # http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
-# http://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
 # This is an English translation of:
 # Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
-# http://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
 # A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
 # http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html
 # Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
@@ -1219,29 +1241,47 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # they will switch from -03 to -04 one hour after Santiago does that day.
 # For now, assume that they will not revert.
 
+# From Juan Correa (2018-08-13):
+# As of moments ago, the Ministry of Energy in Chile has announced the new
+# schema for DST. ...  Announcement in video (in Spanish):
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029000399129374720
+# From Yonathan Dossow (2018-08-13):
+# The video says "first Saturday of September", we all know it means Sunday at
+# midnight.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-08-13):
+# Translating the captions on the video at 0:44-0:55, "We want to announce as
+# Government that from 2019, Winter Time will be increased to 5 months, between
+# the first Saturday of April and the first Saturday of September."
+# At 2:08-2:20, "The Magallanes region will maintain its current time, as
+# decided by the citizens during 2017, but our Government will promote a
+# regional dialogue table to gather their opinion on this matter."
+# https://twitter.com/MinEnergia/status/1029009354001973248
+# "We will keep the new time policy unchanged for at least the next 4 years."
+# So we extend the new rules on Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time indefinitely.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1970	only	-	Mar	29	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1971	only	-	Mar	14	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1988	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 # N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
 # which is used below in specifying the transition.
@@ -1249,11 +1289,13 @@ Rule	Chile	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	-
 Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
-Rule	Chile	2016	max	-	May	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
-Rule	Chile	2016	max	-	Aug	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	May	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	2018	-	Aug	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Apr	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2019	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1318,7 +1360,7 @@ Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	-00	1965
 # "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
@@ -1363,10 +1405,10 @@ Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
 # Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
 #
 # From Alois Treindl (2016-12-15):
-# http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/hora-sixto-1993.html
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/hora-sixto-1993.html
 # ... Whether the law applied also to Galápagos, I do not know.
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-15):
-# http://www.elcomercio.com/afull/modificacion-husohorario-ecuador-presidentes-decreto.html
+# https://www.elcomercio.com/afull/modificacion-husohorario-ecuador-presidentes-decreto.html
 # This says President Sixto Durán Ballén signed decree No. 285, which
 # established DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05; it does not give transition
 # times.  The people called it "hora de Sixto" ("Sixto hour").  The change did
@@ -1378,7 +1420,7 @@ Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
 # repeated.  For now, assume transitions were at 00:00 local time country-wide.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Ecuador	1992	only	-	Nov	28	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Ecuador	1992	only	-	Nov	28	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Ecuador	1993	only	-	Feb	 5	0:00	0	-
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1468,22 +1510,22 @@ Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
 #   the maintainers of the database to inform them we're adopting
 #   the same policy this year and suggest recommendations for future years.
 #
-# For now we will assume permanent summer time for the Falklands
+# For now we will assume permanent -03 for the Falklands
 # until advised differently (to apply for 2012 and beyond, after the 2011
 # experiment was apparently successful.)
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1943	only	-	Jan	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1984	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Falk	1986	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
 			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12 # Stanley Mean Time
@@ -1518,16 +1560,16 @@ Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar    # Georgetown
 # adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # IATA SSIM (2000-02) says 1999-10-10; ignore this for now.
@@ -1545,7 +1587,7 @@ Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 # year, the time will change on the first Sunday of October; likewise, the
 # clock will be set back on the first Sunday of March.
 #
-Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Mar 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say 1999-02-28; IATA SSIM (1999-02) says 1999-02-27, but
@@ -1556,7 +1598,7 @@ Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 # dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
 # April.
 Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 #
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
 # There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
@@ -1565,7 +1607,7 @@ Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
 # From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
 # http://www.presidencia.gov.py/decretos/D1867.pdf
-Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 # From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
 # By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
@@ -1578,7 +1620,7 @@ Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 # and that on the first Sunday of the month of October, it is to be set
 # forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
 # ...
-Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
@@ -1611,16 +1653,16 @@ Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 # Shanks & Pottenger don't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1939	1940	-	Mar	Sun>=24	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
@@ -1666,72 +1708,201 @@ Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
 # Uruguay
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 # Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-20), per Jeremie Bonjour (2018-01-31) and Michael
+# Deckers (2018-02-20):
+# ... At least they kept good records...
+#
+# http://www.armada.mil.uy/ContenidosPDFs/sohma/web/almanaque/almanaque_2018.pdf#page=36
+# Page 36 of Almanaque 2018, published by the Oceanography, Hydrography, and
+# Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan Navy, seems to give many transitions
+# with greater clarity than we've had before.  It directly references many laws
+# and decrees which are, in turn, referenced below.  They can be viewed in the
+# public archives of the Diario Oficial (in Spanish) at
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/
+#
+# Ley No. 3920 of 1908-06-10 placed the determination of legal time under the
+# auspices of the National Institute for the Prediction of Time.  It is unclear
+# exactly what offset was used during this period, though Ley No. 7200 of
+# 1920-04-23 used the Observatory of the National Meteorological Institute in
+# Montevideo (34° 54' 33" S, 56° 12' 45" W) as its reference meridian,
+# retarding legal time by 15 minutes 9 seconds from 1920-04-30 24:00,
+# resulting in UT-04.  Assume the corresponding LMT of UT-03:44:51 (given on
+# page 725 of the Proceedings of the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress,
+# 1915-1916) was in use, and merely became official from 1908-06-10.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1908/06/18/12
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1920/04/27/9
+#
+# Ley No. 7594 of 1923-06-28 specified legal time as Observatory time advanced
+# by 44 minutes 51 seconds (UT-03) "from 30 September to 31 March", and by 14
+# minutes 51 seconds (UT-03:30) "the rest of the year"; a message from the
+# National Council of Administration the same day, published directly below the
+# law in the Diario Oficial, specified the first transition to be 1923-09-30
+# 24:00.  This effectively established standard time at UT-03:30 with 30
+# minutes DST.  Assume transitions at 24:00 on the specified days until Ley No.
+# 7919 of 1926-03-05 ended this arrangement, repealing all "laws and other
+# provisions which oppose" it, resulting in year-round UT-03:30; a Resolución
+# of 1926-03-11 puts the final transition at 1926-03-31 24:00, the same as it
+# would have been under the previous law.
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1923/07/02/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/10/2
+# https://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1926/03/18/2
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives 1923 Oct 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1923	only	-	Oct	 2	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1923	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1924	1926	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1933	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 1 0:00 & 1936 Mar 30 0:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Uruguay	1934	1936	-	Mar	Sat>=25	23:30s	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1936	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1937	1941	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-# Whitman gives 1937 Oct 3; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1937	1940	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
-# Whitman gives 1941 Oct 24 - 1942 Mar 27, 1942 Dec 14 - 1943 Apr 13,
-# and 1943 Apr 13 "to present time"; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1933/10/27/6
+#
+# It appears Ley No. 9122 of 1933 was never published as such in the Diario
+# Oficial, but instead appeared as Document 26 in the Diario on Friday
+# 1933-10-27 as a decree made Monday 1933-10-23 and filed under the Ministry of
+# National Defense.  It reinstituted a DST of 30 minutes (to UT-03) "from the
+# last Sunday of October...until the last Saturday of March."  In accordance
+# with this provision, the first transition was explicitly specified in Article
+# 2 of the decree as Saturday 1933-10-28 at 24:00; that is, Sunday 1933-10-29
+# at 00:00.  Assume transitions at 00:00 Sunday throughout.
+#
+# Departing from the matter-of-fact nature of previous timekeeping laws, the
+# 1933 decree "consider[s] the advantages of...the advance of legal time":
+#
+#   "Whereas: The measure adopted by almost all nations at the time of the last
+#    World War still persists in North America and Europe, precisely because of
+#    the economic, hygienic, and social advantages derived from such an
+#    emergency measure...
+#
+#    Whereas: The advance of the legal time during the summer seasons, by
+#    displacing social activity near sunrise, favors the citizen populations
+#    and especially the society that creates and works..."
+#
+# It further specified that "necessary measures" be taken to ensure that
+# "public spectacles finish, in general, before [01:00]."
+Rule	Uruguay	1933	1938	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1934	1941	-	Mar	lastSat	24:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Most of the Rules below, and their contemporaneous Zone lines, have been
+# updated simply to match the Almanaque 2018.  Although the document does not
+# list exact transition times, midnight transitions were already present in our
+# data here for all transitions through 2004-09, and this is both consistent
+# with prior transitions and verified in several decrees marked below between
+# 1939-09 and 2004-09, wherein the relevant text was typically of the form:
+#
+#   "From 0 hours on [date], the legal time of the entire Republic will be...
+#
+#    In accordance with [the preceding], on [previous date] at 24 hours, all
+#    clocks throughout the Republic will be [advanced/retarded] by..."
+#
+# It is possible that there is greater specificity to be found for the Rules
+# below, but it is buried in no fewer than 40 different decrees individually
+# referenced by the Almanaque for the period from 1939-09 to 2014-09.
+# Four-fifths of these were promulgated less than two weeks before taking
+# effect; more than half within a week and none more than 5 weeks.  Only the
+# handful with comments below have been checked with any thoroughness.
+Rule	Uruguay	1939	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1940	only	-	Oct	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1145 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1941-07-26, specified
+# UT-03 from Friday 1941-08-01 00:00, citing an "urgent...need to save fuel".
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1941/08/04/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 1866 of the Ministry of National Defense, dated 1942-12-09, specified
+# further advancement (to UT-02:30) from Sunday 1942-12-13 24:00.  Since clocks
+# never went back to UT-03:30 thereafter, this is modeled as advancing standard
+# time by 30 minutes to UT-03, while retaining 30 minutes of DST.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1942/12/16/3
+Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1943	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	Nov	15	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1965	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Apr	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Sep	26	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1966	1967	-	Oct	31	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	Dec	 2	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	24	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Aug	15	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	May	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	12	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	S
-# Shanks & Pottenger say no DST was observed in 1990/1 and 1991/2,
-# and that 1992/3's DST was from 10-25 to 03-01.  Go with IATA.
-Rule	Uruguay	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 321/968 of 1968-05-25, citing emergency drought measures decreed the
+# day before, brought clocks forward 30 minutes from Monday 1968-05-27 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1968/05/30/5
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 188/970 of 1970-04-23 instituted restrictions on electricity
+# consumption "as a consequence of the current rainfall regime in the country".
+# Articles 13 and 14 advanced clocks by an hour from Saturday 1970-04-25 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1970/04/29/4
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1970	only	-	Jun	14	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	23	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Jul	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 29/974 of 1974-01-11, citing "the international rise in the price of
+# oil", advanced clocks by 90 minutes (to UT-01:30).  Decreto 163/974 of
+# 1974-03-04 returned 60 of those minutes (to UT-02:30), and the remaining 30
+# minutes followed in Decreto 679/974 of 1974-08-29.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/01/22/11
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/03/14/3
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1974/09/04/6
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Jan	13	 0:00	1:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1975	only	-	Mar	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Dec	19	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	1979	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Dec	17	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Apr	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 725/987 of 1987-12-04 cited "better use of national tourist
+# attractions" to advance clocks one hour from Monday 1987-12-14 00:00.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/1988/01/25/1
+Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	 5	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Paul Eggert (1999-11-04):
+# IATA agrees as below for 1990-10 through 1993-02.  Per Almanaque 2018, the
+# 1992/1993 season appears to be the first in over half a century where DST
+# both began and ended pursuant to the same decree.
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1991	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
 # From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
 # The Uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/decretos/2004091502.htm
-Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 328/004 of 2004-09-15.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2004/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-03-11):
 # Uruguay's DST was scheduled to end on Sunday, 2005-03-13, but in order to
 # save energy ... it was postponed two weeks....
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/noticias/2005/03/2005031005.htm
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# This 2005 postponement is not in Almanaque 2018.  Go with the contemporaneous
+# reporting, which is confirmed by Decreto 107/005 of 2005-03-10 amending
+# Decreto 328/004:
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/03/15/documentos.pdf#page=1
+# The original decree specified a transition of 2005-03-12 24:00, but the new
+# one specified 2005-03-27 02:00.
 Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
 # From Eduardo Cota (2005-09-27):
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/decretos/2005/09/CM%20119_09%2009%202005_00001.PDF
-# This means that from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at
-# 02:00 local time, official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
-Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	2006	only	-	Mar	12	 2:00	0	-
-# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
-# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/decretos/2006/09/CM%20210_08%2006%202006_00001.PDF
-#
+# ...from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at 02:00 local time,
+# official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 318/005 of 2005-09-19.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2005/09/23/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15), per Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
+# Decreto 311/006 of 2006-09-04 established regular DST from the first Sunday
+# of October at 02:00 through the second Sunday of March at 02:00.  Almanaque
+# 2018 appears to have a few typoed dates through this period; ignore them.
+# http://www.impo.com.uy/diariooficial/2006/09/08/documentos.pdf#page=1
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-06-30):
 # ... it looks like they will not be using DST the coming summer:
 # http://www.elobservador.com.uy/gobierno-resolvio-que-no-habra-cambio-horario-verano-n656787
@@ -1741,17 +1912,19 @@ Rule	Uruguay	2006	only	-	Mar	12	 2:00	0	-
 # instead of out to dinner.
 # From Pablo Camargo (2015-07-13):
 # http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/decretos/2015/06/cons_min_201.pdf
-# [dated 2015-06-29; repeals Decree 311/006 dated 2006-09-04]
-Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Uruguay	2007	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
+# From Tim Parenti (2018-02-15):
+# Decreto 178/015 of 2015-06-29; repeals Decreto 311/006.
 
 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
-Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
-			-3:44:44 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
+Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:51 -	LMT	1908 Jun 10
+			-3:44:51 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
+			-4:00	-	-04	1923 Oct  1
 			-3:30	Uruguay	-0330/-03 1942 Dec 14
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1960
 			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1968
-			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1971
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1970
 			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02	1974
+			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0130 1974 Mar 10
 			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-0230 1974 Dec 22
 			-3:00	Uruguay	-03/-02
 
@@ -1778,7 +1951,7 @@ Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
 # hours of presidential broadcasts, hours of lines,' quipped comedian
 # Jean Mary Curró ...". See: Cawthorne A, Kai D. Venezuela scraps
 # half-hour time difference set by Chavez. Reuters 2016-04-15 14:50 -0400
-# http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-timezone-idUSKCN0XC2BE
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-timezone-idUSKCN0XC2BE
 #
 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-20):
 # ... published in the official Gazette [2016-04-18], here:
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/systemv b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/systemv
index d9e2995..24c8f64 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/systemv
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/systemv
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# tzdb data for System V rules (this file is obsolete)
+
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
diff --git a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/zone.tab b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/zone.tab
index 204048c..27e1dee 100644
--- a/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/zone.tab
+++ b/tools/java/org/unicode/cldr/util/data/zone.tab
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# tz zone descriptions (deprecated version)
+# tzdb timezone descriptions (deprecated version)
 #
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-27):
 # This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
 # New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
 # zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 # 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
 #
 # Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
-# of a region identified by a country code and of a zone where civil
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a timezone where civil
 # clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
 # that of zone1970.tab.
 #
-# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
-# zone data entries appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not
-# intended to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select timezones
+# appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended to take or
+# endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
 #code	coordinates	TZ			comments
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ GB	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
 GD	+1203-06145	America/Grenada
 GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
-GG	+4927-00232	Europe/Guernsey
+GG	+492717-0023210	Europe/Guernsey
 GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
 GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	Greenland (most areas)
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
 IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
 IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
-JE	+4912-00207	Europe/Jersey
+JE	+491101-0020624	Europe/Jersey
 JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
 JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
@@ -239,6 +239,7 @@ KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
 KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
 KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
 KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
 KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe/Aktobe
 KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Mangghystau/Mankistau
 KZ	+4707+05156	Asia/Atyrau	Atyrau/Atirau/Gur'yev
@@ -268,7 +269,7 @@ MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
 MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
 MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
 MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
-MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
+MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
 MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
 MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
 MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
@@ -332,9 +333,9 @@ RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
 RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
 RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
 RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	MSK+00 - Crimea
-RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd
 RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
 RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+01 - Volgograd
 RU	+5134+04602	Europe/Saratov	MSK+01 - Saratov
 RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
 RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ SM	+4355+01228	Europe/San_Marino
 SN	+1440-01726	Africa/Dakar
 SO	+0204+04522	Africa/Mogadishu
 SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
-SS	+0451+03136	Africa/Juba
+SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
 ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
 SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
 SX	+180305-0630250	America/Lower_Princes
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
 US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
 US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
 US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
-UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
+UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
 UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
 UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
 VA	+415408+0122711	Europe/Vatican