- cleaning out the docs that have been converted to XML. The bibliography

  still needs to be converted.
PR:
Obtained from:
Submitted by:
Reviewed by:


git-svn-id: https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/jakarta/bcel/trunk@152722 13f79535-47bb-0310-9956-ffa450edef68

10 files changed, 0 insertions, 6477 deletions

diff --git a/docs/Faculty.java b/docs/Faculty.java
deleted file mode 100644
index c8e7d956..00000000
--- a/docs/Faculty.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-import java.io.*;
-
-public class Faculty {
-  private static BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new
-                                InputStreamReader(System.in));
-
-  public static final int fac(int n) {
-    return(n == 0)? 1 : n * fac(n - 1);
-  }
-
-  public static final int readInt() {
-    int n = 4711;
-
-    try {
-      System.out.print("Please enter a number> ");
-      n = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
-    }
-    catch(IOException e1) { System.err.println(e1); }
-    catch(NumberFormatException e2) { System.err.println(e2); }
-
-    return n;
-  }
-
-  public static void main(String[] args) {
-    int n = readInt();
-    System.out.println("Faculty of " + n + " is " + fac(n));
-  }
-}
diff --git a/docs/HelloWorld.java b/docs/HelloWorld.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 1630e21f..00000000
--- a/docs/HelloWorld.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-import java.io.*;
-
-public class HelloWorld {
-  public static void main(String[] argv) {
-    BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new 
-			  InputStreamReader(System.in));
-    String name = null;
-
-    try {
-      System.out.print("Please enter your name> ");
-      name = in.readLine();
-    } catch(IOException e) { return; }
-
-    System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/docs/Peephole.java b/docs/Peephole.java
deleted file mode 100644
index c8806aed..00000000
--- a/docs/Peephole.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-import java.io.*;
-
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import org.apache.bcel.classfile.*;
-import org.apache.bcel.generic.*;
-import org.apache.bcel.Repository;
-import org.apache.bcel.util.InstructionFinder;
-
-public class Peephole {
-  public static void main(String[] argv) {
-    try {
-      /* Load the class from CLASSPATH.
-       */
-      JavaClass       clazz   = Repository.lookupClass(argv[0]);
-      Method[]        methods = clazz.getMethods();
-      ConstantPoolGen cp      = new ConstantPoolGen(clazz.getConstantPool());
-
-      for(int i=0; i < methods.length; i++) {
-	if(!(methods[i].isAbstract() || methods[i].isNative())) {
-	  MethodGen mg       = new MethodGen(methods[i],
-					     clazz.getClassName(), cp);
-	  Method    stripped = removeNOPs(mg);
-	  
-	  if(stripped != null)     // Any NOPs stripped?
-	    methods[i] = stripped; // Overwrite with stripped method
-	}
-      }
-
-      /* Dump the class to <class name>_.class
-       */
-      clazz.setConstantPool(cp.getFinalConstantPool());
-      clazz.dump(clazz.getClassName() + "_.class");
-    } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
-  }
-
-  private static final Method removeNOPs(MethodGen mg) {
-    InstructionList   il    = mg.getInstructionList();
-    InstructionFinder f     = new InstructionFinder(il);
-    String            pat   = "NOP+"; // Find at least one NOP
-    InstructionHandle next  = null;
-    int               count = 0;
-
-    for(Iterator i = f.search(pat); i.hasNext(); ) {
-      InstructionHandle[] match = (InstructionHandle[])e.next();
-      InstructionHandle   first = match[0];
-      InstructionHandle   last  = match[match.length - 1];
-      
-      /* Some nasty Java compilers may add NOP at end of method.
-       */
-      if((next = last.getNext()) == null)
-	break;
-
-      count += match.length;
-
-      /* Delete NOPs and redirect any references to them to the following
-       * (non-nop) instruction.
-       */
-      try {
-	il.delete(first, last);
-      } catch(TargetLostException e) {
-	InstructionHandle[] targets = e.getTargets();
-	for(int i=0; i < targets.length; i++) {
-	  InstructionTargeter[] targeters = targets[i].getTargeters();
-	  
-	  for(int j=0; j < targeters.length; j++)
-	    targeters[j].updateTarget(targets[i], next);
-	}
-      }
-    }
-
-    Method m = null;
-    
-    if(count > 0) {
-      System.out.println("Removed " + count + " NOP instructions from method " +
-			 mg.getName());
-      m = mg.getMethod();
-    }
-
-    il.dispose(); // Reuse instruction handles
-    return m;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/docs/appendix.tex b/docs/appendix.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index 073f0cc0..00000000
--- a/docs/appendix.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,193 +0,0 @@
-\section{Code examples for the BCEL API}\label{sec:apicg}
-
-\subsection{HelloWorldBuilder.java}
-The following Java program reads a name from the standard input and
-prints a friendly ``Hello''. Since the \texttt{readLine()} method may
-throw an \texttt{IOException} it is enclosed by a \texttt{try-catch} block.
-
-{\small \verbatimtabinput{HelloWorld.java}\label{sec:hello}}
-
-\subsection{HelloWorldBuilder.java}
-
-We will sketch  here how the above Java class can  be created from the
-scratch  using the \jc API. For ease of reading we will
-use textual signatures and not create them dynamically. For example,
-the signature
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuffer;"
-\end{verbatim}
-
-would actually be created with
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  Type.getMethodSignature(Type.STRINGBUFFER, new Type[] { Type.STRING });
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Initialization:}
-
-First we create an empty class and an instruction list:
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  ClassGen  cg = new ClassGen("HelloWorld", "java.lang.Object",
-                              "<generated>", ACC_PUBLIC | ACC_SUPER,
-                              null);
-  ConstantPoolGen cp = cg.getConstantPool(); // cg creates constant pool
-  InstructionList il = new InstructionList();
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-We then create the main method, supplying the method's name and the
-symbolic type signature encoded with \texttt{Type} objects.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  MethodGen  mg = new MethodGen(ACC_STATIC | ACC_PUBLIC,// access flags
-                                Type.VOID,              // return type
-                                new Type[] {            // argument types
-                                  new ArrayType(Type.STRING, 1) },
-                                new String[] { "argv" }, // arg names
-                                "main", "HelloWorld",    // method, class
-                                il, cp);
-  InstructionFactory factory = new InstructionFactory(cg);
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-We define some often used types:
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  ObjectType i_stream = new ObjectType("java.io.InputStream");
-  ObjectType p_stream = new ObjectType("java.io.PrintStream");
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\subsubsection{Create variables \texttt{in} and \texttt{name}:}
-
-We call the           constructors,              i.e.              execute
-\texttt{BufferedReader(Input\-Stream\-Reader(System.in))}.  The  reference
-to the \texttt{BufferedReader} object stays on top of the stack and is
-stored in the newly allocated \texttt{in} variable.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  il.append(factory.createNew("java.io.BufferedReader"));
-  il.append(InstructionConstants.DUP); // Use predefined constant
-  il.append(factory.createNew("java.io.InputStreamReader"));
-  il.append(InstructionConstants.DUP);
-  il.append(factory.createFieldAccess("java.lang.System", "in", i_stream,
-                                      Constants.GETSTATIC));
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.io.InputStreamReader", "<init>",
-                                 Type.VOID, new Type[] { i_stream },
-                                 Constants.INVOKESPECIAL));
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.io.BufferedReader", "<init>", Type.VOID,
-                                 new Type[] {new ObjectType("java.io.Reader")},
-                                 Constants.INVOKESPECIAL));
-
-  LocalVariableGen lg =
-    mg.addLocalVariable("in",
-                        new ObjectType("java.io.BufferedReader"), null, null);
-  int in = lg.getIndex();
-  lg.setStart(il.append(new ASTORE(in))); // `i' valid from here
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-Create local variable \texttt{name} and  initialize it to \texttt{null}.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  lg = mg.addLocalVariable("name", Type.STRING, null, null);
-  int name = lg.getIndex();
-  il.append(InstructionConstants.ACONST_NULL);
-  lg.setStart(il.append(new ASTORE(name))); // `name' valid from here
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\subsubsection{Create try-catch block}
-
-We remember  the start  of the  block, read a  line from  the standard
-input and store it into the variable \texttt{name}.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  InstructionHandle try_start =
-    il.append(factory.createFieldAccess("java.lang.System", "out", p_stream,
-                                        Constants.GETSTATIC));
-
-  il.append(new PUSH(cp, "Please enter your name> "));
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.io.PrintStream", "print", Type.VOID, 
-                                 new Type[] { Type.STRING },
-                                 Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));
-  il.append(new ALOAD(in));
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.io.BufferedReader", "readLine",
-                                 Type.STRING, Type.NO_ARGS,
-                                 Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));
-  il.append(new ASTORE(name));
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-Upon  normal execution we  jump behind  exception handler,  the target
-address is not known yet.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  GOTO g = new GOTO(null);
-  InstructionHandle try_end = il.append(g);
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-We add the exception handler which simply returns from the method.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  InstructionHandle handler = il.append(InstructionConstants.RETURN);
-  mg.addExceptionHandler(try_start, try_end, handler, "java.io.IOException");
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-``Normal'' code continues, now we can set the branch target of the GOTO.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  InstructionHandle ih =
-    il.append(factory.createFieldAccess("java.lang.System", "out", p_stream,
-                                        Constants.GETSTATIC));
-  g.setTarget(ih);
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\subsubsection{Printing "Hello"}
-
-String concatenation compiles to \texttt{StringBuffer} operations.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  il.append(factory.createNew(Type.STRINGBUFFER));
-  il.append(InstructionConstants.DUP);
-  il.append(new PUSH(cp, "Hello, "));
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.lang.StringBuffer", "<init>",
-                                 Type.VOID, new Type[] { Type.STRING },
-                                 Constants.INVOKESPECIAL));
-  il.append(new ALOAD(name));
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.lang.StringBuffer", "append",
-                                 Type.STRINGBUFFER, new Type[] { Type.STRING },
-                                 Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.lang.StringBuffer", "toString",
-                                 Type.STRING, Type.NO_ARGS,
-                                 Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));
-    
-  il.append(factory.createInvoke("java.io.PrintStream", "println",
-                                 Type.VOID, new Type[] { Type.STRING },
-                                 Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));
-  il.append(InstructionConstants.RETURN);
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\subsubsection{Finalization}
-
-Finally, we  have to  set  the stack  size,  which  normally would  be
-computed on the fly and add a default constructor method to the class,
-which is empty in this case.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  mg.setMaxStack(5);
-  cg.addMethod(mg.getMethod());
-  il.dispose(); // Allow instruction handles to be reused
-  cg.addEmptyConstructor(ACC_PUBLIC);
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-Last but not least we dump the \texttt{JavaClass} object to a file.
-
-{\small\begin{verbatim}
-  try {
-    cg.getJavaClass().dump("HelloWorld.class");
-  } catch(java.io.IOException e) { System.err.println(e); }
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\subsection{Peephole.java}
-
-This class implements a simple peephole optimizer that removes any NOP
-instructions from the given class.
-
-{\small\verbatimtabinput{Peephole.java}}\label{sec:nop}
diff --git a/docs/bool.java b/docs/bool.java
deleted file mode 100644
index cf517ea0..00000000
--- a/docs/bool.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-  InstructionList il = new InstructionList();
-  ...
-  CodeConstraint constraint = new CodeConstraint() {
-    public boolean checkCode(InstructionHandle[] match) {
-      IfInstruction if1 = (IfInstruction)match[0].getInstruction();
-      GOTO          g   = (GOTO)match[2].getInstruction();
-      return (if1.getTarget() == match[3]) &&
-             (g.getTarget() == match[4]);
-    }  
-  };
-  FindPattern f   = new FindPattern(il);
-  String      pat = "`IfInstruction'`ICONST_0'`GOTO'`ICONST_1'" + 
-                    "`NOP'(`IFEQ'|`IFNE')";
-  InstructionHandle[] match;
-  for(InstructionHandle ih = f.search(pat, constraint);
-      ih != null; ih = f.search(pat, match[0], constraint)) {
-    match = f.getMatch(); // Constraint already checked
-    ...
-    match[0].setTarget(match[5].getTarget()); // Update target
-    ...
-    try {
-      il.delete(match[1], match[5]);
-    } catch(TargetLostException e) { ... }
-  }
diff --git a/docs/diagrams.tex b/docs/diagrams.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index 454b7242..00000000
--- a/docs/diagrams.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-
-\begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode
-    \epsfysize0.93\textheight
-    \epsfbox{eps/constantpool.eps}
-    \caption{UML diagram for the ConstantPool API}\label{fig:umlcp}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-\begin{figure}[ht]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode
-    \epsfysize0.93\textheight
-    \epsfbox{eps/instructions.eps}
-    \caption{UML diagram for the Instruction API}\label{fig:umlinstr}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
diff --git a/docs/manual.ps b/docs/manual.ps
deleted file mode 100644
index c6024074..00000000
--- a/docs/manual.ps
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4988 +0,0 @@
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diff --git a/docs/manual.tex b/docs/manual.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index a79ce572..00000000
--- a/docs/manual.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1079 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass[12pt,twoside]{article}
-
-\usepackage{epsf,a4wide,moreverb,url}
-\usepackage{palatino}
-
-\newcommand\jc{{\sffamily BCEL }}
-\newcommand\cp{{constant pool }}
-\newcommand\cpe{constant pool}
-\newcommand\jvm{{Java Virtual Machine }}
-\newcommand\jvme{{Java Virtual Machine}}
-\newcommand\vm{{Virtual Machine }}
-\newcommand\href[2]{#2}
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\title{Byte Code Engineering Library (BCEL)\\
-       Description and usage manual\\
-       {\small \textbf{Version 1.0}}}
-
-\author{{\Large Markus Dahm}\\\\
-        \href{mailto:markus.dahm@inf.fu-berlin.de}{\texttt{markus.dahm@berlin.de}}}
-
-\maketitle
-
-%\tableofcontents
-
-\begin{abstract}
-Extensions  and improvements of the  programming language Java and its
-related  execution environment (Java   Virtual Machine,  JVM)  are the
-subject  of a large number  of research  projects and proposals. There
-are  projects, for  instance, to add   parameterized types to Java, to
-implement ``Aspect-Oriented Programming'', to perform sophisticated
-static analysis, and to improve the run-time performance.
-
-Since  Java classes  are  compiled into  portable  binary class  files
-(called   \emph{byte   code}),  it   is   the   most  convenient   and
-platform-independent  way  to  implement  these  improvements  not  by
-writing a  new compiler or changing  the JVM, but  by transforming the
-byte  code.   These  transformations  can either  be  performed  after
-compile-time,  or at load-time.   Many programmers  are doing  this by
-implementing their own specialized byte code manipulation tools, which
-are, however, restricted in the range of their re-usability.
-
-To deal with the necessary class file transformations, we introduce an
-API   that   helps   developers   to  conveniently   implement   their
-transformations.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
-
-The  Java language  \cite{gosling} has  become very  popular  and many
-research projects  deal with further  improvements of the  language or
-its run-time behavior.  The possibility  to extend a language with new
-concepts  is surely  a  desirable feature,  but implementation  issues
-should be hidden from the user.  Fortunately, the concepts of the \jvm
-permit  the user-transparent  implementation of  such  extensions with
-relatively little effort.
-
-Because the target language of  Java is an interpreted language with a
-small  and  easy-to-understand  set  of instructions  (the  \emph{byte
-code}), developers  can implement  and test their  concepts in  a very
-elegant way.   One can  write a plug-in  replacement for  the system's
-class loader which is  responsible for dynamically loading class files
-at  run-time  and  passing the  byte  code  to  the \vm  (see  section
-\ref{sec:classloaders}).  Class loaders may  thus be used to intercept
-the  loading process and  transform classes  before they  get actually
-executed  by the  JVM  \cite{classloader}.  While  the original  class
-files always remain unaltered, the behavior of the class loader may be
-reconfigured for every execution or instrumented dynamically.
-
-The \jc API (Byte Code Engineering Library), formerly known as
-JavaClass, is a toolkit for the static analysis and dynamic creation
-or transformation of Java class files.  It enables developers to
-implement the desired features on a high level of abstraction without
-handling all the internal details of the Java class file format and
-thus re-inventing the wheel every time.  \jc is written entirely in
-Java and freely available under the terms of the Apache Software
-License.  \footnote{The distribution is available at
-  \url{http://jakarta.apache.org/bcel/}, including several code
-  examples and javadoc manuals.  }
-
-This paper is structured as follows:  We give a  brief description of
-the \jvm and the class  file format in section \ref{sec:jvm}.  Section
-\ref{sec:api} introduces  the \jc API.   Section \ref{sec:application}
-describes  some typical  application areas  and example  projects. The
-appendix contains  code examples that are  to long to  be presented in
-the  main  part  of this  paper.  All  examples  are included  in  the
-down-loadable distribution.
-
-\subsection{Related work}
-
-There are  a number  of proposals and  class libraries that  have some
-similarities with \textsc{BCEL}: The JOIE \cite{joie} toolkit can
-be used to instrument class loaders with dynamic behavior.  Similarly,
-``Binary  Component Adaptation''  \cite{bca} allows  components  to be
-adapted and  evolved on-the-fly.  Han  Lee's ``Byte-code Instrumenting
-Tool'' \cite{bit} allows the user  to insert calls to analysis methods
-anywhere in the  byte code.  The Jasmin language  \cite{jasmin} can be
-used  to   hand-write  or  generate   pseudo-assembler  code.   D-Java
-\cite{classfile} and JCF \cite{inside} are class viewing tools.
-
-In contrast to these projects, \jc is intended to be a general purpose
-tool  for ``byte  code engineering''.   It gives  full control  to the
-developer on a high level of  abstraction and is not restricted to any
-particular application area.
-
-\section{The Java Virtual Machine}\label{sec:jvm}
-
-Readers already familiar with the \jvm and the Java class file format
-may want to skip this section and proceed with section \ref{sec:api}.
-
-Programs written  in the  Java language are  compiled into  a portable
-binary format called \emph{byte  code}.  Every class is represented by
-a  single class  file  containing  class related  data  and byte  code
-instructions. These  files are loaded dynamically  into an interpreter
-(\jvme, JVM) and executed.
-
-Figure  \ref{fig:jvm}  illustrates  the  procedure  of  compiling  and
-executing a Java class:  The source file (\texttt{HelloWorld.java}) is
-compiled into a Java class file (\texttt{HelloWorld.class}), loaded by
-the  byte  code  interpreter  and  executed.  In  order  to  implement
-additional  features, researchers  may want  to transform  class files
-(drawn  with  bold lines)  before  they  get  actually executed.  This
-application area is one of the main issues of this article.
-
-\begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode
-    \epsfxsize\textwidth
-    \epsfbox{eps/jvm.eps}
-    \caption{Compilation and execution of Java classes}
-    \label{fig:jvm}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-Note that the  use of the general term  ``Java'' implies two meanings:
-on the one hand, Java as a programming language is meant, on the other
-hand, the Java  Virtual Machine, which is not  necessarily targeted by
-the Java language  exclusively, but may be used  by other languages as
-well (e.g.   Eiffel \cite{eiffel}, or Ada \cite{ada}).   We assume the
-reader to  be familiar with  the Java language  and to have  a general
-understanding of the Virtual Machine.
-
-\subsection{Java class file format}\label{sec:format}
-
-Giving a  full overview of  the design issues  of the Java  class file
-format and the  associated byte code instructions is  beyond the scope
-of this paper.   We will just give a  brief introduction covering the
-details  that  are  necessary  for  understanding  the  rest  of  this
-paper. The format of class files and the byte code instruction set are
-described  in more  detail  in the  ``\jvm Specification''  \cite{jvm}
-\footnote{Also             available             online             at
-\url{http://www.javasoft.com/docs/books/vmspec/index.html}},   and  in
-\cite{jasmin}.   Especially,  we  will  not  deal  with  the  security
-constraints that the \jvm has to check at run-time, i.e. the byte code
-verifier.
-
-Figure \ref{fig:classfile} shows a  simplified example of the contents
-of a  Java class file:  It starts with  a header containing  a ``magic
-number'' (\texttt{0xCAFEBABE}) and the version number, followed by the
-\emph{\cpe}, which can be roughly thought of as the text segment of an
-executable, the  \emph{access rights}  of the class  encoded by  a bit
-mask, a list of interfaces  implemented by the class, lists containing
-the  fields and  methods of  the  class, and  finally the  \emph{class
-attributes}, e.g.  the  \texttt{SourceFile} attribute telling the name
-of  the source  file.  Attributes  are  a way  of putting  additional,
-e.g. user-defined,  information into class file  data structures.  For
-example, a  custom class  loader may evaluate  such attribute  data in
-order to perform its  transformations.  The JVM specification declares
-that unknown, i.e.  user-defined attributes must be ignored by any \vm
-implementation.
-
-\begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode
-    \epsfxsize\textwidth
-    \epsfbox{eps/classfile.eps}
-    \caption{Java class file format}
-    \label{fig:classfile}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-Because  all of  the  information needed  to  dynamically resolve  the
-symbolic  references to  classes, fields  and methods  at  run-time is
-coded  with string  constants, the  \cp contains  in fact  the largest
-portion of an average class file, approximately 60\% \cite{statistic}.
-The byte code instructions themselves just make up 12\%.
-
-The right upper box shows a  ``zoomed'' excerpt of the \cpe, while the
-rounded box below depicts  some instructions that are contained within
-a  method  of the  example  class.  These  instructions represent  the
-straightforward translation of the well-known statement:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-   System.out.println("Hello, world");
-\end{verbatim}
-
-The first instruction loads the  contents of the field \texttt{out} of
-class  \texttt{java.lang.System} onto  the operand  stack. This  is an
-instance of  the class \texttt{java.io.PrintStream}.  The \texttt{ldc}
-(``Load constant'') pushes a reference  to the string "Hello world" on
-the  stack.    The  next  instruction  invokes   the  instance  method
-\texttt{println}  which  takes  both  values as  parameters  (Instance
-methods always  implicitly take an  instance reference as  their first
-argument).
-
-Instructions,  other  data  structures   within  the  class  file  and
-constants  themselves  may  refer  to  constants  in  the  \cpe.  Such
-references are implemented via fixed indexes encoded directly into the
-instructions.   This  is illustrated  for  some  items  of the  figure
-emphasized    with   a    surrounding   box.
-
-For  example,  the  \texttt{invokevirtual}  instruction  refers  to  a
-\texttt{MethodRef} constant  that contains information  about the name
-of the  called method, the  signature (i.e.  the encoded  argument and
-return types),  and to  which class the  method belongs.  In  fact, as
-emphasized by the boxed  value, the \texttt{MethodRef} constant itself
-just refers to other entries holding the real data, e.g.  it refers to
-a \texttt{ConstantClass} entry containing  a symbolic reference to the
-class \texttt{java.io.PrintStream}.   To keep the  class file compact,
-such  constants  are   typically  shared  by  different  instructions.
-Similarly, a field is represented by a \texttt{Fieldref} constant that
-includes information about the name, the type and the containing class
-of the field.
-
-The \cp  basically holds the following types  of constants: References
-to methods, fields and  classes, strings, integers, floats, longs, and
-doubles.
-
-\subsection{Byte code instruction set}\label{sec:code}
-
-The JVM  is a  stack-oriented interpreter that  creates a  local stack
-frame of fixed size for every method invocation. The size of the local
-stack has to  be computed by the compiler.  Values  may also be stored
-intermediately in a frame area containing \emph{local variables} which
-can  be used  like  a set  of  registers.  These  local variables  are
-numbered from 0  to 65535, i.e.  you have a maximum  of 65536 of local
-variables.   The  stack  frames   of  caller  and  callee  method  are
-overlapping, i.e.  the caller  pushes arguments onto the operand stack
-and the called method receives them in local variables.
-
-The byte code instruction  set currently consists of 212 instructions,
-44  opcodes  are  marked  as  reserved  and may  be  used  for  future
-extensions   or   intermediate   optimizations  within   the   Virtual
-Machine. The instruction set can be roughly grouped as follows:
-
-\begin{description}
-\item[Stack operations:] Constants can be pushed onto the stack either
-by loading them from the \cp with the \texttt{ldc} instruction or with
-special ``short-cut''  instructions where the operand  is encoded into
-the  instructions, e.g.   \texttt{iconst\_0} or  \texttt{bipush} (push
-byte value).
-
-\item[Arithmetic  operations:]   The  instruction  set   of  the  \jvm
-distinguishes  its  operand  types  using  different  instructions  to
-operate on  values of  specific type.  Arithmetic  operations starting
-with  \texttt{i}, for  example,  denote  an  integer  operation.  E.g.,
-\texttt{iadd} that adds two integers and pushes the result back on the
-stack.     The    Java    types    \texttt{boolean},    \texttt{byte},
-\texttt{short}, and \texttt{char} are handled as integers by the JVM.
-
-\item[Control flow:] There  are branch instructions like \texttt{goto}
-and   \texttt{if\_icmpeq},    which   compares   two    integers   for
-equality.  There  is  also   a  \texttt{jsr}  (jump  sub-routine)  and
-\texttt{ret} pair of instructions that  is  used to implement the
-\texttt{finally} clause of  \texttt{try-catch} blocks.  Exceptions may
-be thrown with the \texttt{athrow} instruction.
-
-Branch  targets  are coded  as  offsets  from  the current  byte  code
-position, i.e. with an integer number.
-
-\item[Load   and   store operations]    for   local   variables   like
-\texttt{iload} and  \texttt{istore}.  There are also  array operations
-like \texttt{iastore} which stores an integer value into an array.
-
-\item[Field access:] The  value of an instance field  may be retrieved
-with \texttt{getfield} and written with \texttt{putfield}.  For static
-fields,   there    are   \texttt{getstatic}   and   \texttt{putstatic}
-counterparts.
-
-\item[Method  invocation:] Methods  may  either be  called via  static
-references with \texttt{invokesta\-tic} or be bound virtually with the
-\texttt{invokevirtual}  instruction. Super  class methods  and private
-methods are invoked with \texttt{invokespecial}.
-
-\item[Object  allocation:]  Class  instances  are allocated  with  the
-\texttt{new}  instruction, arrays  of basic  type  like \texttt{int[]}
-with \texttt{newarray}, arrays  of references like \texttt{String[][]}
-with \texttt{anewarray} or \texttt{multianewarray}.
-
-\item[Conversion and type checking:]  For stack operands of basic type
-there  exist casting  operations  like \texttt{f2i}  which converts  a
-float  value into  an integer.   The validity  of a  type cast  may be
-checked with  \texttt{checkcast} and the  \texttt{instanceof} operator
-can be directly mapped to the equally named instruction.
-\end{description}
-
-Most  instructions  have a  fixed  length,  but  there are  also  some
-variable-length instructions: In particular, the \texttt{lookupswitch}
-and  \texttt{tableswitch} instructions,  which are  used  to implement
-\texttt{switch()}  statements.   Since  the  number  of  \texttt{case}
-clauses  may vary,  these instructions  contain a  variable  number of
-statements.
-
-We  will not list  all byte  code instructions  here, since  these are
-explained in  detail in the  JVM specification.  The opcode  names are
-mostly self-explaining,  so understanding the  following code examples
-should be fairly intuitive.
-
-\subsection{Method code}\label{sec:code2}
-
-Non-abstract methods  contain an attribute  (\texttt{Code}) that holds
-the following data: The maximum  size of the method's stack frame, the
-number   of   local   variables    and   an   array   of   byte   code
-instructions. Optionally,  it may  also contain information  about the
-names of local variables and source file line numbers that can be used
-by a debugger.
-
-Whenever  an exception is thrown, the  JVM performs exception handling
-by looking   into a  table  of exception  handlers.   The table  marks
-handlers, i.e.  pieces  of code, to  be responsible for  exceptions of
-certain types  that  are raised   within a  given  area  of  the  byte
-code. When there is no appropriate handler the exception is propagated
-back to the caller of the method. The handler information is itself
-stored in an attribute contained within the \texttt{Code} attribute.
-
-\subsection{Byte code offsets}\label{sec:offsets}
-
-Targets  of  branch instructions  like  \texttt{goto}  are encoded  as
-relative offsets  in the array  of byte codes. Exception  handlers and
-local variables refer to absolute addresses within the byte code.  The
-former  contains  references   to  the  start  and  the   end  of  the
-\texttt{try} block,  and to the instruction handler  code.  The latter
-marks the  range in which a  local variable is valid,  i.e. its scope.
-This makes it  difficult to insert or delete code  areas on this level
-of abstraction, since one has  to recompute the offsets every time and
-update the referring objects. We will see in section \ref{sec:cgapi}
-how \jc remedies this restriction.
-
-\subsection{Type information}\label{sec:types}
-
-Java is  a type-safe language and  the information about  the types of
-fields,    local    variables,    and    methods    is    stored    in
-\emph{signatures}. These are strings stored  in the \cp and encoded in
-a special  format.  For example the  argument and return  types of the
-\texttt{main} method
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  public static void main(String[] argv)
-\end{verbatim}
-
-are represented by the signature
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  ([java/lang/String;)V
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Classes  and  arrays  are   internally  represented  by  strings  like
-\texttt{"java/lang/String"},  basic types  like  \texttt{float} by  an
-integer number. Within signatures they are represented by single
-characters, e.g., \texttt{"I"}, for integer.
-
-\subsection{Code example}\label{sec:fac}
-
-The  following example  program prompts  for a  number and  prints the
-faculty  of  it.  The  \texttt{readLine()}  method  reading  from  the
-standard input  may raise an \texttt{IOException} and  if a misspelled
-number    is    passed   to    \texttt{parseInt()}    it   throws    a
-\texttt{NumberFormatException}. Thus, the critical area of code must be
-encapsulated in a \texttt{try-catch} block.
-
-{\small \begin{verbatim}
-import java.io.*;
-public class Faculty {
-  private static BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new
-                                InputStreamReader(System.in));
-  public static final int fac(int n) {
-    return (n == 0)? 1 : n * fac(n - 1);
-  }
-  public static final int readInt() {
-    int n = 4711;
-    try {
-      System.out.print("Please enter a number> ");
-      n = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
-    } catch(IOException e1) { System.err.println(e1); }
-      catch(NumberFormatException e2) { System.err.println(e2); }
-    return n;
-  }
-  public static void main(String[] argv) {
-    int n = readInt();
-    System.out.println("Faculty of " + n + " is " + fac(n));
-  }}
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-This code example  typically compiles to the following  chunks of byte
-code:
-
-\subsubsection{Method fac}
-
-{\small \begin{verbatim}
-0:  iload_0
-1:  ifne            #8
-4:  iconst_1
-5:  goto            #16
-8:  iload_0
-9:  iload_0
-10: iconst_1
-11: isub
-12: invokestatic    Faculty.fac (I)I (12)
-15: imul
-16: ireturn
-
-LocalVariable(start_pc = 0, length = 16, index = 0:int n)
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-The  method \texttt{fac}  has only  one local  variable,  the argument
-\texttt{n}, stored in  slot 0.  This variable's scope  ranges from the
-start of  the byte  code sequence to  the very  end.  If the  value of
-\texttt{n} (stored  in local variable  0, i.e. the value  fetched with
-\texttt{iload\_0}) is  not equal  to 0, the  \texttt{ifne} instruction
-branches to  the byte code at offset  8, otherwise a 1  is pushed onto
-the operand stack  and the control flow branches  to the final return.
-For ease of reading, the offsets of the branch instructions, which are
-actually   relative,  are displayed  as  absolute  addresses in  these
-examples.
-
-If  recursion has to  continue, the  arguments for  the multiplication
-(\texttt{n}  and \texttt{fac(n -  1)}) are  evaluated and  the results
-pushed onto the operand stack.  After the multiplication operation has
-been performed the function returns the computed value from the top of
-the stack.
-
-\subsubsection{Method readInt}
-
-{\small \begin{verbatim}
-0:  sipush        4711
-3:  istore_0
-4:  getstatic     java.lang.System.out Ljava/io/PrintStream;
-7:  ldc           "Please enter a number> "
-9:  invokevirtual java.io.PrintStream.print (Ljava/lang/String;)V
-12: getstatic     Faculty.in Ljava/io/BufferedReader;
-15: invokevirtual java.io.BufferedReader.readLine ()Ljava/lang/String;
-18: invokestatic  java.lang.Integer.parseInt (Ljava/lang/String;)I
-21: istore_0
-22: goto          #44
-25: astore_1
-26: getstatic     java.lang.System.err Ljava/io/PrintStream;
-29: aload_1
-30: invokevirtual java.io.PrintStream.println (Ljava/lang/Object;)V
-33: goto          #44
-36: astore_1
-37: getstatic     java.lang.System.err Ljava/io/PrintStream;
-40: aload_1
-41: invokevirtual java.io.PrintStream.println (Ljava/lang/Object;)V 
-44: iload_0
-45: ireturn
-
-Exception handler(s) = 
-From    To      Handler Type
-4       22      25      java.io.IOException(6)
-4       22      36      NumberFormatException(10)
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-First the local variable \texttt{n}  (in slot 0) is initialized to the
-value  4711.   The  next  instruction, \texttt{getstatic},  loads  the
-static  \texttt{System.out} field onto  the stack.   Then a  string is
-loaded and  printed, a number   read from the  standard input and
-assigned to \texttt{n}.
-
-If    one   of   the    called   methods    (\texttt{readLine()}   and
-\texttt{parseInt()}) throws  an exception, the  \jvm calls one  of the
-declared exception  handlers, depending on the type  of the exception.
-The \texttt{try}-clause  itself does not  produce any code,  it merely
-defines the range in which  the following handlers are active.  In the
-example  the specified  source  code area  maps  to a  byte code  area
-ranging from offset 4 (inclusive)  to 22 (exclusive).  If no exception
-has   occurred   (``normal''   execution   flow)   the   \texttt{goto}
-instructions  branch behind  the  handler code.   There  the value  of
-\texttt{n} is loaded and returned.
-
-For  example the handler   for \texttt{java.io.IOException}  starts at
-offset 25. It simply prints the error  and branches back to the normal
-execution flow, i.e. as if no exception had occurred.
-
-\section{The BCEL API}\label{sec:api}
-
-The \jc API abstracts from  the concrete circumstances of the \jvm and
-how  to  read and  write  binary Java  class  files.   The API  mainly
-consists of three parts:
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-  
-\item A package that contains classes that describe ``static''
-  constraints of class files, i.e., reflect the class file format and
-  is not intended for byte code modifications.  The classes may be
-  used to read and write class files from or to a file.  This is
-  useful especially for analyzing Java classes without having the
-  source files at hand.  The main data structure is called
-  \texttt{JavaClass} which contains methods, fields, etc..
-
-\item A  package to dynamically generate  or modify \texttt{JavaClass}
-objects.  It  may be  used  e.g. to  insert  analysis  code, to  strip
-unnecessary  information from class  files, or  to implement  the code
-generator back-end of a Java compiler.
-
-\item Various code examples and  utilities like a class file viewer, a
-tool  to convert class  files into  HTML, and  a converter  from class
-files to the Jasmin assembly language \cite{jasmin}.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-\subsection{JavaClass}\label{sec:javaclass}
-
-The  ``static''  component of  the  \jc  API  resides in  the  package
-\path{de.fub.bytecode.classfile} and represents class files.  All of the
-binary   components  and   data   structures  declared   in  the   JVM
-specification  \cite{jvm} and described  in section  \ref{sec:jvm} are
-mapped to classes.  Figure \ref{fig:umljc} shows an UML diagram of the
-hierarchy of  classes of the  \jc API.  Figure \ref{fig:umlcp}  in the
-appendix also  shows a  detailed diagram of  the \texttt{ConstantPool}
-components.
-
-\begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode 
-    \epsfysize0.93\textheight
-    \epsfbox{eps/javaclass.eps}
-    \caption{UML diagram for the \jc API}\label{fig:umljc}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-The  top-level data  structure  is \texttt{JavaClass},  which in  most
-cases is created by  a \texttt{Class\-Par\-ser} object that is capable
-of parsing  binary class files. A  \texttt{JavaClass} object basically
-consists of  fields, methods, symbolic  references to the  super class
-and to the implemented interfaces.
-
-The  \cp serves  as some  kind of  central repository  and is  thus of
-outstanding  importance  for  all  components.   \texttt{ConstantPool}
-objects contain  an array of fixed size  of \texttt{Constant} entries,
-which may be retrieved via the \texttt{getConstant()} method taking an
-integer  index as argument.  Indexes to  the \cp  may be  contained in
-instructions as well as in other components of a class file and in \cp
-entries themselves.
-
-Methods and  fields contain  a signature, symbolically  defining their
-types.   Access  flags  like  \texttt{public static  final}  occur  in
-several  places  and  are  encoded   by  an  integer  bit  mask,  e.g.
-\texttt{public static final} matches to the Java expression
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  int access_flags = ACC_PUBLIC | ACC_STATIC | ACC_FINAL;
-\end{verbatim}
-
-As mentioned in section \ref{sec:format} already, several components
-may contain \emph{attribute} objects: classes, fields, methods, and
-\texttt{Code} objects (introduced in section \ref{sec:code2}).  The
-latter is an attribute itself that contains the actual byte code
-array, the maximum stack size, the number of local variables, a table
-of handled exceptions, and some optional debugging information coded
-as \texttt{LineNumberTable} and \texttt{LocalVariableTable}
-attributes. Attributes are in general specific to some data structure,
-i.e. no two components share the same kind of attribute, though this
-is not explicitly forbidden. In the figure the \texttt{Attribute}
-classes are marked with the component they belong to.
-
-\subsection{Class repository}
-
-Using the provided \texttt{Repository} class, reading class files into
-a \texttt{JavaClass} object is quite simple:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  JavaClass clazz = Repository.lookupClass("java.lang.String");
-\end{verbatim}
-
-The repository also contains methods providing the dynamic equivalent
-of the \texttt{instanceof} operator, and other useful routines:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  if(Repository.instanceOf(clazz, super_class) {
-    ...
-  }
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Accessing class file data}
-
-Information within the class file components may be accessed like Java
-Beans via intuitive set/get methods.  All of them also define a
-\texttt{toString()} method so that implementing a simple class viewer
-is very easy. In fact all of the examples used here have been produced
-this way:
-
-{\small \begin{verbatim}
-  System.out.println(clazz);
-  printCode(clazz.getMethods());
-  ...
-  public static void printCode(Method[] methods) {
-    for(int i=0; i < methods.length; i++) {
-      System.out.println(methods[i]);
-
-      Code code = methods[i].getCode();
-      if(code != null) // Non-abstract method
-        System.out.println(code);
-    }
-  }
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\subsubsection{Analyzing class data}
-
-Last but not least, \jc supports the \emph{Visitor} design
-pattern \cite{design},  so one can write visitor  objects to traverse
-and analyze the contents of a class file. Included in the distribution
-is a  class \texttt{JasminVisitor} that converts class  files into the
-Jasmin assembler language \cite{jasmin}.
-
-\subsection{ClassGen}\label{sec:cgapi}
-
-This part of the API (package \path{ork.apache.bcel.generic}) supplies
-an abstraction level for creating or transforming class files
-dynamically.  It makes the static constraints of Java class files like
-the hard-coded byte code addresses generic.  The generic \cpe, for
-example, is implemented by the class \texttt{ConstantPoolGen} which
-offers methods for adding different types of constants.  Accordingly,
-\texttt{ClassGen} offers an interface to add methods, fields, and
-attributes.  Figure \ref{fig:umlcg} gives an overview of this part of
-the API.
-
-\begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode
-    \epsfysize0.93\textheight
-    \epsfbox{eps/classgen.eps}
-    \caption{UML diagram of the ClassGen API}\label{fig:umlcg}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-\subsubsection{Types}
-
-We abstract from the concrete details of the type signature syntax
-(see \ref{sec:types}) by introducing the \texttt{Type} class, which is
-used, for example, by methods to define their return and argument
-types.  Concrete sub-classes are \texttt{BasicType},
-\texttt{ObjectType}, and \texttt{ArrayType} which consists of the
-element type and the number of dimensions. For commonly used types the
-class offers some predefined constants.  For example the method
-signature of the \texttt{main} method as shown in section
-\ref{sec:types} is represented by:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  Type   return_type = Type.VOID;
-  Type[] arg_types   = new Type[] { new ArrayType(Type.STRING, 1) };
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\texttt{Type} also contains methods to convert types into textual
-signatures and vice versa. The sub-classes contain implementations of
-the routines and constraints specified by the Java Language
-Specification \cite{gosling}.
-
-\subsubsection{Generic fields and methods}
-
-Fields  are represented  by  \texttt{FieldGen} objects,  which may  be
-freely  modified  by  the  user.   If  they  have  the  access  rights
-\texttt{static final}, i.e. are constants  and of basic type, they may
-optionally have an initializing value.
-
-Generic  methods contain  methods  to add  exceptions  the method  may
-throw,  local variables, and  exception handlers.  The latter  two are
-represented by  user-configurable objects as  well.  Because exception
-handlers  and   local  variables  contain  references   to  byte  code
-addresses, they  also take the role of  an \emph{instruction targeter}
-in   our  terminology.    Instruction  targeters   contain   a  method
-\texttt{updateTarget()}    to   redirect    a    reference.    Generic
-(non-abstract) methods refer  to \emph{instruction lists} that consist
-of  instruction  objects.   References  to  byte  code  addresses  are
-implemented by  handles to instruction  objects. This is  explained in
-more detail in the following sections.
-
-The maximum stack size needed by the method and the maximum number of
-local variables used may be set manually or computed via the
-\texttt{setMaxStack()} and \texttt{setMaxLocals()} methods
-automatically.
-
-\subsubsection{Instructions}
-
-Modeling instructions as objects may look somewhat odd at first sight,
-but in fact enables programmers to obtain a high-level view upon
-control flow without handling details like concrete byte code offsets.
-Instructions consist of a tag, i.e. an opcode, their length in bytes
-and an offset (or index) within the byte code. Since many instructions
-are immutable, the \texttt{InstructionConstants} interface offers
-shareable predefined ``fly-weight'' constants to use.
-
-Instructions are grouped via sub-classing, the type hierarchy of
-instruction classes is illustrated by (incomplete) figure
-\ref{fig:umlinstr} in the appendix.  The most important family of
-instructions are the \emph{branch instructions}, e.g.  \texttt{goto},
-that branch to targets somewhere within the byte code.  Obviously,
-this makes them candidates for playing an \texttt{InstructionTargeter}
-role, too. Instructions are further grouped by the interfaces they
-implement, there are, e.g., \texttt{TypedInstruction}s that are
-associated with a specific type like \texttt{ldc}, or
-\texttt{ExceptionThrower} instructions that may raise exceptions when
-executed.
-
-All instructions can be traversed via \texttt{accept(Visitor v)} methods,
-i.e., the Visitor design pattern. There is however some special trick
-in these methods that allows to merge the handling of certain
-instruction groups. The \texttt{accept()} do not only call the
-corresponding \texttt{visit()} method, but call \texttt{visit()}
-methods of their respective super classes and implemented interfaces
-first, i.e. the most specific \texttt{visit()} call is last. Thus one
-can group the handling of, say, all \texttt{BranchInstruction}s into
-one single method.
-
-For debugging purposes  it may even make sense  to ``invent'' your own
-instructions. In a sophisticated code generator like the one used as a
-backend of  the Barat framework  \cite{barat} one often has  to insert
-temporary  \texttt{nop} (No  operation) instructions.   When examining
-the produced  code it may  be very difficult  to track back  where the
-\texttt{nop}  was actually  inserted.  One  could think  of  a derived
-\texttt{nop2}   instruction   that   contains   additional   debugging
-information. When  the instruction  list is dumped  to byte  code, the
-extra data is simply dropped.
-
-One  could also  think  of  new byte  code  instructions operating  on
-complex numbers that  are replaced by normal byte  code upon load-time
-or are recognized by a new JVM.
-
-\subsubsection{Instruction lists}\label{sec:il}
-
-An \emph{instruction list} is implemented by a list of
-\emph{instruction handles} encapsulating instruction objects.
-References to instructions in the list are thus not implemented by
-direct pointers to instructions but by pointers to instruction
-\emph{handles}. This makes appending, inserting and deleting areas of
-code very simple. Since we use symbolic references, computation of
-concrete byte code offsets does not need to occur until finalization,
-i.e.  until the user has finished the process of generating or
-transforming code.  We will use the term instruction handle and
-instruction synonymously throughout the rest of the paper.
-Instruction handles may contain additional user-defined data using the
-\texttt{addAttribute()} method.
-
-\paragraph{Appending.}
-One can append instructions or  other instruction lists anywhere to an
-existing  list.   The  instructions   are  appended  after  the  given
-instruction  handle.   All append  methods  return  a new  instruction
-handle which may  then be used as the target  of a branch instruction,
-e.g..
-
-{\small \begin{verbatim}
-  InstructionList il = new InstructionList();
-  ...
-  GOTO g = new GOTO(null);
-  il.append(g);
-  ...
-  InstructionHandle ih = il.append(InstructionConstants.ACONST_NULL);
-  g.setTarget(ih);
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\paragraph{Inserting.}
-Instructions may be  inserted anywhere into an existing  list.  They are
-inserted  before the  given  instruction handle.   All insert  methods
-return a  new instruction handle which  may then be used  as the start
-address of an exception handler, for example.
-
-{\small \begin{verbatim}
-  InstructionHandle start = il.insert(insertion_point,
-                                      InstructionConstants.NOP);
-  ...
-  mg.addExceptionHandler(start, end, handler, "java.io.IOException");
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-
-\paragraph{Deleting.}
-Deletion of instructions is also very straightforward; all instruction
-handles and the contained instructions within a given range are
-removed from the instruction list and disposed.  The \texttt{delete()}
-method may however throw a \texttt{TargetLostException} when there are
-instruction targeters still referencing one of the deleted
-instructions.  The user is forced to handle such exceptions in a
-\texttt{try-catch} block and redirect these references elsewhere. The
-\emph{peep hole} optimizer described in section \ref{sec:nop} gives a
-detailed example for this.
-
-{\small \begin{verbatim}
-  try {
-    il.delete(first, last);
-  } catch(TargetLostException e) {
-    InstructionHandle[] targets = e.getTargets();
-    for(int i=0; i < targets.length; i++) {
-      InstructionTargeter[] targeters = targets[i].getTargeters();
-      for(int j=0; j < targeters.length; j++)
-         targeters[j].updateTarget(targets[i], new_target);
-    }
-  }
-\end{verbatim}}
-
-\paragraph{Finalizing.}
-When the instruction list is ready to be dumped to pure byte code, all
-symbolic references must be mapped to real byte code offsets.  This is
-done by the \texttt{getByteCode()} method which is called by default
-by \texttt{MethodGen.getMethod()}. Afterwards you should call
-\texttt{dispose()} so that the instruction handles can be reused
-internally. This helps to reduce memory usage.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  InstructionList il = new InstructionList();
-
-  ClassGen  cg = new ClassGen("HelloWorld", "java.lang.Object",
-                              "<generated>", ACC_PUBLIC | ACC_SUPER,
-                              null);
-  MethodGen mg = new MethodGen(ACC_STATIC | ACC_PUBLIC,
-                               Type.VOID, new Type[] { 
-                                 new ArrayType(Type.STRING, 1) 
-                               }, new String[] { "argv" },
-                               "main", "HelloWorld", il, cp);
-  ...
-  cg.addMethod(mg.getMethod());
-  il.dispose(); // Reuse instruction handles of list
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Code example revisited}
-
-Using  instruction lists gives  us a  generic view  upon the  code: In
-Figure  \ref{fig:il}   we  again  present   the  code  chunk   of  the
-\texttt{readInt()}   method  of   the  faculty   example   in  section
-\ref{sec:fac}:  The local  variables \texttt{n}  and  \texttt{e1} both
-hold two references to  instructions, defining their scope.  There are
-two \texttt{goto}s branching  to the \texttt{iload} at the  end of the
-method. One of the exception handlers is displayed, too: it references
-the start and the end of the \texttt{try} block and also the exception
-handler code.
-
-\begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode
-    \epsfxsize\textwidth
-    \epsfbox{eps/il.eps}
-    \caption{Instruction list for \texttt{readInt()} method}
-    \label{fig:il}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-\subsubsection{Instruction factories}\label{sec:compound}
-
-To simplify the creation of certain instructions the user can use the
-supplied \texttt{InstructionFactory} class which offers a lot of
-useful methods to create instructions from scratch. Alternatively, he
-can also use \emph{compound instructions}: When producing byte code,
-some patterns typically occur very frequently, for instance the
-compilation of arithmetic or comparison expressions.  You certainly do
-not want to rewrite the code that translates such expressions into
-byte code in every place they may appear. In order to support this,
-the \jc API includes a \emph{compound instruction} (an interface with
-a single \texttt{getInstructionList()} method).  Instances of this
-class may be used in any place where normal instructions would occur,
-particularly in append operations.
-
-\paragraph{Example: Pushing constants.}
-Pushing constants  onto the  operand stack may  be coded  in different
-ways.  As   explained  in   section  \ref{sec:code}  there   are  some
-``short-cut'' instructions that can be  used to make the produced byte
-code  more  compact.  The   smallest  instruction  to  push  a  single
-\texttt{1} onto  the stack is  \texttt{iconst\_1}, other possibilities
-are \texttt{bipush} (can be used to push values between -128 and 127),
-\texttt{sipush}  (between  -32768 and  32767),  or \texttt{ldc}  (load
-constant from \cpe).
-
-Instead of repeatedly selecting  the most compact instruction in, say,
-a switch, one can  use the compound \texttt{PUSH} instruction whenever
-pushing a constant  number or string. It will  produce the appropriate
-byte code instruction and insert entries into to \cp if necessary.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  il.append(new PUSH(cp, "Hello, world"));
-  il.append(new PUSH(cp, 4711));
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsubsection{Code patterns using regular expressions}\label{sec:peephole}
-
-When  transforming  code, for  instance  during  optimization or  when
-inserting analysis  method calls,  one typically searches  for certain
-patterns  of  code to  perform  the  transformation  at.  To  simplify
-handling such situations \jc introduces a special feature: One can
-search  for  given code  patterns  within  an  instruction list  using
-\emph{regular  expressions}.   In  such expressions,  instructions  are
-represented by symbolic names, e.g.  "\texttt{`IfInstruction'}".  Meta
-characters  like  \verb|+|, \verb|*|,  and  \verb@(..|..)@ have  their
-usual meanings. Thus, the expression
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  "`NOP'+(`ILOAD__'|`ALOAD__')*"
-\end{verbatim}
-
-represents a  piece of  code consisting of  at least  one \texttt{NOP}
-followed  by   a  possibly   empty  sequence  of   \texttt{ILOAD}  and
-\texttt{ALOAD} instructions.
-
-The  \texttt{search()} method  of class  \texttt{FindPattern}  gets an
-instruction list and a regular  expression as arguments and returns an
-array  describing   the  area  of   matched  instructions.  Additional
-constraints to  the matching  area of instructions,  which can  not be
-implemented via  regular expressions, may be  expressed via \emph{code
-constraints}.
-
-\subsubsection{Example: Optimizing boolean expressions.}
-
-In Java, boolean  values are mapped to 1 and  to 0, respectively. Thus,
-the simplest way to evaluate boolean expressions is to push a 1 or a 0
-onto the operand stack depending on the truth value of the expression.
-But this  way, the subsequent combination of  boolean expressions (with
-\verb|&&|, e.g) yields  long chunks of code that push  lots of 1s and
-0s onto the stack.
-
-When the code has been finalized  these chunks can be optimized with a
-\emph{peep  hole}  algorithm:  An  \texttt{IfInstruction}  (e.g.   the
-comparison of two  integers: \texttt{if\_icmpeq}) that either produces
-a  1  or  a 0  on  the  stack  and  is  followed by  an  \texttt{ifne}
-instruction (branch  if stack value $\neq$  0) may be  replaced by the
-\texttt{IfInstruction} with  its branch target replaced  by the target
-of  the  \texttt{ifne}  instruction:
-
-{\small \verbatimtabinput{bool.java}}
-
-The  applied code  constraint  object ensures  that  the matched  code
-really  corresponds to  the targeted  expression  pattern.  Subsequent
-application of this algorithm removes all unnecessary stack operations
-and  branch instructions from  the byte  code. If  any of  the deleted
-instructions  is still  referenced by  an \texttt{InstructionTargeter}
-object, the reference has to be updated in the \texttt{catch}-clause.
-
-Code example \ref{sec:hello} gives a  verbose example of how to create
-a class  file, while  example \ref{sec:nop} shows  how to  implement a
-simple  peephole optimizer  and how  to deal  with \texttt{TargetLost}
-exceptions.
-
-\paragraph{Example application:}
-The expression
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  if((a == null) || (i < 2))
-    System.out.println("Ooops");
-\end{verbatim}
-
-can be mapped to both of the chunks of byte code shown in figure
-\ref{fig:code}. The left column represents the unoptimized code while
-the right column displays the same code after an aggressively
-optimizing peep hole algorithm has been applied:
-
-\begin{figure}[hpt]
-\begin{minipage}{0.49\textwidth}
-  {\small \verbatimtabinput{unopt}} \vfil
-\end{minipage}
-\begin{minipage}{0.49\textwidth}
-  {\small \verbatimtabinput{opt}} \vfil
-\end{minipage}\label{fig:code}\caption{Optimizing boolean expressions}
-\begin{center}
-
-  
-\end{center}
-\end{figure}
-\section{Application areas}\label{sec:application}
-
-There are many possible application areas for \jc ranging from class
-browsers, profilers, byte code optimizers, and compilers to
-sophisticated run-time analysis tools and extensions to the Java
-language \cite{agesen, myers}.
-
-Compilers like the Barat compiler  \cite{barat} use \jc to implement a
-byte code  generating back end.  Other possible  application areas are
-the  static  analysis   of  byte code \cite{thies}  or  examining  the
-run-time behavior  of classes by inserting calls  to profiling methods
-into the  code. Further examples  are extending Java  with Eiffel-like
-assertions  \cite{jawa}, automated delegation  \cite{classfilters}, or
-with the concepts of ``Aspect-Oriented Programming'' \cite{aspect}.
-
-\subsection{Class loaders}\label{sec:classloaders}
-
-Class loaders  are responsible for  loading class files from  the file
-system  or  other resources  and  passing the  byte  code  to the  \vm
-\cite{classloader}.  A custom  \texttt{ClassLoader} object may be used
-to  intercept the  standard procedure  of  loading a  class, i.e.  the
-system class loader, and  perform some transformations before actually
-passing the byte code to the JVM.
-
-A  possible  scenario is  described  in figure  \ref{fig:classloader}:
-During run-time the \vm requests a custom class loader to load a given
-class.  But before  the JVM  actually sees  the byte  code,  the class
-loader makes  a ``side-step'' and performs some  transformation to the
-class. To  make sure that  the modified byte  code is still  valid and
-does not violate any of the  JVM's rules it is checked by the verifier
-before the JVM finally executes it.
-
-\begin{figure}[ht]
-  \begin{center}
-    \leavevmode
-    \epsfxsize\textwidth
-    \epsfbox{eps/classloader.eps}
-    \caption{Class loaders}\label{fig:classloader}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-Using class loaders  is an elegant way of extending  the \jvm with new
-features  without   actually  modifying  it.    This  concept  enables
-developers to use \emph{load-time reflection} to implement their ideas
-as opposed to  the static reflection supported by  the Java Reflection
-API \cite{reflection}.  Load-time transformations supply the user with
-a new  level of abstraction.   He is not  strictly tied to  the static
-constraints of the  original authors of the classes  but may customize
-the applications  with third-party code  in order to benefit  from new
-features. Such  transformations may be executed on  demand and neither
-interfere with other users, nor alter the original byte code. In fact,
-class loaders may even create  classes \emph{ad hoc} without loading a
-file at all.
-
-\subsubsection{Example: Poor Man's Genericity}
-
-The  ``Poor Man's  Genericity'' project  \cite{pmg} that  extends Java
-with parameterized  classes, for  example, uses \jc  in two  places to
-generate instances of  parameterized classes: During compile-time (the
-standard  \texttt{javac} with  some slightly  changed classes)  and at
-run-time  using  a  custom  class  loader.   The  compiler  puts  some
-additional  type information into  class files  which is  evaluated at
-load-time  by  the  class  loader.   The class  loader  performs  some
-transformations on  the loaded  class and passes  them to the  VM. The
-following  algorithm illustrates  how  the load  method  of the  class
-loader   fulfills    the   request   for    a   parameterized   class,
-e.g. \verb|Stack<String>|
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item  Search for  class  \texttt{Stack},  load it,  and  check for  a
-certain class  attribute containing additional  type information. I.e.
-the   attribute   defines   the    ``real''   name   of   the   class,
-i.e. \verb|Stack<A>|.
-
-\item  Replace  all  occurrences  and  references to  the  formal  type
-\texttt{A}  with references  to the  actual type  \texttt{String}. For
-example the method
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  void push(A obj) { ... }
-\end{verbatim}
-
-becomes
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-  void push(String obj) { ... }
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\item Return the resulting class to the Virtual Machine.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-\bibliographystyle{alpha}\bibliography{manual}
-
-\newpage\appendix
-
-\pagestyle{empty}
-\include{appendix}
-\include{diagrams}
-
-\end{document}
-% LocalWords:  Freie Universit Institut Informatik dahm inf fu berlin de JOIE
-% LocalWords:  JCF HelloWorld Jasmin Eiffel SourceFile classfile lang io ldc ar
-% LocalWords:  PrintStream invokevirtual MethodRef ConstantClass Fieldref dup
-% LocalWords:  iconst bipush iadd cmpeq jsr athrow iload istore iastore er ic
-% LocalWords:  getfield putfield getstatic putstatic invokestatic newarray nop
-% LocalWords:  anewarray checkcast instanceof lookupswitch tableswitch Barat VM
-% LocalWords:  ConstantPool getConstant LineNumberTable LocalvariableTable ifne
-% LocalWords:  invokesta invokespecial multianewarray ConstantPoolGen MethodGen
-% LocalWords:  BasicType ObjectType ArrayType InstructionTarge getByteCode bool
-% LocalWords:  BranchInstruction InstructionTargeter InstructionHandle regex
-% LocalWords:  TargetLostException codeconstraint CompoundInstruction sipush
-% LocalWords:  getInstructionList FindPattern CodeConstraint IfInstruction fac
-% LocalWords:  TargetLost javac readLine IOException parseInt readInt CLASSPATH
-% LocalWords:  NumberFormatException toString JasminVisitor getSignature JVM's
-% LocalWords:  FieldGen updateTarget LGPL BCEL LocalVariableTable setMaxStack
-% LocalWords:  setMaxLocals InstructionConstants TypedInstruction addAttribute
-% LocalWords:  ExceptionThrower getMethod InstructionFactory ALOAD
-
diff --git a/docs/opt b/docs/opt
deleted file mode 100644
index fd57764f..00000000
--- a/docs/opt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-10: aload_0
-11: ifnull        #19
-14: iload_1
-15: iconst_2
-16: if_icmpge     #27
-19: getstatic     System.out
-22: ldc           "Ooops"
-24: invokevirtual println
-27: return
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/docs/unopt b/docs/unopt
deleted file mode 100644
index c458bf40..00000000
--- a/docs/unopt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-5:  aload_0
-6:  ifnull        #13
-9:  iconst_0
-10: goto          #14
-13: iconst_1
-14: nop
-15: ifne          #36
-18: iload_1
-19: iconst_2
-20: if_icmplt     #27
-23: iconst_0
-24: goto          #28
-27: iconst_1
-28: nop
-29: ifne          #36
-32: iconst_0
-33: goto          #37
-36: iconst_1
-37: nop
-38: ifeq          #52
-41: getstatic     System.out
-44: ldc           "Ooops"
-46: invokevirtual println
-52: return