This is doc/gfortran.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from /d/gcc-4.7.2/gcc-4.7.2/gcc/fortran/gfortran.texi. Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development. INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * gfortran: (gfortran). The GNU Fortran Compiler. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU Fortran compiler, (`gfortran'). Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) Introduction ************ This manual documents the use of `gfortran', the GNU Fortran compiler. You can find in this manual how to invoke `gfortran', as well as its features and incompatibilities. * Menu: * Introduction:: Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran * Invoking GNU Fortran:: Command options supported by `gfortran'. * Runtime:: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables. Part II: Language Reference * Fortran 2003 and 2008 status:: Fortran 2003 and 2008 features supported by GNU Fortran. * Compiler Characteristics:: User-visible implementation details. * Mixed-Language Programming:: Interoperability with C * Extensions:: Language extensions implemented by GNU Fortran. * Intrinsic Procedures:: Intrinsic procedures supported by GNU Fortran. * Intrinsic Modules:: Intrinsic modules supported by GNU Fortran. * Contributing:: How you can help. * Copying:: GNU General Public License says how you can copy and share GNU Fortran. * GNU Free Documentation License:: How you can copy and share this manual. * Funding:: How to help assure continued work for free software. * Option Index:: Index of command line options * Keyword Index:: Index of concepts  File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Invoking GNU Fortran, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 Introduction ************** The GNU Fortran compiler front end was designed initially as a free replacement for, or alternative to, the unix `f95' command; `gfortran' is the command you will use to invoke the compiler. * Menu: * About GNU Fortran:: What you should know about the GNU Fortran compiler. * GNU Fortran and GCC:: You can compile Fortran, C, or other programs. * Preprocessing and conditional compilation:: The Fortran preprocessor * GNU Fortran and G77:: Why we chose to start from scratch. * Project Status:: Status of GNU Fortran, roadmap, proposed extensions. * Standards:: Standards supported by GNU Fortran.  File: gfortran.info, Node: About GNU Fortran, Next: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction 1.1 About GNU Fortran ===================== The GNU Fortran compiler supports the Fortran 77, 90 and 95 standards completely, parts of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, and several vendor extensions. The development goal is to provide the following features: * Read a user's program, stored in a file and containing instructions written in Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 or Fortran 2008. This file contains "source code". * Translate the user's program into instructions a computer can carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the instructions in the first place. The result after compilation of a program is "machine code", code designed to be efficiently translated and processed by a machine such as your computer. Humans usually are not as good writing machine code as they are at writing Fortran (or C++, Ada, or Java), because it is easy to make tiny mistakes writing machine code. * Provide the user with information about the reasons why the compiler is unable to create a binary from the source code. Usually this will be the case if the source code is flawed. The Fortran 90 standard requires that the compiler can point out mistakes to the user. An incorrect usage of the language causes an "error message". The compiler will also attempt to diagnose cases where the user's program contains a correct usage of the language, but instructs the computer to do something questionable. This kind of diagnostics message is called a "warning message". * Provide optional information about the translation passes from the source code to machine code. This can help a user of the compiler to find the cause of certain bugs which may not be obvious in the source code, but may be more easily found at a lower level compiler output. It also helps developers to find bugs in the compiler itself. * Provide information in the generated machine code that can make it easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging tool, called a "debugger", such as the GNU Debugger `gdb'). * Locate and gather machine code already generated to perform actions requested by statements in the user's program. This machine code is organized into "modules" and is located and "linked" to the user program. The GNU Fortran compiler consists of several components: * A version of the `gcc' command (which also might be installed as the system's `cc' command) that also understands and accepts Fortran source code. The `gcc' command is the "driver" program for all the languages in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC); With `gcc', you can compile the source code of any language for which a front end is available in GCC. * The `gfortran' command itself, which also might be installed as the system's `f95' command. `gfortran' is just another driver program, but specifically for the Fortran compiler only. The difference with `gcc' is that `gfortran' will automatically link the correct libraries to your program. * A collection of run-time libraries. These libraries contain the machine code needed to support capabilities of the Fortran language that are not directly provided by the machine code generated by the `gfortran' compilation phase, such as intrinsic functions and subroutines, and routines for interaction with files and the operating system. * The Fortran compiler itself, (`f951'). This is the GNU Fortran parser and code generator, linked to and interfaced with the GCC backend library. `f951' "translates" the source code to assembler code. You would typically not use this program directly; instead, the `gcc' or `gfortran' driver programs will call it for you.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and GCC, Next: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Prev: About GNU Fortran, Up: Introduction 1.2 GNU Fortran and GCC ======================= GNU Fortran is a part of GCC, the "GNU Compiler Collection". GCC consists of a collection of front ends for various languages, which translate the source code into a language-independent form called "GENERIC". This is then processed by a common middle end which provides optimization, and then passed to one of a collection of back ends which generate code for different computer architectures and operating systems. Functionally, this is implemented with a driver program (`gcc') which provides the command-line interface for the compiler. It calls the relevant compiler front-end program (e.g., `f951' for Fortran) for each file in the source code, and then calls the assembler and linker as appropriate to produce the compiled output. In a copy of GCC which has been compiled with Fortran language support enabled, `gcc' will recognize files with `.f', `.for', `.ftn', `.f90', `.f95', `.f03' and `.f08' extensions as Fortran source code, and compile it accordingly. A `gfortran' driver program is also provided, which is identical to `gcc' except that it automatically links the Fortran runtime libraries into the compiled program. Source files with `.f', `.for', `.fpp', `.ftn', `.F', `.FOR', `.FPP', and `.FTN' extensions are treated as fixed form. Source files with `.f90', `.f95', `.f03', `.f08', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' and `.F08' extensions are treated as free form. The capitalized versions of either form are run through preprocessing. Source files with the lower case `.fpp' extension are also run through preprocessing. This manual specifically documents the Fortran front end, which handles the programming language's syntax and semantics. The aspects of GCC which relate to the optimization passes and the back-end code generation are documented in the GCC manual; see *note Introduction: (gcc)Top. The two manuals together provide a complete reference for the GNU Fortran compiler.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Next: GNU Fortran and G77, Prev: GNU Fortran and GCC, Up: Introduction 1.3 Preprocessing and conditional compilation ============================================= Many Fortran compilers including GNU Fortran allow passing the source code through a C preprocessor (CPP; sometimes also called the Fortran preprocessor, FPP) to allow for conditional compilation. In the case of GNU Fortran, this is the GNU C Preprocessor in the traditional mode. On systems with case-preserving file names, the preprocessor is automatically invoked if the filename extension is `.F', `.FOR', `.FTN', `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. To manually invoke the preprocessor on any file, use `-cpp', to disable preprocessing on files where the preprocessor is run automatically, use `-nocpp'. If a preprocessed file includes another file with the Fortran `INCLUDE' statement, the included file is not preprocessed. To preprocess included files, use the equivalent preprocessor statement `#include'. If GNU Fortran invokes the preprocessor, `__GFORTRAN__' is defined and `__GNUC__', `__GNUC_MINOR__' and `__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__' can be used to determine the version of the compiler. See *note Overview: (cpp)Top. for details. While CPP is the de-facto standard for preprocessing Fortran code, Part 3 of the Fortran 95 standard (ISO/IEC 1539-3:1998) defines Conditional Compilation, which is not widely used and not directly supported by the GNU Fortran compiler. You can use the program coco to preprocess such files (`http://www.daniellnagle.com/coco.html').  File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran and G77, Next: Project Status, Prev: Preprocessing and conditional compilation, Up: Introduction 1.4 GNU Fortran and G77 ======================= The GNU Fortran compiler is the successor to `g77', the Fortran 77 front end included in GCC prior to version 4. It is an entirely new program that has been designed to provide Fortran 95 support and extensibility for future Fortran language standards, as well as providing backwards compatibility for Fortran 77 and nearly all of the GNU language extensions supported by `g77'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Project Status, Next: Standards, Prev: GNU Fortran and G77, Up: Introduction 1.5 Project Status ================== As soon as `gfortran' can parse all of the statements correctly, it will be in the "larva" state. When we generate code, the "puppa" state. When `gfortran' is done, we'll see if it will be a beautiful butterfly, or just a big bug.... -Andy Vaught, April 2000 The start of the GNU Fortran 95 project was announced on the GCC homepage in March 18, 2000 (even though Andy had already been working on it for a while, of course). The GNU Fortran compiler is able to compile nearly all standard-compliant Fortran 95, Fortran 90, and Fortran 77 programs, including a number of standard and non-standard extensions, and can be used on real-world programs. In particular, the supported extensions include OpenMP, Cray-style pointers, and several Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 features, including TR 15581. However, it is still under development and has a few remaining rough edges. At present, the GNU Fortran compiler passes the NIST Fortran 77 Test Suite (http://www.fortran-2000.com/ArnaudRecipes/fcvs21_f95.html), and produces acceptable results on the LAPACK Test Suite (http://www.netlib.org/lapack/faq.html#1.21). It also provides respectable performance on the Polyhedron Fortran compiler benchmarks (http://www.polyhedron.com/pb05.html) and the Livermore Fortran Kernels test (http://www.llnl.gov/asci_benchmarks/asci/limited/lfk/README.html). It has been used to compile a number of large real-world programs, including the HIRLAM weather-forecasting code (http://mysite.verizon.net/serveall/moene.pdf) and the Tonto quantum chemistry package (http://www.theochem.uwa.edu.au/tonto/); see `http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GfortranApps' for an extended list. Among other things, the GNU Fortran compiler is intended as a replacement for G77. At this point, nearly all programs that could be compiled with G77 can be compiled with GNU Fortran, although there are a few minor known regressions. The primary work remaining to be done on GNU Fortran falls into three categories: bug fixing (primarily regarding the treatment of invalid code and providing useful error messages), improving the compiler optimizations and the performance of compiled code, and extending the compiler to support future standards--in particular, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Standards, Prev: Project Status, Up: Introduction 1.6 Standards ============= * Menu: * Varying Length Character Strings:: The GNU Fortran compiler implements ISO/IEC 1539:1997 (Fortran 95). As such, it can also compile essentially all standard-compliant Fortran 90 and Fortran 77 programs. It also supports the ISO/IEC TR-15581 enhancements to allocatable arrays. In the future, the GNU Fortran compiler will also support ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004 (Fortran 2003), ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Fortran 2008) and future Fortran standards. Partial support of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standard is already provided; the current status of the support is reported in the *note Fortran 2003 status:: and *note Fortran 2008 status:: sections of the documentation. Additionally, the GNU Fortran compilers supports the OpenMP specification (version 3.1, `http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-specifications/').  File: gfortran.info, Node: Varying Length Character Strings, Up: Standards 1.6.1 Varying Length Character Strings -------------------------------------- The Fortran 95 standard specifies in Part 2 (ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000) varying length character strings. While GNU Fortran currently does not support such strings directly, there exist two Fortran implementations for them, which work with GNU Fortran. They can be found at `http://www.fortran.com/iso_varying_string.f95' and at `ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/ISO_VARYING_STRING/'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Invoking GNU Fortran, Next: Runtime, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top 2 GNU Fortran Command Options ***************************** The `gfortran' command supports all the options supported by the `gcc' command. Only options specific to GNU Fortran are documented here. *Note GCC Command Options: (gcc)Invoking GCC, for information on the non-Fortran-specific aspects of the `gcc' command (and, therefore, the `gfortran' command). All GCC and GNU Fortran options are accepted both by `gfortran' and by `gcc' (as well as any other drivers built at the same time, such as `g++'), since adding GNU Fortran to the GCC distribution enables acceptance of GNU Fortran options by all of the relevant drivers. In some cases, options have positive and negative forms; the negative form of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever one is not the default. * Menu: * Option Summary:: Brief list of all `gfortran' options, without explanations. * Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language compiled. * Preprocessing Options:: Enable and customize preprocessing. * Error and Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? * Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. * Directory Options:: Where to find module files * Link Options :: Influencing the linking step * Runtime Options:: Influencing runtime behavior * Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout and register usage. * Environment Variables:: Environment variables that affect `gfortran'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.1 Option summary ================== Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped by type. Explanations are in the following sections. _Fortran Language Options_ *Note Options controlling Fortran dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. -fall-intrinsics -fbackslash -fcray-pointer -fd-lines-as-code -fd-lines-as-comments -fdefault-double-8 -fdefault-integer-8 -fdefault-real-8 -fdollar-ok -ffixed-line-length-N -ffixed-line-length-none -ffree-form -ffree-line-length-N -ffree-line-length-none -fimplicit-none -finteger-4-integer-8 -fmax-identifier-length -fmodule-private -fno-fixed-form -fno-range-check -fopenmp -freal-4-real-10 -freal-4-real-16 -freal-4-real-8 -freal-8-real-10 -freal-8-real-16 -freal-8-real-4 -std=STD _Preprocessing Options_ *Note Enable and customize preprocessing: Preprocessing Options. -A-QUESTION[=ANSWER] -AQUESTION=ANSWER -C -CC -DMACRO[=DEFN] -H -P -UMACRO -cpp -dD -dI -dM -dN -dU -fworking-directory -imultilib DIR -iprefix FILE -iquote -isysroot DIR -isystem DIR -nocpp -nostdinc -undef _Error and Warning Options_ *Note Options to request or suppress errors and warnings: Error and Warning Options. -Waliasing -Wall -Wampersand -Warray-bounds -Wcharacter-truncation -Wconversion -Wfunction-elimination -Wimplicit-interface -Wimplicit-procedure -Wintrinsic-shadow -Wintrinsics-std -Wline-truncation -Wno-align-commons -Wno-tabs -Wreal-q-constant -Wsurprising -Wunderflow -Wunused-parameter -fmax-errors=N -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors _Debugging Options_ *Note Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran: Debugging Options. -fbacktrace -fdump-fortran-optimized -fdump-fortran-original -fdump-parse-tree -ffpe-trap=LIST _Directory Options_ *Note Options for directory search: Directory Options. -IDIR -JDIR -fintrinsic-modules-path DIR _Link Options_ *Note Options for influencing the linking step: Link Options. -static-libgfortran _Runtime Options_ *Note Options for influencing runtime behavior: Runtime Options. -fconvert=CONVERSION -fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH -fno-range-check -frecord-marker=LENGTH -fsign-zero _Code Generation Options_ *Note Options for code generation conventions: Code Gen Options. -faggressive-function-elimination -fblas-matmul-limit=N -fbounds-check -fcheck-array-temporaries -fcheck= -fcoarray= -fexternal-blas -ff2c -ffrontend-optimize -finit-character=N -finit-integer=N -finit-local-zero -finit-logical= -finit-real= -fmax-array-constructor=N -fmax-stack-var-size=N -fno-align-commons -fno-automatic -fno-protect-parens -fno-underscoring -fno-whole-file -fsecond-underscore -fpack-derived -frealloc-lhs -frecursive -frepack-arrays -fshort-enums -fstack-arrays  File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran Dialect Options, Next: Preprocessing Options, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.2 Options controlling Fortran dialect ======================================= The following options control the details of the Fortran dialect accepted by the compiler: `-ffree-form' `-ffixed-form' Specify the layout used by the source file. The free form layout was introduced in Fortran 90. Fixed form was traditionally used in older Fortran programs. When neither option is specified, the source form is determined by the file extension. `-fall-intrinsics' This option causes all intrinsic procedures (including the GNU-specific extensions) to be accepted. This can be useful with `-std=f95' to force standard-compliance but get access to the full range of intrinsics available with `gfortran'. As a consequence, `-Wintrinsics-std' will be ignored and no user-defined procedure with the same name as any intrinsic will be called except when it is explicitly declared `EXTERNAL'. `-fd-lines-as-code' `-fd-lines-as-comments' Enable special treatment for lines beginning with `d' or `D' in fixed form sources. If the `-fd-lines-as-code' option is given they are treated as if the first column contained a blank. If the `-fd-lines-as-comments' option is given, they are treated as comment lines. `-fdefault-double-8' Set the `DOUBLE PRECISION' type to an 8 byte wide type. If `-fdefault-real-8' is given, `DOUBLE PRECISION' would instead be promoted to 16 bytes if possible, and `-fdefault-double-8' can be used to prevent this. The kind of real constants like `1.d0' will not be changed by `-fdefault-real-8' though, so also `-fdefault-double-8' does not affect it. `-fdefault-integer-8' Set the default integer and logical types to an 8 byte wide type. Do nothing if this is already the default. This option also affects the kind of integer constants like `42'. `-fdefault-real-8' Set the default real type to an 8 byte wide type. Do nothing if this is already the default. This option also affects the kind of non-double real constants like `1.0', and does promote the default width of `DOUBLE PRECISION' to 16 bytes if possible, unless `-fdefault-double-8' is given, too. `-fdollar-ok' Allow `$' as a valid non-first character in a symbol name. Symbols that start with `$' are rejected since it is unclear which rules to apply to implicit typing as different vendors implement different rules. Using `$' in `IMPLICIT' statements is also rejected. `-fbackslash' Change the interpretation of backslashes in string literals from a single backslash character to "C-style" escape characters. The following combinations are expanded `\a', `\b', `\f', `\n', `\r', `\t', `\v', `\\', and `\0' to the ASCII characters alert, backspace, form feed, newline, carriage return, horizontal tab, vertical tab, backslash, and NUL, respectively. Additionally, `\x'NN, `\u'NNNN and `\U'NNNNNNNN (where each N is a hexadecimal digit) are translated into the Unicode characters corresponding to the specified code points. All other combinations of a character preceded by \ are unexpanded. `-fmodule-private' Set the default accessibility of module entities to `PRIVATE'. Use-associated entities will not be accessible unless they are explicitly declared as `PUBLIC'. `-ffixed-line-length-N' Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines. Popular values for N include 72 (the standard and the default), 80 (card image), and 132 (corresponding to "extended-source" options in some popular compilers). N may also be `none', meaning that the entire line is meaningful and that continued character constants never have implicit spaces appended to them to fill out the line. `-ffixed-line-length-0' means the same thing as `-ffixed-line-length-none'. `-ffree-line-length-N' Set column after which characters are ignored in typical free-form lines in the source file. The default value is 132. N may be `none', meaning that the entire line is meaningful. `-ffree-line-length-0' means the same thing as `-ffree-line-length-none'. `-fmax-identifier-length=N' Specify the maximum allowed identifier length. Typical values are 31 (Fortran 95) and 63 (Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008). `-fimplicit-none' Specify that no implicit typing is allowed, unless overridden by explicit `IMPLICIT' statements. This is the equivalent of adding `implicit none' to the start of every procedure. `-finteger-4-integer-8' Promote all `INTEGER(KIND=4)' entities to an `INTEGER(KIND=8)' entities. If `KIND=8' is unavailable, then an error will be issued. This option should be used with care and may not be suitable for your codes. Areas of possible concern include calls to external procedures, alignment in `EQUIVALENCE' and/or `COMMON', generic interfaces, BOZ literal constant conversion, and I/O. Inspection of the intermediate representation of the translated Fortran code, produced by `-fdump-tree-original', is suggested. `-fcray-pointer' Enable the Cray pointer extension, which provides C-like pointer functionality. `-fopenmp' Enable the OpenMP extensions. This includes OpenMP `!$omp' directives in free form and `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp' directives in fixed form, `!$' conditional compilation sentinels in free form and `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, and when linking arranges for the OpenMP runtime library to be linked in. The option `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive'. `-fno-range-check' Disable range checking on results of simplification of constant expressions during compilation. For example, GNU Fortran will give an error at compile time when simplifying `a = 1. / 0'. With this option, no error will be given and `a' will be assigned the value `+Infinity'. If an expression evaluates to a value outside of the relevant range of [`-HUGE()':`HUGE()'], then the expression will be replaced by `-Inf' or `+Inf' as appropriate. Similarly, `DATA i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will result in an integer overflow on most systems, but with `-fno-range-check' the value will "wrap around" and `i' will be initialized to -1 instead. `-freal-4-real-8' `-freal-4-real-10' `-freal-8-real-4' `-freal-8-real-10' `-freal-8-real-16' Promote all `REAL(KIND=M)' entities to `REAL(KIND=N)' entities. If `REAL(KIND=N)' is unavailable, then an error will be issued. All other real kind types are unaffected by this option. These options should be used with care and may not be suitable for your codes. Areas of possible concern include calls to external procedures, alignment in `EQUIVALENCE' and/or `COMMON', generic interfaces, BOZ literal constant conversion, and I/O. Inspection of the intermediate representation of the translated Fortran code, produced by `-fdump-tree-original', is suggested. `-std=STD' Specify the standard to which the program is expected to conform, which may be one of `f95', `f2003', `f2008', `gnu', or `legacy'. The default value for STD is `gnu', which specifies a superset of the Fortran 95 standard that includes all of the extensions supported by GNU Fortran, although warnings will be given for obsolete extensions not recommended for use in new code. The `legacy' value is equivalent but without the warnings for obsolete extensions, and may be useful for old non-standard programs. The `f95', `f2003' and `f2008' values specify strict conformance to the Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, respectively; errors are given for all extensions beyond the relevant language standard, and warnings are given for the Fortran 77 features that are permitted but obsolescent in later standards. `-std=f2008ts' allows the Fortran 2008 standard including the additions of the Technical Specification (TS) 29113 on Further Interoperability of Fortran with C.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Preprocessing Options, Next: Error and Warning Options, Prev: Fortran Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.3 Enable and customize preprocessing ====================================== Preprocessor related options. See section *note Preprocessing and conditional compilation:: for more detailed information on preprocessing in `gfortran'. `-cpp' `-nocpp' Enable preprocessing. The preprocessor is automatically invoked if the file extension is `.fpp', `.FPP', `.F', `.FOR', `.FTN', `.F90', `.F95', `.F03' or `.F08'. Use this option to manually enable preprocessing of any kind of Fortran file. To disable preprocessing of files with any of the above listed extensions, use the negative form: `-nocpp'. The preprocessor is run in traditional mode. Any restrictions of the file-format, especially the limits on line length, apply for preprocessed output as well, so it might be advisable to use the `-ffree-line-length-none' or `-ffixed-line-length-none' options. `-dM' Instead of the normal output, generate a list of `'#define'' directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor. Assuming you have no file `foo.f90', the command touch foo.f90; gfortran -cpp -E -dM foo.f90 will show all the predefined macros. `-dD' Like `-dM' except in two respects: it does not include the predefined macros, and it outputs both the `#define' directives and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the standard output file. `-dN' Like `-dD', but emit only the macro names, not their expansions. `-dU' Like `dD' except that only macros that are expanded, or whose definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output; the output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and `'#undef'' directives are also output for macros tested but undefined at the time. `-dI' Output `'#include'' directives in addition to the result of preprocessing. `-fworking-directory' Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that will let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the current working directory followed by two slashes. GCC will use this directory, when it is present in the preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current working directory in some debugging information formats. This option is implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with the negated form `-fno-working-directory'. If the `-P' flag is present in the command line, this option has no effect, since no `#line' directives are emitted whatsoever. `-idirafter DIR' Search DIR for include files, but do it after all directories specified with `-I' and the standard system directories have been exhausted. DIR is treated as a system include directory. If dir begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'. `-imultilib DIR' Use DIR as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-specific C++ headers. `-iprefix PREFIX' Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix' options. If the PREFIX represents a directory, you should include the final `'/''. `-isysroot DIR' This option is like the `--sysroot' option, but applies only to header files. See the `--sysroot' option for more information. `-iquote DIR' Search DIR only for header files requested with `#include "file"'; they are not searched for `#include ', before all directories specified by `-I' and before the standard system directories. If DIR begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'. `-isystem DIR' Search DIR for header files, after all directories specified by `-I' but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is applied to the standard system directories. If DIR begins with `=', then the `=' will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see `--sysroot' and `-isysroot'. `-nostdinc' Do not search the standard system directories for header files. Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched. `-undef' Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The standard predefined macros remain defined. `-APREDICATE=ANSWER' Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER. This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer), which is still supported, because it does not use shell special characters. `-A-PREDICATE=ANSWER' Cancel an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER. `-C' Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are deleted along with the directive. You should be prepared for side effects when using `-C'; it causes the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right. For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a directive line have the effect of turning that line into an ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no longer a `'#''. Warning: this currently handles C-Style comments only. The preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments. `-CC' Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is like `-C', except that comments contained within macros are also passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded. In addition to the side-effects of the `-C' option, the `-CC' option causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line. The `-CC' option is generally used to support lint comments. Warning: this currently handles C- and C++-Style comments only. The preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments. `-DNAME' Predefine name as a macro, with definition `1'. `-DNAME=DEFINITION' The contents of DEFINITION are tokenized and processed as if they appeared during translation phase three in a `'#define'' directive. In particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline characters. If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax. If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line, write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, so you will need to quote the option. With sh and csh, `-D'name(args...)=definition'' works. `-D' and `-U' options are processed in the order they are given on the command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are processed after all -D and -U options. `-H' Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the `'#include'' stack it is. `-P' Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the linemarkers. `-UNAME' Cancel any previous definition of NAME, either built in or provided with a `-D' option.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Error and Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: Preprocessing Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.4 Options to request or suppress errors and warnings ====================================================== Errors are diagnostic messages that report that the GNU Fortran compiler cannot compile the relevant piece of source code. The compiler will continue to process the program in an attempt to report further errors to aid in debugging, but will not produce any compiled output. Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there is likely to be a bug in the program. Unless `-Werror' is specified, they do not prevent compilation of the program. You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W', for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'. This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default. These options control the amount and kinds of errors and warnings produced by GNU Fortran: `-fmax-errors=N' Limits the maximum number of error messages to N, at which point GNU Fortran bails out rather than attempting to continue processing the source code. If N is 0, there is no limit on the number of error messages produced. `-fsyntax-only' Check the code for syntax errors, but do not actually compile it. This will generate module files for each module present in the code, but no other output file. `-pedantic' Issue warnings for uses of extensions to Fortran 95. `-pedantic' also applies to C-language constructs where they occur in GNU Fortran source files, such as use of `\e' in a character constant within a directive like `#include'. Valid Fortran 95 programs should compile properly with or without this option. However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional Fortran features are supported as well. With this option, many of them are rejected. Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they want--it finds some nonstandard practices, but not all. However, improvements to GNU Fortran in this area are welcome. This should be used in conjunction with `-std=f95', `-std=f2003' or `-std=f2008'. `-pedantic-errors' Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than warnings. `-Wall' Enables commonly used warning options pertaining to usage that we recommend avoiding and that we believe are easy to avoid. This currently includes `-Waliasing', `-Wampersand', `-Wconversion', `-Wsurprising', `-Wintrinsics-std', `-Wno-tabs', `-Wintrinsic-shadow', `-Wline-truncation', `-Wreal-q-constant' and `-Wunused'. `-Waliasing' Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. Specifically, it warns if the same actual argument is associated with a dummy argument with `INTENT(IN)' and a dummy argument with `INTENT(OUT)' in a call with an explicit interface. The following example will trigger the warning. interface subroutine bar(a,b) integer, intent(in) :: a integer, intent(out) :: b end subroutine end interface integer :: a call bar(a,a) `-Wampersand' Warn about missing ampersand in continued character constants. The warning is given with `-Wampersand', `-pedantic', `-std=f95', `-std=f2003' and `-std=f2008'. Note: With no ampersand given in a continued character constant, GNU Fortran assumes continuation at the first non-comment, non-whitespace character after the ampersand that initiated the continuation. `-Warray-temporaries' Warn about array temporaries generated by the compiler. The information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries. `-Wcharacter-truncation' Warn when a character assignment will truncate the assigned string. `-Wline-truncation' Warn when a source code line will be truncated. `-Wconversion' Warn about implicit conversions that are likely to change the value of the expression after conversion. Implied by `-Wall'. `-Wconversion-extra' Warn about implicit conversions between different types and kinds. `-Wimplicit-interface' Warn if a procedure is called without an explicit interface. Note this only checks that an explicit interface is present. It does not check that the declared interfaces are consistent across program units. `-Wimplicit-procedure' Warn if a procedure is called that has neither an explicit interface nor has been declared as `EXTERNAL'. `-Wintrinsics-std' Warn if `gfortran' finds a procedure named like an intrinsic not available in the currently selected standard (with `-std') and treats it as `EXTERNAL' procedure because of this. `-fall-intrinsics' can be used to never trigger this behavior and always link to the intrinsic regardless of the selected standard. `-Wreal-q-constant' Produce a warning if a real-literal-constant contains a `q' exponent-letter. `-Wsurprising' Produce a warning when "suspicious" code constructs are encountered. While technically legal these usually indicate that an error has been made. This currently produces a warning under the following circumstances: * An INTEGER SELECT construct has a CASE that can never be matched as its lower value is greater than its upper value. * A LOGICAL SELECT construct has three CASE statements. * A TRANSFER specifies a source that is shorter than the destination. * The type of a function result is declared more than once with the same type. If `-pedantic' or standard-conforming mode is enabled, this is an error. * A `CHARACTER' variable is declared with negative length. `-Wtabs' By default, tabs are accepted as whitespace, but tabs are not members of the Fortran Character Set. For continuation lines, a tab followed by a digit between 1 and 9 is supported. `-Wno-tabs' will cause a warning to be issued if a tab is encountered. Note, `-Wno-tabs' is active for `-pedantic', `-std=f95', `-std=f2003', `-std=f2008' and `-Wall'. `-Wunderflow' Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are encountered, which yield an UNDERFLOW during compilation. `-Wintrinsic-shadow' Warn if a user-defined procedure or module procedure has the same name as an intrinsic; in this case, an explicit interface or `EXTERNAL' or `INTRINSIC' declaration might be needed to get calls later resolved to the desired intrinsic/procedure. `-Wunused-dummy-argument' Warn about unused dummy arguments. This option is implied by `-Wall'. `-Wunused-parameter' Contrary to `gcc''s meaning of `-Wunused-parameter', `gfortran''s implementation of this option does not warn about unused dummy arguments (see `-Wunused-dummy-argument'), but about unused `PARAMETER' values. `-Wunused-parameter' is not included in `-Wall' but is implied by `-Wall -Wextra'. `-Walign-commons' By default, `gfortran' warns about any occasion of variables being padded for proper alignment inside a `COMMON' block. This warning can be turned off via `-Wno-align-commons'. See also `-falign-commons'. `-Wfunction-elimination' Warn if any calls to functions are eliminated by the optimizations enabled by the `-ffrontend-optimize' option. `-Werror' Turns all warnings into errors. *Note Options to Request or Suppress Errors and Warnings: (gcc)Warning Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by `gfortran', `gcc' and other GNU compilers. Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in Fortran.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Error and Warning Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.5 Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran ===================================================== GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging either your program or the GNU Fortran compiler. `-fdump-fortran-original' Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program into internal representation. Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself. `-fdump-optimized-tree' Output the parse tree after front-end optimization. Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself. Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program into internal representation. Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself. This option is deprecated; use `-fdump-fortran-original' instead. `-ffpe-trap=LIST' Specify a list of floating point exception traps to enable. On most systems, if a floating point exception occurs and the trap for that exception is enabled, a SIGFPE signal will be sent and the program being aborted, producing a core file useful for debugging. LIST is a (possibly empty) comma-separated list of the following exceptions: `invalid' (invalid floating point operation, such as `SQRT(-1.0)'), `zero' (division by zero), `overflow' (overflow in a floating point operation), `underflow' (underflow in a floating point operation), `inexact' (loss of precision during operation), and `denormal' (operation performed on a denormal value). The first five exceptions correspond to the five IEEE 754 exceptions, whereas the last one (`denormal') is not part of the IEEE 754 standard but is available on some common architectures such as x86. The first three exceptions (`invalid', `zero', and `overflow') often indicate serious errors, and unless the program has provisions for dealing with these exceptions, enabling traps for these three exceptions is probably a good idea. Many, if not most, floating point operations incur loss of precision due to rounding, and hence the `ffpe-trap=inexact' is likely to be uninteresting in practice. By default no exception traps are enabled. `-fno-backtrace' When a serious runtime error is encountered or a deadly signal is emitted (segmentation fault, illegal instruction, bus error, floating-point exception, and the other POSIX signals that have the action `core'), the Fortran runtime library tries to output a backtrace of the error. `-fno-backtrace' disables the backtrace generation. This option only has influence for compilation of the Fortran main program. *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: (gcc)Debugging Options, for more information on debugging options.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Link Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.6 Options for directory search ================================ These options affect how GNU Fortran searches for files specified by the `INCLUDE' directive and where it searches for previously compiled modules. It also affects the search paths used by `cpp' when used to preprocess Fortran source. `-IDIR' These affect interpretation of the `INCLUDE' directive (as well as of the `#include' directive of the `cpp' preprocessor). Also note that the general behavior of `-I' and `INCLUDE' is pretty much the same as of `-I' with `#include' in the `cpp' preprocessor, with regard to looking for `header.gcc' files and other such things. This path is also used to search for `.mod' files when previously compiled modules are required by a `USE' statement. *Note Options for Directory Search: (gcc)Directory Options, for information on the `-I' option. `-JDIR' This option specifies where to put `.mod' files for compiled modules. It is also added to the list of directories to searched by an `USE' statement. The default is the current directory. `-fintrinsic-modules-path DIR' This option specifies the location of pre-compiled intrinsic modules, if they are not in the default location expected by the compiler.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Link Options, Next: Runtime Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.7 Influencing the linking step ================================ These options come into play when the compiler links object files into an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not doing a link step. `-static-libgfortran' On systems that provide `libgfortran' as a shared and a static library, this option forces the use of the static version. If no shared version of `libgfortran' was built when the compiler was configured, this option has no effect.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Link Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.8 Influencing runtime behavior ================================ These options affect the runtime behavior of programs compiled with GNU Fortran. `-fconvert=CONVERSION' Specify the representation of data for unformatted files. Valid values for conversion are: `native', the default; `swap', swap between big- and little-endian; `big-endian', use big-endian representation for unformatted files; `little-endian', use little-endian representation for unformatted files. _This option has an effect only when used in the main program. The `CONVERT' specifier and the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT environment variable override the default specified by `-fconvert'._ `-fno-range-check' Disable range checking of input values during integer `READ' operations. For example, GNU Fortran will give an error if an input value is outside of the relevant range of [`-HUGE()':`HUGE()']. In other words, with `INTEGER (kind=4) :: i' , attempting to read -2147483648 will give an error unless `-fno-range-check' is given. `-frecord-marker=LENGTH' Specify the length of record markers for unformatted files. Valid values for LENGTH are 4 and 8. Default is 4. _This is different from previous versions of `gfortran'_, which specified a default record marker length of 8 on most systems. If you want to read or write files compatible with earlier versions of `gfortran', use `-frecord-marker=8'. `-fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH' Specify the maximum length for a subrecord. The maximum permitted value for length is 2147483639, which is also the default. Only really useful for use by the gfortran testsuite. `-fsign-zero' When enabled, floating point numbers of value zero with the sign bit set are written as negative number in formatted output and treated as negative in the `SIGN' intrinsic. `-fno-sign-zero' does not print the negative sign of zero values (or values rounded to zero for I/O) and regards zero as positive number in the `SIGN' intrinsic for compatibility with Fortran 77. The default is `-fsign-zero'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Code Gen Options, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Runtime Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.9 Options for code generation conventions =========================================== These machine-independent options control the interface conventions used in code generation. Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it. `-fno-automatic' Treat each program unit (except those marked as RECURSIVE) as if the `SAVE' statement were specified for every local variable and array referenced in it. Does not affect common blocks. (Some Fortran compilers provide this option under the name `-static' or `-save'.) The default, which is `-fautomatic', uses the stack for local variables smaller than the value given by `-fmax-stack-var-size'. Use the option `-frecursive' to use no static memory. `-ff2c' Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated by `g77' and `f2c'. The calling conventions used by `g77' (originally implemented in `f2c') require functions that return type default `REAL' to actually return the C type `double', and functions that return type `COMPLEX' to return the values via an extra argument in the calling sequence that points to where to store the return value. Under the default GNU calling conventions, such functions simply return their results as they would in GNU C--default `REAL' functions return the C type `float', and `COMPLEX' functions return the GNU C type `complex'. Additionally, this option implies the `-fsecond-underscore' option, unless `-fno-second-underscore' is explicitly requested. This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with the `libgfortran' library. _Caution:_ It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled with `-ff2c' with code compiled with the default `-fno-f2c' calling conventions as, calling `COMPLEX' or default `REAL' functions between program parts which were compiled with different calling conventions will break at execution time. _Caution:_ This will break code which passes intrinsic functions of type default `REAL' or `COMPLEX' as actual arguments, as the library implementations use the `-fno-f2c' calling conventions. `-fno-underscoring' Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source file by appending underscores to them. With `-funderscoring' in effect, GNU Fortran appends one underscore to external names with no underscores. This is done to ensure compatibility with code produced by many UNIX Fortran compilers. _Caution_: The default behavior of GNU Fortran is incompatible with `f2c' and `g77', please use the `-ff2c' option if you want object files compiled with GNU Fortran to be compatible with object code created with these tools. Use of `-fno-underscoring' is not recommended unless you are experimenting with issues such as integration of GNU Fortran into existing system environments (vis-a`-vis existing libraries, tools, and so on). For example, with `-funderscoring', and assuming other defaults like `-fcase-lower' and that `j()' and `max_count()' are external functions while `my_var' and `lvar' are local variables, a statement like I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR) is implemented as something akin to: i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar); With `-fno-underscoring', the same statement is implemented as: i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar); Use of `-fno-underscoring' allows direct specification of user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing GNU Fortran code with other languages. Note that just because the names match does _not_ mean that the interface implemented by GNU Fortran for an external name matches the interface implemented by some other language for that same name. That is, getting code produced by GNU Fortran to link to code produced by some other compiler using this or any other method can be only a small part of the overall solution--getting the code generated by both compilers to agree on issues other than naming can require significant effort, and, unlike naming disagreements, linkers normally cannot detect disagreements in these other areas. Also, note that with `-fno-underscoring', the lack of appended underscores introduces the very real possibility that a user-defined external name will conflict with a name in a system library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite difficult in some cases--they might occur at program run time, and show up only as buggy behavior at run time. In future versions of GNU Fortran we hope to improve naming and linking issues so that debugging always involves using the names as they appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the linker are mangled to prevent accidental linking between procedures with incompatible interfaces. `-fno-whole-file' This flag causes the compiler to resolve and translate each procedure in a file separately. By default, the whole file is parsed and placed in a single front-end tree. During resolution, in addition to all the usual checks and fixups, references to external procedures that are in the same file effect resolution of that procedure, if not already done, and a check of the interfaces. The dependences are resolved by changing the order in which the file is translated into the backend tree. Thus, a procedure that is referenced is translated before the reference and the duplication of backend tree declarations eliminated. The `-fno-whole-file' option is deprecated and may lead to wrong code. `-fsecond-underscore' By default, GNU Fortran appends an underscore to external names. If this option is used GNU Fortran appends two underscores to names with underscores and one underscore to external names with no underscores. GNU Fortran also appends two underscores to internal names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with external names. This option has no effect if `-fno-underscoring' is in effect. It is implied by the `-ff2c' option. Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as `MAX_COUNT' is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol `max_count__', instead of `max_count_'. This is required for compatibility with `g77' and `f2c', and is implied by use of the `-ff2c' option. `-fcoarray=' `none' Disable coarray support; using coarray declarations and image-control statements will produce a compile-time error. (Default) `single' Single-image mode, i.e. `num_images()' is always one. `lib' Library-based coarray parallelization; a suitable GNU Fortran coarray library needs to be linked. `-fcheck=' Enable the generation of run-time checks; the argument shall be a comma-delimited list of the following keywords. `all' Enable all run-time test of `-fcheck'. `array-temps' Warns at run time when for passing an actual argument a temporary array had to be generated. The information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries. Note: The warning is only printed once per location. `bounds' Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts and against the declared minimum and maximum values. It also checks array indices for assumed and deferred shape arrays against the actual allocated bounds and ensures that all string lengths are equal for character array constructors without an explicit typespec. Some checks require that `-fcheck=bounds' is set for the compilation of the main program. Note: In the future this may also include other forms of checking, e.g., checking substring references. `do' Enable generation of run-time checks for invalid modification of loop iteration variables. `mem' Enable generation of run-time checks for memory allocation. Note: This option does not affect explicit allocations using the `ALLOCATE' statement, which will be always checked. `pointer' Enable generation of run-time checks for pointers and allocatables. `recursion' Enable generation of run-time checks for recursively called subroutines and functions which are not marked as recursive. See also `-frecursive'. Note: This check does not work for OpenMP programs and is disabled if used together with `-frecursive' and `-fopenmp'. `-fbounds-check' Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=bounds'. `-fcheck-array-temporaries' Deprecated alias for `-fcheck=array-temps'. `-fmax-array-constructor=N' This option can be used to increase the upper limit permitted in array constructors. The code below requires this option to expand the array at compile time. program test implicit none integer j integer, parameter :: n = 100000 integer, parameter :: i(n) = (/ (2*j, j = 1, n) /) print '(10(I0,1X))', i end program test _Caution: This option can lead to long compile times and excessively large object files._ The default value for N is 65535. `-fmax-stack-var-size=N' This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that will be put on the stack; if the size is exceeded static memory is used (except in procedures marked as RECURSIVE). Use the option `-frecursive' to allow for recursive procedures which do not have a RECURSIVE attribute or for parallel programs. Use `-fno-automatic' to never use the stack. This option currently only affects local arrays declared with constant bounds, and may not apply to all character variables. Future versions of GNU Fortran may improve this behavior. The default value for N is 32768. `-fstack-arrays' Adding this option will make the Fortran compiler put all local arrays, even those of unknown size onto stack memory. If your program uses very large local arrays it is possible that you will have to extend your runtime limits for stack memory on some operating systems. This flag is enabled by default at optimization level `-Ofast'. `-fpack-derived' This option tells GNU Fortran to pack derived type members as closely as possible. Code compiled with this option is likely to be incompatible with code compiled without this option, and may execute slower. `-frepack-arrays' In some circumstances GNU Fortran may pass assumed shape array sections via a descriptor describing a noncontiguous area of memory. This option adds code to the function prologue to repack the data into a contiguous block at runtime. This should result in faster accesses to the array. However it can introduce significant overhead to the function call, especially when the passed data is noncontiguous. `-fshort-enums' This option is provided for interoperability with C code that was compiled with the `-fshort-enums' option. It will make GNU Fortran choose the smallest `INTEGER' kind a given enumerator set will fit in, and give all its enumerators this kind. `-fexternal-blas' This option will make `gfortran' generate calls to BLAS functions for some matrix operations like `MATMUL', instead of using our own algorithms, if the size of the matrices involved is larger than a given limit (see `-fblas-matmul-limit'). This may be profitable if an optimized vendor BLAS library is available. The BLAS library will have to be specified at link time. `-fblas-matmul-limit=N' Only significant when `-fexternal-blas' is in effect. Matrix multiplication of matrices with size larger than (or equal to) N will be performed by calls to BLAS functions, while others will be handled by `gfortran' internal algorithms. If the matrices involved are not square, the size comparison is performed using the geometric mean of the dimensions of the argument and result matrices. The default value for N is 30. `-frecursive' Allow indirect recursion by forcing all local arrays to be allocated on the stack. This flag cannot be used together with `-fmax-stack-var-size=' or `-fno-automatic'. `-finit-local-zero' `-finit-integer=N' `-finit-real=' `-finit-logical=' `-finit-character=N' The `-finit-local-zero' option instructs the compiler to initialize local `INTEGER', `REAL', and `COMPLEX' variables to zero, `LOGICAL' variables to false, and `CHARACTER' variables to a string of null bytes. Finer-grained initialization options are provided by the `-finit-integer=N', `-finit-real=' (which also initializes the real and imaginary parts of local `COMPLEX' variables), `-finit-logical=', and `-finit-character=N' (where N is an ASCII character value) options. These options do not initialize * allocatable arrays * components of derived type variables * variables that appear in an `EQUIVALENCE' statement. (These limitations may be removed in future releases). Note that the `-finit-real=nan' option initializes `REAL' and `COMPLEX' variables with a quiet NaN. For a signalling NaN use `-finit-real=snan'; note, however, that compile-time optimizations may convert them into quiet NaN and that trapping needs to be enabled (e.g. via `-ffpe-trap'). Finally, note that enabling any of the `-finit-*' options will silence warnings that would have been emitted by `-Wuninitialized' for the affected local variables. `-falign-commons' By default, `gfortran' enforces proper alignment of all variables in a `COMMON' block by padding them as needed. On certain platforms this is mandatory, on others it increases performance. If a `COMMON' block is not declared with consistent data types everywhere, this padding can cause trouble, and `-fno-align-commons' can be used to disable automatic alignment. The same form of this option should be used for all files that share a `COMMON' block. To avoid potential alignment issues in `COMMON' blocks, it is recommended to order objects from largest to smallest. `-fno-protect-parens' By default the parentheses in expression are honored for all optimization levels such that the compiler does not do any re-association. Using `-fno-protect-parens' allows the compiler to reorder `REAL' and `COMPLEX' expressions to produce faster code. Note that for the re-association optimization `-fno-signed-zeros' and `-fno-trapping-math' need to be in effect. The parentheses protection is enabled by default, unless `-Ofast' is given. `-frealloc-lhs' An allocatable left-hand side of an intrinsic assignment is automatically (re)allocated if it is either unallocated or has a different shape. The option is enabled by default except when `-std=f95' is given. `-faggressive-function-elimination' Functions with identical argument lists are eliminated within statements, regardless of whether these functions are marked `PURE' or not. For example, in a = f(b,c) + f(b,c) there will only be a single call to `f'. This option only works if `-ffrontend-optimize' is in effect. `-ffrontend-optimize' This option performs front-end optimization, based on manipulating parts the Fortran parse tree. Enabled by default by any `-O' option. Optimizations enabled by this option include elimination of identical function calls within expressions, removing unnecessary calls to `TRIM' in comparisons and assignments and replacing `TRIM(a)' with `a(1:LEN_TRIM(a))'. It can be deselected by specifying `-fno-frontend-optimize'. *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: (gcc)Code Gen Options, for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by `gfortran', `gcc', and other GNU compilers.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Environment Variables, Prev: Code Gen Options, Up: Invoking GNU Fortran 2.10 Environment variables affecting `gfortran' =============================================== The `gfortran' compiler currently does not make use of any environment variables to control its operation above and beyond those that affect the operation of `gcc'. *Note Environment Variables Affecting GCC: (gcc)Environment Variables, for information on environment variables. *Note Runtime::, for environment variables that affect the run-time behavior of programs compiled with GNU Fortran.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Runtime, Next: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Prev: Invoking GNU Fortran, Up: Top 3 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables ******************************************************************* The behavior of the `gfortran' can be influenced by environment variables. Malformed environment variables are silently ignored. * Menu: * GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT:: Unit number for standard input * GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT:: Unit number for standard output * GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT:: Unit number for standard error * GFORTRAN_TMPDIR:: Directory for scratch files * GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL:: Do not buffer I/O for all units. * GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED:: Do not buffer I/O for preconnected units. * GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS:: Show location for runtime errors * GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS:: Print leading + where permitted * GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL:: Default record length for new files * GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR:: Separator for list output * GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT:: Set endianness for unformatted I/O * GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE:: Show backtrace on run-time errors  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime 3.1 `GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT'--Unit number for standard input ========================================================= This environment variable can be used to select the unit number preconnected to standard input. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 5.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT, Up: Runtime 3.2 `GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT'--Unit number for standard output =========================================================== This environment variable can be used to select the unit number preconnected to standard output. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 6.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT, Up: Runtime 3.3 `GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT'--Unit number for standard error ========================================================== This environment variable can be used to select the unit number preconnected to standard error. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 0.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Prev: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT, Up: Runtime 3.4 `GFORTRAN_TMPDIR'--Directory for scratch files ================================================== This environment variable controls where scratch files are created. If this environment variable is missing, GNU Fortran searches for the environment variable `TMP', then `TEMP'. If these are missing, the default is `/tmp'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Next: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Prev: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR, Up: Runtime 3.5 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL'--Do not buffer I/O on all units ============================================================= This environment variable controls whether all I/O is unbuffered. If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', all I/O is unbuffered. This will slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first letter is `n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Next: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL, Up: Runtime 3.6 `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED'--Do not buffer I/O on preconnected units =============================================================================== The environment variable named `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED' controls whether I/O on a preconnected unit (i.e. STDOUT or STDERR) is unbuffered. If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', I/O is unbuffered. This will slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first letter is `n', `N' or `0', I/O is buffered. This is the default.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Next: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Prev: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED, Up: Runtime 3.7 `GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS'--Show location for runtime errors =========================================================== If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', filename and line numbers for runtime errors are printed. If the first letter is `n', `N' or `0', do not print filename and line numbers for runtime errors. The default is to print the location.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Next: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Prev: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS, Up: Runtime 3.8 `GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS'--Print leading + where permitted ============================================================= If the first letter is `y', `Y' or `1', a plus sign is printed where permitted by the Fortran standard. If the first letter is `n', `N' or `0', a plus sign is not printed in most cases. Default is not to print plus signs.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Next: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Prev: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS, Up: Runtime 3.9 `GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL'--Default record length for new files ================================================================ This environment variable specifies the default record length, in bytes, for files which are opened without a `RECL' tag in the `OPEN' statement. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 1073741824 bytes (1 GB).  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Next: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Prev: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL, Up: Runtime 3.10 `GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR'--Separator for list output ========================================================= This environment variable specifies the separator when writing list-directed output. It may contain any number of spaces and at most one comma. If you specify this on the command line, be sure to quote spaces, as in $ GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR=' , ' ./a.out when `a.out' is the compiled Fortran program that you want to run. Default is a single space.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Next: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR, Up: Runtime 3.11 `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT'--Set endianness for unformatted I/O ================================================================ By setting the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable, it is possible to change the representation of data for unformatted files. The syntax for the `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' variable is: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT: mode | mode ';' exception | exception ; mode: 'native' | 'swap' | 'big_endian' | 'little_endian' ; exception: mode ':' unit_list | unit_list ; unit_list: unit_spec | unit_list unit_spec ; unit_spec: INTEGER | INTEGER '-' INTEGER ; The variable consists of an optional default mode, followed by a list of optional exceptions, which are separated by semicolons from the preceding default and each other. Each exception consists of a format and a comma-separated list of units. Valid values for the modes are the same as for the `CONVERT' specifier: `NATIVE' Use the native format. This is the default. `SWAP' Swap between little- and big-endian. `LITTLE_ENDIAN' Use the little-endian format for unformatted files. `BIG_ENDIAN' Use the big-endian format for unformatted files. A missing mode for an exception is taken to mean `BIG_ENDIAN'. Examples of values for `GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT' are: `'big_endian'' Do all unformatted I/O in big_endian mode. `'little_endian;native:10-20,25'' Do all unformatted I/O in little_endian mode, except for units 10 to 20 and 25, which are in native format. `'10-20'' Units 10 to 20 are big-endian, the rest is native. Setting the environment variables should be done on the command line or via the `export' command for `sh'-compatible shells and via `setenv' for `csh'-compatible shells. Example for `sh': $ gfortran foo.f90 $ GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT='big_endian;native:10-20' ./a.out Example code for `csh': % gfortran foo.f90 % setenv GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT 'big_endian;native:10-20' % ./a.out Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable. *Note CONVERT specifier::, for an alternative way to specify the data representation for unformatted files. *Note Runtime Options::, for setting a default data representation for the whole program. The `CONVERT' specifier overrides the `-fconvert' compile options. _Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do not have the source code of their program available.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE, Prev: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT, Up: Runtime 3.12 `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE'--Show backtrace on run-time errors ================================================================== If the `GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE' variable is set to `y', `Y' or `1' (only the first letter is relevant) then a backtrace is printed when a serious run-time error occurs. To disable the backtracing, set the variable to `n', `N', `0'. Default is to print a backtrace unless the `-fno-backtrace' compile option was used.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Next: Compiler Characteristics, Prev: Runtime, Up: Top 4 Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status ****************************** * Menu: * Fortran 2003 status:: * Fortran 2008 status:: * TS 29113 status::  File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2003 status, Next: Fortran 2008 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status 4.1 Fortran 2003 status ======================= GNU Fortran supports several Fortran 2003 features; an incomplete list can be found below. See also the wiki page (http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2003) about Fortran 2003. * Procedure pointers including procedure-pointer components with `PASS' attribute. * Procedures which are bound to a derived type (type-bound procedures) including `PASS', `PROCEDURE' and `GENERIC', and operators bound to a type. * Abstract interfaces and type extension with the possibility to override type-bound procedures or to have deferred binding. * Polymorphic entities ("`CLASS'") for derived types - including `SAME_TYPE_AS', `EXTENDS_TYPE_OF' and `SELECT TYPE'. Note that unlimited polymorphism is currently not supported. * Generic interface names, which have the same name as derived types, are now supported. This allows one to write constructor functions. Note that Fortran does not support static constructor functions. For static variables, only default initialization or structure-constructor initialization are available. * The `ASSOCIATE' construct. * Interoperability with C including enumerations, * In structure constructors the components with default values may be omitted. * Extensions to the `ALLOCATE' statement, allowing for a type-specification with type parameter and for allocation and initialization from a `SOURCE=' expression; `ALLOCATE' and `DEALLOCATE' optionally return an error message string via `ERRMSG='. * Reallocation on assignment: If an intrinsic assignment is used, an allocatable variable on the left-hand side is automatically allocated (if unallocated) or reallocated (if the shape is different). Currently, scalar deferred character length left-hand sides are correctly handled but arrays are not yet fully implemented. * Transferring of allocations via `MOVE_ALLOC'. * The `PRIVATE' and `PUBLIC' attributes may be given individually to derived-type components. * In pointer assignments, the lower bound may be specified and the remapping of elements is supported. * For pointers an `INTENT' may be specified which affect the association status not the value of the pointer target. * Intrinsics `command_argument_count', `get_command', `get_command_argument', and `get_environment_variable'. * Support for Unicode characters (ISO 10646) and UTF-8, including the `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND' and `NEW_LINE' intrinsic functions. * Support for binary, octal and hexadecimal (BOZ) constants in the intrinsic functions `INT', `REAL', `CMPLX' and `DBLE'. * Support for namelist variables with allocatable and pointer attribute and nonconstant length type parameter. * Array constructors using square brackets. That is, `[...]' rather than `(/.../)'. Type-specification for array constructors like `(/ some-type :: ... /)'. * Extensions to the specification and initialization expressions, including the support for intrinsics with real and complex arguments. * Support for the asynchronous input/output syntax; however, the data transfer is currently always synchronously performed. * `FLUSH' statement. * `IOMSG=' specifier for I/O statements. * Support for the declaration of enumeration constants via the `ENUM' and `ENUMERATOR' statements. Interoperability with `gcc' is guaranteed also for the case where the `-fshort-enums' command line option is given. * TR 15581: * `ALLOCATABLE' dummy arguments. * `ALLOCATABLE' function results * `ALLOCATABLE' components of derived types * The `OPEN' statement supports the `ACCESS='STREAM'' specifier, allowing I/O without any record structure. * Namelist input/output for internal files. * Further I/O extensions: Rounding during formatted output, using of a decimal comma instead of a decimal point, setting whether a plus sign should appear for positive numbers. * The `PROTECTED' statement and attribute. * The `VALUE' statement and attribute. * The `VOLATILE' statement and attribute. * The `IMPORT' statement, allowing to import host-associated derived types. * The intrinsic modules `ISO_FORTRAN_ENVIRONMENT' is supported, which contains parameters of the I/O units, storage sizes. Additionally, procedures for C interoperability are available in the `ISO_C_BINDING' module. * `USE' statement with `INTRINSIC' and `NON_INTRINSIC' attribute; supported intrinsic modules: `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV', `ISO_C_BINDING', `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS'. * Renaming of operators in the `USE' statement.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Fortran 2008 status, Next: TS 29113 status, Prev: Fortran 2003 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status 4.2 Fortran 2008 status ======================= The latest version of the Fortran standard is ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010, informally known as Fortran 2008. The official version is available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or its national member organizations. The the final draft (FDIS) can be downloaded free of charge from `http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/links.html'. Fortran is developed by the Working Group 5 of Sub-Committee 22 of the Joint Technical Committee 1 of the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This group is known as WG5 (http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/). The GNU Fortran compiler supports several of the new features of Fortran 2008; the wiki (http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Fortran2008Status) has some information about the current Fortran 2008 implementation status. In particular, the following is implemented. * The `-std=f2008' option and support for the file extensions `.f08' and `.F08'. * The `OPEN' statement now supports the `NEWUNIT=' option, which returns a unique file unit, thus preventing inadvertent use of the same unit in different parts of the program. * The `g0' format descriptor and unlimited format items. * The mathematical intrinsics `ASINH', `ACOSH', `ATANH', `ERF', `ERFC', `GAMMA', `LOG_GAMMA', `BESSEL_J0', `BESSEL_J1', `BESSEL_JN', `BESSEL_Y0', `BESSEL_Y1', `BESSEL_YN', `HYPOT', `NORM2', and `ERFC_SCALED'. * Using complex arguments with `TAN', `SINH', `COSH', `TANH', `ASIN', `ACOS', and `ATAN' is now possible; `ATAN'(Y,X) is now an alias for `ATAN2'(Y,X). * Support of the `PARITY' intrinsic functions. * The following bit intrinsics: `LEADZ' and `TRAILZ' for counting the number of leading and trailing zero bits, `POPCNT' and `POPPAR' for counting the number of one bits and returning the parity; `BGE', `BGT', `BLE', and `BLT' for bitwise comparisons; `DSHIFTL' and `DSHIFTR' for combined left and right shifts, `MASKL' and `MASKR' for simple left and right justified masks, `MERGE_BITS' for a bitwise merge using a mask, `SHIFTA', `SHIFTL' and `SHIFTR' for shift operations, and the transformational bit intrinsics `IALL', `IANY' and `IPARITY'. * Support of the `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' intrinsic subroutine. * Support for the `STORAGE_SIZE' intrinsic inquiry function. * The `INT{8,16,32}' and `REAL{32,64,128}' kind type parameters and the array-valued named constants `INTEGER_KINDS', `LOGICAL_KINDS', `REAL_KINDS' and `CHARACTER_KINDS' of the intrinsic module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. * The module procedures `C_SIZEOF' of the intrinsic module `ISO_C_BINDINGS' and `COMPILER_VERSION' and `COMPILER_OPTIONS' of `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. * Coarray support for serial programs with `-fcoarray=single' flag and experimental support for multiple images with the `-fcoarray=lib' flag. * The `DO CONCURRENT' construct is supported. * The `BLOCK' construct is supported. * The `STOP' and the new `ERROR STOP' statements now support all constant expressions. * Support for the `CONTIGUOUS' attribute. * Support for `ALLOCATE' with `MOLD'. * Support for the `IMPURE' attribute for procedures, which allows for `ELEMENTAL' procedures without the restrictions of `PURE'. * Null pointers (including `NULL()') and not-allocated variables can be used as actual argument to optional non-pointer, non-allocatable dummy arguments, denoting an absent argument. * Non-pointer variables with `TARGET' attribute can be used as actual argument to `POINTER' dummies with `INTENT(IN)'. * Pointers including procedure pointers and those in a derived type (pointer components) can now be initialized by a target instead of only by `NULL'. * The `EXIT' statement (with construct-name) can be now be used to leave not only the `DO' but also the `ASSOCIATE', `BLOCK', `IF', `SELECT CASE' and `SELECT TYPE' constructs. * Internal procedures can now be used as actual argument. * Minor features: obsolesce diagnostics for `ENTRY' with `-std=f2008'; a line may start with a semicolon; for internal and module procedures `END' can be used instead of `END SUBROUTINE' and `END FUNCTION'; `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' now also takes a `RADIX' argument; intrinsic types are supported for `TYPE'(INTRINSIC-TYPE-SPEC); multiple type-bound procedures can be declared in a single `PROCEDURE' statement; implied-shape arrays are supported for named constants (`PARAMETER').  File: gfortran.info, Node: TS 29113 status, Prev: Fortran 2008 status, Up: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status 4.3 Technical Specification 29113 Status ======================================== GNU Fortran supports some of the new features of the Technical Specification (TS) 29113 on Further Interoperability of Fortran with C. The wiki (http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/TS29113Status) has some information about the current TS 29113 implementation status. In particular, the following is implemented. * The `-std=f2008ts' option. * The `OPTIONAL' attribute is allowed for dummy arguments of `BIND(C) procedures.' * The RANK intrinsic is supported. * GNU Fortran's implementation for variables with `ASYNCHRONOUS' attribute is compatible with TS 29113.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Compiler Characteristics, Next: Mixed-Language Programming, Prev: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status, Up: Top 5 Compiler Characteristics ************************** This chapter describes certain characteristics of the GNU Fortran compiler, that are not specified by the Fortran standard, but which might in some way or another become visible to the programmer. * Menu: * KIND Type Parameters:: * Internal representation of LOGICAL variables:: * Thread-safety of the runtime library:: * Data consistency and durability::  File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND Type Parameters, Next: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Up: Compiler Characteristics 5.1 KIND Type Parameters ======================== The `KIND' type parameters supported by GNU Fortran for the primitive data types are: `INTEGER' 1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1) `LOGICAL' 1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1) `REAL' 4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4 (2) `COMPLEX' 4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4 (2) `CHARACTER' 1, 4, default: 1 * = not available on all systems (1) Unless -fdefault-integer-8 is used (2) Unless -fdefault-real-8 is used The `KIND' value matches the storage size in bytes, except for `COMPLEX' where the storage size is twice as much (or both real and imaginary part are a real value of the given size). It is recommended to use the `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND', `SELECTED_INT_KIND' and `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' intrinsics or the `INT8', `INT16', `INT32', `INT64', `REAL32', `REAL64', and `REAL128' parameters of the `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module instead of the concrete values. The available kind parameters can be found in the constant arrays `CHARACTER_KINDS', `INTEGER_KINDS', `LOGICAL_KINDS' and `REAL_KINDS' in the `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module (see *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::).  File: gfortran.info, Node: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Next: Thread-safety of the runtime library, Prev: KIND Type Parameters, Up: Compiler Characteristics 5.2 Internal representation of LOGICAL variables ================================================ The Fortran standard does not specify how variables of `LOGICAL' type are represented, beyond requiring that `LOGICAL' variables of default kind have the same storage size as default `INTEGER' and `REAL' variables. The GNU Fortran internal representation is as follows. A `LOGICAL(KIND=N)' variable is represented as an `INTEGER(KIND=N)' variable, however, with only two permissible values: `1' for `.TRUE.' and `0' for `.FALSE.'. Any other integer value results in undefined behavior. Note that for mixed-language programming using the `ISO_C_BINDING' feature, there is a `C_BOOL' kind that can be used to create `LOGICAL(KIND=C_BOOL)' variables which are interoperable with the C99 _Bool type. The C99 _Bool type has an internal representation described in the C99 standard, which is identical to the above description, i.e. with 1 for true and 0 for false being the only permissible values. Thus the internal representation of `LOGICAL' variables in GNU Fortran is identical to C99 _Bool, except for a possible difference in storage size depending on the kind.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Thread-safety of the runtime library, Next: Data consistency and durability, Prev: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables, Up: Compiler Characteristics 5.3 Thread-safety of the runtime library ======================================== GNU Fortran can be used in programs with multiple threads, e.g. by using OpenMP, by calling OS thread handling functions via the `ISO_C_BINDING' facility, or by GNU Fortran compiled library code being called from a multi-threaded program. The GNU Fortran runtime library, (`libgfortran'), supports being called concurrently from multiple threads with the following exceptions. During library initialization, the C `getenv' function is used, which need not be thread-safe. Similarly, the `getenv' function is used to implement the `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' and `GETENV' intrinsics. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is not being updated concurrently when any of these actions are taking place. The `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' and `SYSTEM' intrinsics are implemented with the `system' function, which need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that `system' is not called concurrently. Finally, for platforms not supporting thread-safe POSIX functions, further functionality might not be thread-safe. For details, please consult the documentation for your operating system.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Data consistency and durability, Prev: Thread-safety of the runtime library, Up: Compiler Characteristics 5.4 Data consistency and durability =================================== This section contains a brief overview of data and metadata consistency and durability issues when doing I/O. With respect to durability, GNU Fortran makes no effort to ensure that data is committed to stable storage. If this is required, the GNU Fortran programmer can use the intrinsic `FNUM' to retrieve the low level file descriptor corresponding to an open Fortran unit. Then, using e.g. the `ISO_C_BINDING' feature, one can call the underlying system call to flush dirty data to stable storage, such as `fsync' on POSIX, `_commit' on MingW, or `fcntl(fd, F_FULLSYNC, 0)' on Mac OS X. The following example shows how to call fsync: ! Declare the interface for POSIX fsync function interface function fsync (fd) bind(c,name="fsync") use iso_c_binding, only: c_int integer(c_int), value :: fd integer(c_int) :: fsync end function fsync end interface ! Variable declaration integer :: ret ! Opening unit 10 open (10,file="foo") ! ... ! Perform I/O on unit 10 ! ... ! Flush and sync flush(10) ret = fsync(fnum(10)) ! Handle possible error if (ret /= 0) stop "Error calling FSYNC" With respect to consistency, for regular files GNU Fortran uses buffered I/O in order to improve performance. This buffer is flushed automatically when full and in some other situations, e.g. when closing a unit. It can also be explicitly flushed with the `FLUSH' statement. Also, the buffering can be turned off with the `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL' and `GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED' environment variables. Special files, such as terminals and pipes, are always unbuffered. Sometimes, however, further things may need to be done in order to allow other processes to see data that GNU Fortran has written, as follows. The Windows platform supports a relaxed metadata consistency model, where file metadata is written to the directory lazily. This means that, for instance, the `dir' command can show a stale size for a file. One can force a directory metadata update by closing the unit, or by calling `_commit' on the file descriptor. Note, though, that `_commit' will force all dirty data to stable storage, which is often a very slow operation. The Network File System (NFS) implements a relaxed consistency model called open-to-close consistency. Closing a file forces dirty data and metadata to be flushed to the server, and opening a file forces the client to contact the server in order to revalidate cached data. `fsync' will also force a flush of dirty data and metadata to the server. Similar to `open' and `close', acquiring and releasing `fcntl' file locks, if the server supports them, will also force cache validation and flushing dirty data and metadata.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions, Next: Intrinsic Procedures, Prev: Mixed-Language Programming, Up: Top 6 Extensions ************ The two sections below detail the extensions to standard Fortran that are implemented in GNU Fortran, as well as some of the popular or historically important extensions that are not (or not yet) implemented. For the latter case, we explain the alternatives available to GNU Fortran users, including replacement by standard-conforming code or GNU extensions. * Menu: * Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran:: * Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran::  File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Next: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions 6.1 Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran ========================================= GNU Fortran implements a number of extensions over standard Fortran. This chapter contains information on their syntax and meaning. There are currently two categories of GNU Fortran extensions, those that provide functionality beyond that provided by any standard, and those that are supported by GNU Fortran purely for backward compatibility with legacy compilers. By default, `-std=gnu' allows the compiler to accept both types of extensions, but to warn about the use of the latter. Specifying either `-std=f95', `-std=f2003' or `-std=f2008' disables both types of extensions, and `-std=legacy' allows both without warning. * Menu: * Old-style kind specifications:: * Old-style variable initialization:: * Extensions to namelist:: * X format descriptor without count field:: * Commas in FORMAT specifications:: * Missing period in FORMAT specifications:: * I/O item lists:: * BOZ literal constants:: * `Q' exponent-letter:: * Real array indices:: * Unary operators:: * Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values:: * Hollerith constants support:: * Cray pointers:: * CONVERT specifier:: * OpenMP:: * Argument list functions::  File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style kind specifications, Next: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.1 Old-style kind specifications ----------------------------------- GNU Fortran allows old-style kind specifications in declarations. These look like: TYPESPEC*size x,y,z where `TYPESPEC' is a basic type (`INTEGER', `REAL', etc.), and where `size' is a byte count corresponding to the storage size of a valid kind for that type. (For `COMPLEX' variables, `size' is the total size of the real and imaginary parts.) The statement then declares `x', `y' and `z' to be of type `TYPESPEC' with the appropriate kind. This is equivalent to the standard-conforming declaration TYPESPEC(k) x,y,z where `k' is the kind parameter suitable for the intended precision. As kind parameters are implementation-dependent, use the `KIND', `SELECTED_INT_KIND' and `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' intrinsics to retrieve the correct value, for instance `REAL*8 x' can be replaced by: INTEGER, PARAMETER :: dbl = KIND(1.0d0) REAL(KIND=dbl) :: x  File: gfortran.info, Node: Old-style variable initialization, Next: Extensions to namelist, Prev: Old-style kind specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.2 Old-style variable initialization --------------------------------------- GNU Fortran allows old-style initialization of variables of the form: INTEGER i/1/,j/2/ REAL x(2,2) /3*0.,1./ The syntax for the initializers is as for the `DATA' statement, but unlike in a `DATA' statement, an initializer only applies to the variable immediately preceding the initialization. In other words, something like `INTEGER I,J/2,3/' is not valid. This style of initialization is only allowed in declarations without double colons (`::'); the double colons were introduced in Fortran 90, which also introduced a standard syntax for initializing variables in type declarations. Examples of standard-conforming code equivalent to the above example are: ! Fortran 90 INTEGER :: i = 1, j = 2 REAL :: x(2,2) = RESHAPE((/0.,0.,0.,1./),SHAPE(x)) ! Fortran 77 INTEGER i, j REAL x(2,2) DATA i/1/, j/2/, x/3*0.,1./ Note that variables which are explicitly initialized in declarations or in `DATA' statements automatically acquire the `SAVE' attribute.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions to namelist, Next: X format descriptor without count field, Prev: Old-style variable initialization, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.3 Extensions to namelist ---------------------------- GNU Fortran fully supports the Fortran 95 standard for namelist I/O including array qualifiers, substrings and fully qualified derived types. The output from a namelist write is compatible with namelist read. The output has all names in upper case and indentation to column 1 after the namelist name. Two extensions are permitted: Old-style use of `$' instead of `&' $MYNML X(:)%Y(2) = 1.0 2.0 3.0 CH(1:4) = "abcd" $END It should be noted that the default terminator is `/' rather than `&END'. Querying of the namelist when inputting from stdin. After at least one space, entering `?' sends to stdout the namelist name and the names of the variables in the namelist: ? &mynml x x%y ch &end Entering `=?' outputs the namelist to stdout, as if `WRITE(*,NML = mynml)' had been called: =? &MYNML X(1)%Y= 0.000000 , 1.000000 , 0.000000 , X(2)%Y= 0.000000 , 2.000000 , 0.000000 , X(3)%Y= 0.000000 , 3.000000 , 0.000000 , CH=abcd, / To aid this dialog, when input is from stdin, errors send their messages to stderr and execution continues, even if `IOSTAT' is set. `PRINT' namelist is permitted. This causes an error if `-std=f95' is used. PROGRAM test_print REAL, dimension (4) :: x = (/1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0/) NAMELIST /mynml/ x PRINT mynml END PROGRAM test_print Expanded namelist reads are permitted. This causes an error if `-std=f95' is used. In the following example, the first element of the array will be given the value 0.00 and the two succeeding elements will be given the values 1.00 and 2.00. &MYNML X(1,1) = 0.00 , 1.00 , 2.00 /  File: gfortran.info, Node: X format descriptor without count field, Next: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Prev: Extensions to namelist, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.4 `X' format descriptor without count field ----------------------------------------------- To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran permits the count field of the `X' edit descriptor in `FORMAT' statements to be omitted. When omitted, the count is implicitly assumed to be one. PRINT 10, 2, 3 10 FORMAT (I1, X, I1)  File: gfortran.info, Node: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Next: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Prev: X format descriptor without count field, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.5 Commas in `FORMAT' specifications --------------------------------------- To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the comma separator to be omitted immediately before and after character string edit descriptors in `FORMAT' statements. PRINT 10, 2, 3 10 FORMAT ('FOO='I1' BAR='I2)  File: gfortran.info, Node: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Next: I/O item lists, Prev: Commas in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.6 Missing period in `FORMAT' specifications ----------------------------------------------- To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows missing periods in format specifications if and only if `-std=legacy' is given on the command line. This is considered non-conforming code and is discouraged. REAL :: value READ(*,10) value 10 FORMAT ('F4')  File: gfortran.info, Node: I/O item lists, Next: BOZ literal constants, Prev: Missing period in FORMAT specifications, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.7 I/O item lists -------------------- To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the input item list of the `READ' statement, and the output item lists of the `WRITE' and `PRINT' statements, to start with a comma.  File: gfortran.info, Node: `Q' exponent-letter, Next: Real array indices, Prev: BOZ literal constants, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.8 `Q' exponent-letter ------------------------- GNU Fortran accepts real literal constants with an exponent-letter of `Q', for example, `1.23Q45'. The constant is interpreted as a `REAL(16)' entity on targets that support this type. If the target does not support `REAL(16)' but has a `REAL(10)' type, then the real-literal-constant will be interpreted as a `REAL(10)' entity. In the absence of `REAL(16)' and `REAL(10)', an error will occur.  File: gfortran.info, Node: BOZ literal constants, Next: `Q' exponent-letter, Prev: I/O item lists, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.9 BOZ literal constants --------------------------- Besides decimal constants, Fortran also supports binary (`b'), octal (`o') and hexadecimal (`z') integer constants. The syntax is: `prefix quote digits quote', were the prefix is either `b', `o' or `z', quote is either `'' or `"' and the digits are for binary `0' or `1', for octal between `0' and `7', and for hexadecimal between `0' and `F'. (Example: `b'01011101''.) Up to Fortran 95, BOZ literals were only allowed to initialize integer variables in DATA statements. Since Fortran 2003 BOZ literals are also allowed as argument of `REAL', `DBLE', `INT' and `CMPLX'; the result is the same as if the integer BOZ literal had been converted by `TRANSFER' to, respectively, `real', `double precision', `integer' or `complex'. As GNU Fortran extension the intrinsic procedures `FLOAT', `DFLOAT', `COMPLEX' and `DCMPLX' are treated alike. As an extension, GNU Fortran allows hexadecimal BOZ literal constants to be specified using the `X' prefix, in addition to the standard `Z' prefix. The BOZ literal can also be specified by adding a suffix to the string, for example, `Z'ABC'' and `'ABC'Z' are equivalent. Furthermore, GNU Fortran allows using BOZ literal constants outside DATA statements and the four intrinsic functions allowed by Fortran 2003. In DATA statements, in direct assignments, where the right-hand side only contains a BOZ literal constant, and for old-style initializers of the form `integer i /o'0173'/', the constant is transferred as if `TRANSFER' had been used; for `COMPLEX' numbers, only the real part is initialized unless `CMPLX' is used. In all other cases, the BOZ literal constant is converted to an `INTEGER' value with the largest decimal representation. This value is then converted numerically to the type and kind of the variable in question. (For instance, `real :: r = b'0000001' + 1' initializes `r' with `2.0'.) As different compilers implement the extension differently, one should be careful when doing bitwise initialization of non-integer variables. Note that initializing an `INTEGER' variable with a statement such as `DATA i/Z'FFFFFFFF'/' will give an integer overflow error rather than the desired result of -1 when `i' is a 32-bit integer on a system that supports 64-bit integers. The `-fno-range-check' option can be used as a workaround for legacy code that initializes integers in this manner.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Real array indices, Next: Unary operators, Prev: `Q' exponent-letter, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.10 Real array indices ------------------------- As an extension, GNU Fortran allows the use of `REAL' expressions or variables as array indices.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Unary operators, Next: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Prev: Real array indices, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.11 Unary operators ---------------------- As an extension, GNU Fortran allows unary plus and unary minus operators to appear as the second operand of binary arithmetic operators without the need for parenthesis. X = Y * -Z  File: gfortran.info, Node: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Next: Hollerith constants support, Prev: Unary operators, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.12 Implicitly convert `LOGICAL' and `INTEGER' values -------------------------------------------------------- As an extension for backwards compatibility with other compilers, GNU Fortran allows the implicit conversion of `LOGICAL' values to `INTEGER' values and vice versa. When converting from a `LOGICAL' to an `INTEGER', `.FALSE.' is interpreted as zero, and `.TRUE.' is interpreted as one. When converting from `INTEGER' to `LOGICAL', the value zero is interpreted as `.FALSE.' and any nonzero value is interpreted as `.TRUE.'. LOGICAL :: l l = 1 INTEGER :: i i = .TRUE. However, there is no implicit conversion of `INTEGER' values in `if'-statements, nor of `LOGICAL' or `INTEGER' values in I/O operations.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Hollerith constants support, Next: Cray pointers, Prev: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.13 Hollerith constants support ---------------------------------- GNU Fortran supports Hollerith constants in assignments, function arguments, and `DATA' and `ASSIGN' statements. A Hollerith constant is written as a string of characters preceded by an integer constant indicating the character count, and the letter `H' or `h', and stored in bytewise fashion in a numeric (`INTEGER', `REAL', or `complex') or `LOGICAL' variable. The constant will be padded or truncated to fit the size of the variable in which it is stored. Examples of valid uses of Hollerith constants: complex*16 x(2) data x /16Habcdefghijklmnop, 16Hqrstuvwxyz012345/ x(1) = 16HABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP call foo (4h abc) Invalid Hollerith constants examples: integer*4 a a = 8H12345678 ! Valid, but the Hollerith constant will be truncated. a = 0H ! At least one character is needed. In general, Hollerith constants were used to provide a rudimentary facility for handling character strings in early Fortran compilers, prior to the introduction of `CHARACTER' variables in Fortran 77; in those cases, the standard-compliant equivalent is to convert the program to use proper character strings. On occasion, there may be a case where the intent is specifically to initialize a numeric variable with a given byte sequence. In these cases, the same result can be obtained by using the `TRANSFER' statement, as in this example. INTEGER(KIND=4) :: a a = TRANSFER ("abcd", a) ! equivalent to: a = 4Habcd  File: gfortran.info, Node: Cray pointers, Next: CONVERT specifier, Prev: Hollerith constants support, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.14 Cray pointers -------------------- Cray pointers are part of a non-standard extension that provides a C-like pointer in Fortran. This is accomplished through a pair of variables: an integer "pointer" that holds a memory address, and a "pointee" that is used to dereference the pointer. Pointer/pointee pairs are declared in statements of the form: pointer ( , ) or, pointer ( , ), ( , ), ... The pointer is an integer that is intended to hold a memory address. The pointee may be an array or scalar. A pointee can be an assumed size array--that is, the last dimension may be left unspecified by using a `*' in place of a value--but a pointee cannot be an assumed shape array. No space is allocated for the pointee. The pointee may have its type declared before or after the pointer statement, and its array specification (if any) may be declared before, during, or after the pointer statement. The pointer may be declared as an integer prior to the pointer statement. However, some machines have default integer sizes that are different than the size of a pointer, and so the following code is not portable: integer ipt pointer (ipt, iarr) If a pointer is declared with a kind that is too small, the compiler will issue a warning; the resulting binary will probably not work correctly, because the memory addresses stored in the pointers may be truncated. It is safer to omit the first line of the above example; if explicit declaration of ipt's type is omitted, then the compiler will ensure that ipt is an integer variable large enough to hold a pointer. Pointer arithmetic is valid with Cray pointers, but it is not the same as C pointer arithmetic. Cray pointers are just ordinary integers, so the user is responsible for determining how many bytes to add to a pointer in order to increment it. Consider the following example: real target(10) real pointee(10) pointer (ipt, pointee) ipt = loc (target) ipt = ipt + 1 The last statement does not set `ipt' to the address of `target(1)', as it would in C pointer arithmetic. Adding `1' to `ipt' just adds one byte to the address stored in `ipt'. Any expression involving the pointee will be translated to use the value stored in the pointer as the base address. To get the address of elements, this extension provides an intrinsic function `LOC()'. The `LOC()' function is equivalent to the `&' operator in C, except the address is cast to an integer type: real ar(10) pointer(ipt, arpte(10)) real arpte ipt = loc(ar) ! Makes arpte is an alias for ar arpte(1) = 1.0 ! Sets ar(1) to 1.0 The pointer can also be set by a call to the `MALLOC' intrinsic (see *note MALLOC::). Cray pointees often are used to alias an existing variable. For example: integer target(10) integer iarr(10) pointer (ipt, iarr) ipt = loc(target) As long as `ipt' remains unchanged, `iarr' is now an alias for `target'. The optimizer, however, will not detect this aliasing, so it is unsafe to use `iarr' and `target' simultaneously. Using a pointee in any way that violates the Fortran aliasing rules or assumptions is illegal. It is the user's responsibility to avoid doing this; the compiler works under the assumption that no such aliasing occurs. Cray pointers will work correctly when there is no aliasing (i.e., when they are used to access a dynamically allocated block of memory), and also in any routine where a pointee is used, but any variable with which it shares storage is not used. Code that violates these rules may not run as the user intends. This is not a bug in the optimizer; any code that violates the aliasing rules is illegal. (Note that this is not unique to GNU Fortran; any Fortran compiler that supports Cray pointers will "incorrectly" optimize code with illegal aliasing.) There are a number of restrictions on the attributes that can be applied to Cray pointers and pointees. Pointees may not have the `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT', `OPTIONAL', `DUMMY', `TARGET', `INTRINSIC', or `POINTER' attributes. Pointers may not have the `DIMENSION', `POINTER', `TARGET', `ALLOCATABLE', `EXTERNAL', or `INTRINSIC' attributes, nor may they be function results. Pointees may not occur in more than one pointer statement. A pointee cannot be a pointer. Pointees cannot occur in equivalence, common, or data statements. A Cray pointer may also point to a function or a subroutine. For example, the following excerpt is valid: implicit none external sub pointer (subptr,subpte) external subpte subptr = loc(sub) call subpte() [...] subroutine sub [...] end subroutine sub A pointer may be modified during the course of a program, and this will change the location to which the pointee refers. However, when pointees are passed as arguments, they are treated as ordinary variables in the invoked function. Subsequent changes to the pointer will not change the base address of the array that was passed.  File: gfortran.info, Node: CONVERT specifier, Next: OpenMP, Prev: Cray pointers, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.15 `CONVERT' specifier -------------------------- GNU Fortran allows the conversion of unformatted data between little- and big-endian representation to facilitate moving of data between different systems. The conversion can be indicated with the `CONVERT' specifier on the `OPEN' statement. *Note GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT::, for an alternative way of specifying the data format via an environment variable. Valid values for `CONVERT' are: `CONVERT='NATIVE'' Use the native format. This is the default. `CONVERT='SWAP'' Swap between little- and big-endian. `CONVERT='LITTLE_ENDIAN'' Use the little-endian representation for unformatted files. `CONVERT='BIG_ENDIAN'' Use the big-endian representation for unformatted files. Using the option could look like this: open(file='big.dat',form='unformatted',access='sequential', & convert='big_endian') The value of the conversion can be queried by using `INQUIRE(CONVERT=ch)'. The values returned are `'BIG_ENDIAN'' and `'LITTLE_ENDIAN''. `CONVERT' works between big- and little-endian for `INTEGER' values of all supported kinds and for `REAL' on IEEE systems of kinds 4 and 8. Conversion between different "extended double" types on different architectures such as m68k and x86_64, which GNU Fortran supports as `REAL(KIND=10)' and `REAL(KIND=16)', will probably not work. _Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open statement_. This is to give control over data formats to users who do not have the source code of their program available. Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable.  File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP, Next: Argument list functions, Prev: CONVERT specifier, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.16 OpenMP ------------- OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C/C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix and Microsoft Windows platforms. It consists of a set of compiler directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence run-time behavior. GNU Fortran strives to be compatible to the OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.1 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec31.pdf). To enable the processing of the OpenMP directive `!$omp' in free-form source code; the `c$omp', `*$omp' and `!$omp' directives in fixed form; the `!$' conditional compilation sentinels in free form; and the `c$', `*$' and `!$' sentinels in fixed form, `gfortran' needs to be invoked with the `-fopenmp'. This also arranges for automatic linking of the GNU OpenMP runtime library *note libgomp: (libgomp)Top. The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a form of a Fortran 90 module named `omp_lib' and in a form of a Fortran `include' file named `omp_lib.h'. An example of a parallelized loop taken from Appendix A.1 of the OpenMP Application Program Interface v2.5: SUBROUTINE A1(N, A, B) INTEGER I, N REAL B(N), A(N) !$OMP PARALLEL DO !I is private by default DO I=2,N B(I) = (A(I) + A(I-1)) / 2.0 ENDDO !$OMP END PARALLEL DO END SUBROUTINE A1 Please note: * `-fopenmp' implies `-frecursive', i.e., all local arrays will be allocated on the stack. When porting existing code to OpenMP, this may lead to surprising results, especially to segmentation faults if the stacksize is limited. * On glibc-based systems, OpenMP enabled applications cannot be statically linked due to limitations of the underlying pthreads-implementation. It might be possible to get a working solution if `-Wl,--whole-archive -lpthread -Wl,--no-whole-archive' is added to the command line. However, this is not supported by `gcc' and thus not recommended.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Argument list functions, Prev: OpenMP, Up: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran 6.1.17 Argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC' -------------------------------------------------------- GNU Fortran supports argument list functions `%VAL', `%REF' and `%LOC' statements, for backward compatibility with g77. It is recommended that these should be used only for code that is accessing facilities outside of GNU Fortran, such as operating system or windowing facilities. It is best to constrain such uses to isolated portions of a program-portions that deal specifically and exclusively with low-level, system-dependent facilities. Such portions might well provide a portable interface for use by the program as a whole, but are themselves not portable, and should be thoroughly tested each time they are rebuilt using a new compiler or version of a compiler. `%VAL' passes a scalar argument by value, `%REF' passes it by reference and `%LOC' passes its memory location. Since gfortran already passes scalar arguments by reference, `%REF' is in effect a do-nothing. `%LOC' has the same effect as a Fortran pointer. An example of passing an argument by value to a C subroutine foo.: C C prototype void foo_ (float x); C external foo real*4 x x = 3.14159 call foo (%VAL (x)) end For details refer to the g77 manual `http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-3.4.6/g77/index.html#Top'. Also, `c_by_val.f' and its partner `c_by_val.c' of the GNU Fortran testsuite are worth a look.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran, Prev: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran, Up: Extensions 6.2 Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran ============================================= The long history of the Fortran language, its wide use and broad userbase, the large number of different compiler vendors and the lack of some features crucial to users in the first standards have lead to the existence of a number of important extensions to the language. While some of the most useful or popular extensions are supported by the GNU Fortran compiler, not all existing extensions are supported. This section aims at listing these extensions and offering advice on how best make code that uses them running with the GNU Fortran compiler. * Menu: * STRUCTURE and RECORD:: * ENCODE and DECODE statements:: * Variable FORMAT expressions:: * Alternate complex function syntax::  File: gfortran.info, Node: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Next: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran 6.2.1 `STRUCTURE' and `RECORD' ------------------------------ Structures are user-defined aggregate data types; this functionality was standardized in Fortran 90 with an different syntax, under the name of "derived types". Here is an example of code using the non portable structure syntax: ! Declaring a structure named ``item'' and containing three fields: ! an integer ID, an description string and a floating-point price. STRUCTURE /item/ INTEGER id CHARACTER(LEN=200) description REAL price END STRUCTURE ! Define two variables, an single record of type ``item'' ! named ``pear'', and an array of items named ``store_catalog'' RECORD /item/ pear, store_catalog(100) ! We can directly access the fields of both variables pear.id = 92316 pear.description = "juicy D'Anjou pear" pear.price = 0.15 store_catalog(7).id = 7831 store_catalog(7).description = "milk bottle" store_catalog(7).price = 1.2 ! We can also manipulate the whole structure store_catalog(12) = pear print *, store_catalog(12) This code can easily be rewritten in the Fortran 90 syntax as following: ! ``STRUCTURE /name/ ... END STRUCTURE'' becomes ! ``TYPE name ... END TYPE'' TYPE item INTEGER id CHARACTER(LEN=200) description REAL price END TYPE ! ``RECORD /name/ variable'' becomes ``TYPE(name) variable'' TYPE(item) pear, store_catalog(100) ! Instead of using a dot (.) to access fields of a record, the ! standard syntax uses a percent sign (%) pear%id = 92316 pear%description = "juicy D'Anjou pear" pear%price = 0.15 store_catalog(7)%id = 7831 store_catalog(7)%description = "milk bottle" store_catalog(7)%price = 1.2 ! Assignments of a whole variable do not change store_catalog(12) = pear print *, store_catalog(12)  File: gfortran.info, Node: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Next: Variable FORMAT expressions, Prev: STRUCTURE and RECORD, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran 6.2.2 `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements -------------------------------------- GNU Fortran does not support the `ENCODE' and `DECODE' statements. These statements are best replaced by `READ' and `WRITE' statements involving internal files (`CHARACTER' variables and arrays), which have been part of the Fortran standard since Fortran 77. For example, replace a code fragment like INTEGER*1 LINE(80) REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets LINE DECODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5)) with the following: CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets LINE READ (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5)) Similarly, replace a code fragment like INTEGER*1 LINE(80) REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets A, B and C ENCODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5)) with the following: CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets A, B and C WRITE (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, 'OUTPUT IS ', 3(F10.5))  File: gfortran.info, Node: Variable FORMAT expressions, Next: Alternate complex function syntax, Prev: ENCODE and DECODE statements, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran 6.2.3 Variable `FORMAT' expressions ----------------------------------- A variable `FORMAT' expression is format statement which includes angle brackets enclosing a Fortran expression: `FORMAT(I)'. GNU Fortran does not support this legacy extension. The effect of variable format expressions can be reproduced by using the more powerful (and standard) combination of internal output and string formats. For example, replace a code fragment like this: WRITE(6,20) INT1 20 FORMAT(I) with the following: c Variable declaration CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT c c Other code here... c WRITE(FMT,'("(I", I0, ")")') N+1 WRITE(6,FMT) INT1 or with: c Variable declaration CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT c c Other code here... c WRITE(FMT,*) N+1 WRITE(6,"(I" // ADJUSTL(FMT) // ")") INT1  File: gfortran.info, Node: Alternate complex function syntax, Prev: Variable FORMAT expressions, Up: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran 6.2.4 Alternate complex function syntax --------------------------------------- Some Fortran compilers, including `g77', let the user declare complex functions with the syntax `COMPLEX FUNCTION name*16()', as well as `COMPLEX*16 FUNCTION name()'. Both are non-standard, legacy extensions. `gfortran' accepts the latter form, which is more common, but not the former.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Mixed-Language Programming, Next: Extensions, Prev: Compiler Characteristics, Up: Top 7 Mixed-Language Programming **************************** * Menu: * Interoperability with C:: * GNU Fortran Compiler Directives:: * Non-Fortran Main Program:: This chapter is about mixed-language interoperability, but also applies if one links Fortran code compiled by different compilers. In most cases, use of the C Binding features of the Fortran 2003 standard is sufficient, and their use is highly recommended.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperability with C, Next: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming 7.1 Interoperability with C =========================== * Menu: * Intrinsic Types:: * Derived Types and struct:: * Interoperable Global Variables:: * Interoperable Subroutines and Functions:: * Working with Pointers:: * Further Interoperability of Fortran with C:: Since Fortran 2003 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004(E)) there is a standardized way to generate procedure and derived-type declarations and global variables which are interoperable with C (ISO/IEC 9899:1999). The `bind(C)' attribute has been added to inform the compiler that a symbol shall be interoperable with C; also, some constraints are added. Note, however, that not all C features have a Fortran equivalent or vice versa. For instance, neither C's unsigned integers nor C's functions with variable number of arguments have an equivalent in Fortran. Note that array dimensions are reversely ordered in C and that arrays in C always start with index 0 while in Fortran they start by default with 1. Thus, an array declaration `A(n,m)' in Fortran matches `A[m][n]' in C and accessing the element `A(i,j)' matches `A[j-1][i-1]'. The element following `A(i,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i-1]'; assuming i < n) in memory is `A(i+1,j)' (C: `A[j-1][i]').  File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Types, Next: Derived Types and struct, Up: Interoperability with C 7.1.1 Intrinsic Types --------------------- In order to ensure that exactly the same variable type and kind is used in C and Fortran, the named constants shall be used which are defined in the `ISO_C_BINDING' intrinsic module. That module contains named constants for kind parameters and character named constants for the escape sequences in C. For a list of the constants, see *note ISO_C_BINDING::.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Derived Types and struct, Next: Interoperable Global Variables, Prev: Intrinsic Types, Up: Interoperability with C 7.1.2 Derived Types and struct ------------------------------ For compatibility of derived types with `struct', one needs to use the `BIND(C)' attribute in the type declaration. For instance, the following type declaration USE ISO_C_BINDING TYPE, BIND(C) :: myType INTEGER(C_INT) :: i1, i2 INTEGER(C_SIGNED_CHAR) :: i3 REAL(C_DOUBLE) :: d1 COMPLEX(C_FLOAT_COMPLEX) :: c1 CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR) :: str(5) END TYPE matches the following `struct' declaration in C struct { int i1, i2; /* Note: "char" might be signed or unsigned. */ signed char i3; double d1; float _Complex c1; char str[5]; } myType; Derived types with the C binding attribute shall not have the `sequence' attribute, type parameters, the `extends' attribute, nor type-bound procedures. Every component must be of interoperable type and kind and may not have the `pointer' or `allocatable' attribute. The names of the variables are irrelevant for interoperability. As there exist no direct Fortran equivalents, neither unions nor structs with bit field or variable-length array members are interoperable.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Global Variables, Next: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Prev: Derived Types and struct, Up: Interoperability with C 7.1.3 Interoperable Global Variables ------------------------------------ Variables can be made accessible from C using the C binding attribute, optionally together with specifying a binding name. Those variables have to be declared in the declaration part of a `MODULE', be of interoperable type, and have neither the `pointer' nor the `allocatable' attribute. MODULE m USE myType_module USE ISO_C_BINDING integer(C_INT), bind(C, name="_MyProject_flags") :: global_flag type(myType), bind(C) :: tp END MODULE Here, `_MyProject_flags' is the case-sensitive name of the variable as seen from C programs while `global_flag' is the case-insensitive name as seen from Fortran. If no binding name is specified, as for TP, the C binding name is the (lowercase) Fortran binding name. If a binding name is specified, only a single variable may be after the double colon. Note of warning: You cannot use a global variable to access ERRNO of the C library as the C standard allows it to be a macro. Use the `IERRNO' intrinsic (GNU extension) instead.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Next: Working with Pointers, Prev: Interoperable Global Variables, Up: Interoperability with C 7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions --------------------------------------------- Subroutines and functions have to have the `BIND(C)' attribute to be compatible with C. The dummy argument declaration is relatively straightforward. However, one needs to be careful because C uses call-by-value by default while Fortran behaves usually similar to call-by-reference. Furthermore, strings and pointers are handled differently. Note that only explicit size and assumed-size arrays are supported but not assumed-shape or allocatable arrays. To pass a variable by value, use the `VALUE' attribute. Thus the following C prototype `int func(int i, int *j)' matches the Fortran declaration integer(c_int) function func(i,j) use iso_c_binding, only: c_int integer(c_int), VALUE :: i integer(c_int) :: j Note that pointer arguments also frequently need the `VALUE' attribute, see *note Working with Pointers::. Strings are handled quite differently in C and Fortran. In C a string is a `NUL'-terminated array of characters while in Fortran each string has a length associated with it and is thus not terminated (by e.g. `NUL'). For example, if one wants to use the following C function, #include void print_C(char *string) /* equivalent: char string[] */ { printf("%s\n", string); } to print "Hello World" from Fortran, one can call it using use iso_c_binding, only: C_CHAR, C_NULL_CHAR interface subroutine print_c(string) bind(C, name="print_C") use iso_c_binding, only: c_char character(kind=c_char) :: string(*) end subroutine print_c end interface call print_c(C_CHAR_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR) As the example shows, one needs to ensure that the string is `NUL' terminated. Additionally, the dummy argument STRING of `print_C' is a length-one assumed-size array; using `character(len=*)' is not allowed. The example above uses `c_char_"Hello World"' to ensure the string literal has the right type; typically the default character kind and `c_char' are the same and thus `"Hello World"' is equivalent. However, the standard does not guarantee this. The use of strings is now further illustrated using the C library function `strncpy', whose prototype is char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n); The function `strncpy' copies at most N characters from string S2 to S1 and returns S1. In the following example, we ignore the return value: use iso_c_binding implicit none character(len=30) :: str,str2 interface ! Ignore the return value of strncpy -> subroutine ! "restrict" is always assumed if we do not pass a pointer subroutine strncpy(dest, src, n) bind(C) import character(kind=c_char), intent(out) :: dest(*) character(kind=c_char), intent(in) :: src(*) integer(c_size_t), value, intent(in) :: n end subroutine strncpy end interface str = repeat('X',30) ! Initialize whole string with 'X' call strncpy(str, c_char_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR, & len(c_char_"Hello World",kind=c_size_t)) print '(a)', str ! prints: "Hello WorldXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX" end The intrinsic procedures are described in *note Intrinsic Procedures::.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Working with Pointers, Next: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Prev: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions, Up: Interoperability with C 7.1.5 Working with Pointers --------------------------- C pointers are represented in Fortran via the special opaque derived type `type(c_ptr)' (with private components). Thus one needs to use intrinsic conversion procedures to convert from or to C pointers. For example, use iso_c_binding type(c_ptr) :: cptr1, cptr2 integer, target :: array(7), scalar integer, pointer :: pa(:), ps cptr1 = c_loc(array(1)) ! The programmer needs to ensure that the ! array is contiguous if required by the C ! procedure cptr2 = c_loc(scalar) call c_f_pointer(cptr2, ps) call c_f_pointer(cptr2, pa, shape=[7]) When converting C to Fortran arrays, the one-dimensional `SHAPE' argument has to be passed. If a pointer is a dummy-argument of an interoperable procedure, it usually has to be declared using the `VALUE' attribute. `void*' matches `TYPE(C_PTR), VALUE', while `TYPE(C_PTR)' alone matches `void**'. Procedure pointers are handled analogously to pointers; the C type is `TYPE(C_FUNPTR)' and the intrinsic conversion procedures are `C_F_PROCPOINTER' and `C_FUNLOC'. Let us consider two examples of actually passing a procedure pointer from C to Fortran and vice versa. Note that these examples are also very similar to passing ordinary pointers between both languages. First, consider this code in C: /* Procedure implemented in Fortran. */ void get_values (void (*)(double)); /* Call-back routine we want called from Fortran. */ void print_it (double x) { printf ("Number is %f.\n", x); } /* Call Fortran routine and pass call-back to it. */ void foobar () { get_values (&print_it); } A matching implementation for `get_values' in Fortran, that correctly receives the procedure pointer from C and is able to call it, is given in the following `MODULE': MODULE m IMPLICIT NONE ! Define interface of call-back routine. ABSTRACT INTERFACE SUBROUTINE callback (x) USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING REAL(KIND=C_DOUBLE), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: x END SUBROUTINE callback END INTERFACE CONTAINS ! Define C-bound procedure. SUBROUTINE get_values (cproc) BIND(C) USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: cproc PROCEDURE(callback), POINTER :: proc ! Convert C to Fortran procedure pointer. CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER (cproc, proc) ! Call it. CALL proc (1.0_C_DOUBLE) CALL proc (-42.0_C_DOUBLE) CALL proc (18.12_C_DOUBLE) END SUBROUTINE get_values END MODULE m Next, we want to call a C routine that expects a procedure pointer argument and pass it a Fortran procedure (which clearly must be interoperable!). Again, the C function may be: int call_it (int (*func)(int), int arg) { return func (arg); } It can be used as in the following Fortran code: MODULE m USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING IMPLICIT NONE ! Define interface of C function. INTERFACE INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION call_it (func, arg) BIND(C) USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: func INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg END FUNCTION call_it END INTERFACE CONTAINS ! Define procedure passed to C function. ! It must be interoperable! INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION double_it (arg) BIND(C) INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg double_it = arg + arg END FUNCTION double_it ! Call C function. SUBROUTINE foobar () TYPE(C_FUNPTR) :: cproc INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) :: i ! Get C procedure pointer. cproc = C_FUNLOC (double_it) ! Use it. DO i = 1_C_INT, 10_C_INT PRINT *, call_it (cproc, i) END DO END SUBROUTINE foobar END MODULE m  File: gfortran.info, Node: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C, Prev: Working with Pointers, Up: Interoperability with C 7.1.6 Further Interoperability of Fortran with C ------------------------------------------------ Assumed-shape and allocatable arrays are passed using an array descriptor (dope vector). The internal structure of the array descriptor used by GNU Fortran is not yet documented and will change. There will also be a Technical Specification (TS 29113) which standardizes an interoperable array descriptor. Until then, you can use the Chasm Language Interoperability Tools, `http://chasm-interop.sourceforge.net/', which provide an interface to GNU Fortran's array descriptor. GNU Fortran already supports the C-interoperable `OPTIONAL' attribute; for absent arguments, a `NULL' pointer is passed.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Next: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: Interoperability with C, Up: Mixed-Language Programming 7.2 GNU Fortran Compiler Directives =================================== The Fortran standard describes how a conforming program shall behave; however, the exact implementation is not standardized. In order to allow the user to choose specific implementation details, compiler directives can be used to set attributes of variables and procedures which are not part of the standard. Whether a given attribute is supported and its exact effects depend on both the operating system and on the processor; see *note C Extensions: (gcc)Top. for details. For procedures and procedure pointers, the following attributes can be used to change the calling convention: * `CDECL' - standard C calling convention * `STDCALL' - convention where the called procedure pops the stack * `FASTCALL' - part of the arguments are passed via registers instead using the stack Besides changing the calling convention, the attributes also influence the decoration of the symbol name, e.g., by a leading underscore or by a trailing at-sign followed by the number of bytes on the stack. When assigning a procedure to a procedure pointer, both should use the same calling convention. On some systems, procedures and global variables (module variables and `COMMON' blocks) need special handling to be accessible when they are in a shared library. The following attributes are available: * `DLLEXPORT' - provide a global pointer to a pointer in the DLL * `DLLIMPORT' - reference the function or variable using a global pointer The attributes are specified using the syntax `!GCC$ ATTRIBUTES' ATTRIBUTE-LIST `::' VARIABLE-LIST where in free-form source code only whitespace is allowed before `!GCC$' and in fixed-form source code `!GCC$', `cGCC$' or `*GCC$' shall start in the first column. For procedures, the compiler directives shall be placed into the body of the procedure; for variables and procedure pointers, they shall be in the same declaration part as the variable or procedure pointer.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Non-Fortran Main Program, Prev: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives, Up: Mixed-Language Programming 7.3 Non-Fortran Main Program ============================ * Menu: * _gfortran_set_args:: Save command-line arguments * _gfortran_set_options:: Set library option flags * _gfortran_set_convert:: Set endian conversion * _gfortran_set_record_marker:: Set length of record markers * _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length:: Set subrecord length * _gfortran_set_fpe:: Set when a Floating Point Exception should be raised Even if you are doing mixed-language programming, it is very likely that you do not need to know or use the information in this section. Since it is about the internal structure of GNU Fortran, it may also change in GCC minor releases. When you compile a `PROGRAM' with GNU Fortran, a function with the name `main' (in the symbol table of the object file) is generated, which initializes the libgfortran library and then calls the actual program which uses the name `MAIN__', for historic reasons. If you link GNU Fortran compiled procedures to, e.g., a C or C++ program or to a Fortran program compiled by a different compiler, the libgfortran library is not initialized and thus a few intrinsic procedures do not work properly, e.g. those for obtaining the command-line arguments. Therefore, if your `PROGRAM' is not compiled with GNU Fortran and the GNU Fortran compiled procedures require intrinsics relying on the library initialization, you need to initialize the library yourself. Using the default options, gfortran calls `_gfortran_set_args' and `_gfortran_set_options'. The initialization of the former is needed if the called procedures access the command line (and for backtracing); the latter sets some flags based on the standard chosen or to enable backtracing. In typical programs, it is not necessary to call any initialization function. If your `PROGRAM' is compiled with GNU Fortran, you shall not call any of the following functions. The libgfortran initialization functions are shown in C syntax but using C bindings they are also accessible from Fortran.  File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_args, Next: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program 7.3.1 `_gfortran_set_args' -- Save command-line arguments --------------------------------------------------------- _Description_: `_gfortran_set_args' saves the command-line arguments; this initialization is required if any of the command-line intrinsics is called. Additionally, it shall be called if backtracing is enabled (see `_gfortran_set_options'). _Syntax_: `void _gfortran_set_args (int argc, char *argv[])' _Arguments_: ARGC number of command line argument strings ARGV the command-line argument strings; argv[0] is the pathname of the executable itself. _Example_: int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); return 0; }  File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_options, Next: _gfortran_set_convert, Prev: _gfortran_set_args, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program 7.3.2 `_gfortran_set_options' -- Set library option flags --------------------------------------------------------- _Description_: `_gfortran_set_options' sets several flags related to the Fortran standard to be used, whether backtracing should be enabled and whether range checks should be performed. The syntax allows for upward compatibility since the number of passed flags is specified; for non-passed flags, the default value is used. See also *note Code Gen Options::. Please note that not all flags are actually used. _Syntax_: `void _gfortran_set_options (int num, int options[])' _Arguments_: NUM number of options passed ARGV The list of flag values _option flag list_: OPTION[0] Allowed standard; can give run-time errors if e.g. an input-output edit descriptor is invalid in a given standard. Possible values are (bitwise or-ed) `GFC_STD_F77' (1), `GFC_STD_F95_OBS' (2), `GFC_STD_F95_DEL' (4), `GFC_STD_F95' (8), `GFC_STD_F2003' (16), `GFC_STD_GNU' (32), `GFC_STD_LEGACY' (64), `GFC_STD_F2008' (128), `GFC_STD_F2008_OBS' (256) and GFC_STD_F2008_TS (512). Default: `GFC_STD_F95_OBS | GFC_STD_F95_DEL | GFC_STD_F95 | GFC_STD_F2003 | GFC_STD_F2008 | GFC_STD_F2008_TS | GFC_STD_F2008_OBS | GFC_STD_F77 | GFC_STD_GNU | GFC_STD_LEGACY'. OPTION[1] Standard-warning flag; prints a warning to standard error. Default: `GFC_STD_F95_DEL | GFC_STD_LEGACY'. OPTION[2] If non zero, enable pedantic checking. Default: off. OPTION[3] Unused. OPTION[4] If non zero, enable backtracing on run-time errors. Default: off. Note: Installs a signal handler and requires command-line initialization using `_gfortran_set_args'. OPTION[5] If non zero, supports signed zeros. Default: enabled. OPTION[6] Enables run-time checking. Possible values are (bitwise or-ed): GFC_RTCHECK_BOUNDS (1), GFC_RTCHECK_ARRAY_TEMPS (2), GFC_RTCHECK_RECURSION (4), GFC_RTCHECK_DO (16), GFC_RTCHECK_POINTER (32). Default: disabled. OPTION[7] If non zero, range checking is enabled. Default: enabled. See -frange-check (*note Code Gen Options::). _Example_: /* Use gfortran 4.7 default options. */ static int options[] = {68, 511, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1}; _gfortran_set_options (8, &options);  File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_convert, Next: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Prev: _gfortran_set_options, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program 7.3.3 `_gfortran_set_convert' -- Set endian conversion ------------------------------------------------------ _Description_: `_gfortran_set_convert' set the representation of data for unformatted files. _Syntax_: `void _gfortran_set_convert (int conv)' _Arguments_: CONV Endian conversion, possible values: GFC_CONVERT_NATIVE (0, default), GFC_CONVERT_SWAP (1), GFC_CONVERT_BIG (2), GFC_CONVERT_LITTLE (3). _Example_: int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); _gfortran_set_convert (1); return 0; }  File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Next: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Prev: _gfortran_set_convert, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program 7.3.4 `_gfortran_set_record_marker' -- Set length of record markers ------------------------------------------------------------------- _Description_: `_gfortran_set_record_marker' sets the length of record markers for unformatted files. _Syntax_: `void _gfortran_set_record_marker (int val)' _Arguments_: VAL Length of the record marker; valid values are 4 and 8. Default is 4. _Example_: int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); _gfortran_set_record_marker (8); return 0; }  File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program 7.3.5 `_gfortran_set_fpe' -- Enable floating point exception traps ------------------------------------------------------------------ _Description_: `_gfortran_set_fpe' enables floating point exception traps for the specified exceptions. On most systems, this will result in a SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being aborted. _Syntax_: `void _gfortran_set_fpe (int val)' _Arguments_: OPTION[0] IEEE exceptions. Possible values are (bitwise or-ed) zero (0, default) no trapping, `GFC_FPE_INVALID' (1), `GFC_FPE_DENORMAL' (2), `GFC_FPE_ZERO' (4), `GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW' (8), `GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW' (16), and `GFC_FPE_INEXACT' (32). _Example_: int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); /* FPE for invalid operations such as SQRT(-1.0). */ _gfortran_set_fpe (1); return 0; }  File: gfortran.info, Node: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length, Next: _gfortran_set_fpe, Prev: _gfortran_set_record_marker, Up: Non-Fortran Main Program 7.3.6 `_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' -- Set subrecord length ------------------------------------------------------------------ _Description_: `_gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length' set the maximum length for a subrecord. This option only makes sense for testing and debugging of unformatted I/O. _Syntax_: `void _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (int val)' _Arguments_: VAL the maximum length for a subrecord; the maximum permitted value is 2147483639, which is also the default. _Example_: int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (8); return 0; }  File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Procedures, Next: Intrinsic Modules, Prev: Extensions, Up: Top 8 Intrinsic Procedures ********************** * Menu: * Introduction: Introduction to Intrinsics * `ABORT': ABORT, Abort the program * `ABS': ABS, Absolute value * `ACCESS': ACCESS, Checks file access modes * `ACHAR': ACHAR, Character in ASCII collating sequence * `ACOS': ACOS, Arccosine function * `ACOSH': ACOSH, Inverse hyperbolic cosine function * `ADJUSTL': ADJUSTL, Left adjust a string * `ADJUSTR': ADJUSTR, Right adjust a string * `AIMAG': AIMAG, Imaginary part of complex number * `AINT': AINT, Truncate to a whole number * `ALARM': ALARM, Set an alarm clock * `ALL': ALL, Determine if all values are true * `ALLOCATED': ALLOCATED, Status of allocatable entity * `AND': AND, Bitwise logical AND * `ANINT': ANINT, Nearest whole number * `ANY': ANY, Determine if any values are true * `ASIN': ASIN, Arcsine function * `ASINH': ASINH, Inverse hyperbolic sine function * `ASSOCIATED': ASSOCIATED, Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair * `ATAN': ATAN, Arctangent function * `ATAN2': ATAN2, Arctangent function * `ATANH': ATANH, Inverse hyperbolic tangent function * `ATOMIC_DEFINE': ATOMIC_DEFINE, Setting a variable atomically * `ATOMIC_REF': ATOMIC_REF, Obtaining the value of a variable atomically * `BESSEL_J0': BESSEL_J0, Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 * `BESSEL_J1': BESSEL_J1, Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 * `BESSEL_JN': BESSEL_JN, Bessel function of the first kind * `BESSEL_Y0': BESSEL_Y0, Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 * `BESSEL_Y1': BESSEL_Y1, Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 * `BESSEL_YN': BESSEL_YN, Bessel function of the second kind * `BGE': BGE, Bitwise greater than or equal to * `BGT': BGT, Bitwise greater than * `BIT_SIZE': BIT_SIZE, Bit size inquiry function * `BLE': BLE, Bitwise less than or equal to * `BLT': BLT, Bitwise less than * `BTEST': BTEST, Bit test function * `C_ASSOCIATED': C_ASSOCIATED, Status of a C pointer * `C_F_POINTER': C_F_POINTER, Convert C into Fortran pointer * `C_F_PROCPOINTER': C_F_PROCPOINTER, Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer * `C_FUNLOC': C_FUNLOC, Obtain the C address of a procedure * `C_LOC': C_LOC, Obtain the C address of an object * `C_SIZEOF': C_SIZEOF, Size in bytes of an expression * `CEILING': CEILING, Integer ceiling function * `CHAR': CHAR, Integer-to-character conversion function * `CHDIR': CHDIR, Change working directory * `CHMOD': CHMOD, Change access permissions of files * `CMPLX': CMPLX, Complex conversion function * `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT': COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Get number of command line arguments * `COMPLEX': COMPLEX, Complex conversion function * `COMPILER_VERSION': COMPILER_VERSION, Compiler version string * `COMPILER_OPTIONS': COMPILER_OPTIONS, Options passed to the compiler * `CONJG': CONJG, Complex conjugate function * `COS': COS, Cosine function * `COSH': COSH, Hyperbolic cosine function * `COUNT': COUNT, Count occurrences of TRUE in an array * `CPU_TIME': CPU_TIME, CPU time subroutine * `CSHIFT': CSHIFT, Circular shift elements of an array * `CTIME': CTIME, Subroutine (or function) to convert a time into a string * `DATE_AND_TIME': DATE_AND_TIME, Date and time subroutine * `DBLE': DBLE, Double precision conversion function * `DCMPLX': DCMPLX, Double complex conversion function * `DIGITS': DIGITS, Significant digits function * `DIM': DIM, Positive difference * `DOT_PRODUCT': DOT_PRODUCT, Dot product function * `DPROD': DPROD, Double product function * `DREAL': DREAL, Double real part function * `DSHIFTL': DSHIFTL, Combined left shift * `DSHIFTR': DSHIFTR, Combined right shift * `DTIME': DTIME, Execution time subroutine (or function) * `EOSHIFT': EOSHIFT, End-off shift elements of an array * `EPSILON': EPSILON, Epsilon function * `ERF': ERF, Error function * `ERFC': ERFC, Complementary error function * `ERFC_SCALED': ERFC_SCALED, Exponentially-scaled complementary error function * `ETIME': ETIME, Execution time subroutine (or function) * `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE': EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Execute a shell command * `EXIT': EXIT, Exit the program with status. * `EXP': EXP, Exponential function * `EXPONENT': EXPONENT, Exponent function * `EXTENDS_TYPE_OF': EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Query dynamic type for extension * `FDATE': FDATE, Subroutine (or function) to get the current time as a string * `FGET': FGET, Read a single character in stream mode from stdin * `FGETC': FGETC, Read a single character in stream mode * `FLOOR': FLOOR, Integer floor function * `FLUSH': FLUSH, Flush I/O unit(s) * `FNUM': FNUM, File number function * `FPUT': FPUT, Write a single character in stream mode to stdout * `FPUTC': FPUTC, Write a single character in stream mode * `FRACTION': FRACTION, Fractional part of the model representation * `FREE': FREE, Memory de-allocation subroutine * `FSEEK': FSEEK, Low level file positioning subroutine * `FSTAT': FSTAT, Get file status * `FTELL': FTELL, Current stream position * `GAMMA': GAMMA, Gamma function * `GERROR': GERROR, Get last system error message * `GETARG': GETARG, Get command line arguments * `GET_COMMAND': GET_COMMAND, Get the entire command line * `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT': GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Get command line arguments * `GETCWD': GETCWD, Get current working directory * `GETENV': GETENV, Get an environmental variable * `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE': GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Get an environmental variable * `GETGID': GETGID, Group ID function * `GETLOG': GETLOG, Get login name * `GETPID': GETPID, Process ID function * `GETUID': GETUID, User ID function * `GMTIME': GMTIME, Convert time to GMT info * `HOSTNM': HOSTNM, Get system host name * `HUGE': HUGE, Largest number of a kind * `HYPOT': HYPOT, Euclidean distance function * `IACHAR': IACHAR, Code in ASCII collating sequence * `IALL': IALL, Bitwise AND of array elements * `IAND': IAND, Bitwise logical and * `IANY': IANY, Bitwise OR of array elements * `IARGC': IARGC, Get the number of command line arguments * `IBCLR': IBCLR, Clear bit * `IBITS': IBITS, Bit extraction * `IBSET': IBSET, Set bit * `ICHAR': ICHAR, Character-to-integer conversion function * `IDATE': IDATE, Current local time (day/month/year) * `IEOR': IEOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or * `IERRNO': IERRNO, Function to get the last system error number * `IMAGE_INDEX': IMAGE_INDEX, Cosubscript to image index conversion * `INDEX': INDEX intrinsic, Position of a substring within a string * `INT': INT, Convert to integer type * `INT2': INT2, Convert to 16-bit integer type * `INT8': INT8, Convert to 64-bit integer type * `IOR': IOR, Bitwise logical or * `IPARITY': IPARITY, Bitwise XOR of array elements * `IRAND': IRAND, Integer pseudo-random number * `IS_IOSTAT_END': IS_IOSTAT_END, Test for end-of-file value * `IS_IOSTAT_EOR': IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Test for end-of-record value * `ISATTY': ISATTY, Whether a unit is a terminal device * `ISHFT': ISHFT, Shift bits * `ISHFTC': ISHFTC, Shift bits circularly * `ISNAN': ISNAN, Tests for a NaN * `ITIME': ITIME, Current local time (hour/minutes/seconds) * `KILL': KILL, Send a signal to a process * `KIND': KIND, Kind of an entity * `LBOUND': LBOUND, Lower dimension bounds of an array * `LCOBOUND': LCOBOUND, Lower codimension bounds of an array * `LEADZ': LEADZ, Number of leading zero bits of an integer * `LEN': LEN, Length of a character entity * `LEN_TRIM': LEN_TRIM, Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters * `LGE': LGE, Lexical greater than or equal * `LGT': LGT, Lexical greater than * `LINK': LINK, Create a hard link * `LLE': LLE, Lexical less than or equal * `LLT': LLT, Lexical less than * `LNBLNK': LNBLNK, Index of the last non-blank character in a string * `LOC': LOC, Returns the address of a variable * `LOG': LOG, Logarithm function * `LOG10': LOG10, Base 10 logarithm function * `LOG_GAMMA': LOG_GAMMA, Logarithm of the Gamma function * `LOGICAL': LOGICAL, Convert to logical type * `LONG': LONG, Convert to integer type * `LSHIFT': LSHIFT, Left shift bits * `LSTAT': LSTAT, Get file status * `LTIME': LTIME, Convert time to local time info * `MALLOC': MALLOC, Dynamic memory allocation function * `MASKL': MASKL, Left justified mask * `MASKR': MASKR, Right justified mask * `MATMUL': MATMUL, matrix multiplication * `MAX': MAX, Maximum value of an argument list * `MAXEXPONENT': MAXEXPONENT, Maximum exponent of a real kind * `MAXLOC': MAXLOC, Location of the maximum value within an array * `MAXVAL': MAXVAL, Maximum value of an array * `MCLOCK': MCLOCK, Time function * `MCLOCK8': MCLOCK8, Time function (64-bit) * `MERGE': MERGE, Merge arrays * `MERGE_BITS': MERGE_BITS, Merge of bits under mask * `MIN': MIN, Minimum value of an argument list * `MINEXPONENT': MINEXPONENT, Minimum exponent of a real kind * `MINLOC': MINLOC, Location of the minimum value within an array * `MINVAL': MINVAL, Minimum value of an array * `MOD': MOD, Remainder function * `MODULO': MODULO, Modulo function * `MOVE_ALLOC': MOVE_ALLOC, Move allocation from one object to another * `MVBITS': MVBITS, Move bits from one integer to another * `NEAREST': NEAREST, Nearest representable number * `NEW_LINE': NEW_LINE, New line character * `NINT': NINT, Nearest whole number * `NORM2': NORM2, Euclidean vector norm * `NOT': NOT, Logical negation * `NULL': NULL, Function that returns an disassociated pointer * `NUM_IMAGES': NUM_IMAGES, Number of images * `OR': OR, Bitwise logical OR * `PACK': PACK, Pack an array into an array of rank one * `PARITY': PARITY, Reduction with exclusive OR * `PERROR': PERROR, Print system error message * `POPCNT': POPCNT, Number of bits set * `POPPAR': POPPAR, Parity of the number of bits set * `PRECISION': PRECISION, Decimal precision of a real kind * `PRESENT': PRESENT, Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified * `PRODUCT': PRODUCT, Product of array elements * `RADIX': RADIX, Base of a data model * `RANDOM_NUMBER': RANDOM_NUMBER, Pseudo-random number * `RANDOM_SEED': RANDOM_SEED, Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence * `RAND': RAND, Real pseudo-random number * `RANGE': RANGE, Decimal exponent range * `RANK' : RANK, Rank of a data object * `RAN': RAN, Real pseudo-random number * `REAL': REAL, Convert to real type * `RENAME': RENAME, Rename a file * `REPEAT': REPEAT, Repeated string concatenation * `RESHAPE': RESHAPE, Function to reshape an array * `RRSPACING': RRSPACING, Reciprocal of the relative spacing * `RSHIFT': RSHIFT, Right shift bits * `SAME_TYPE_AS': SAME_TYPE_AS, Query dynamic types for equality * `SCALE': SCALE, Scale a real value * `SCAN': SCAN, Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters * `SECNDS': SECNDS, Time function * `SECOND': SECOND, CPU time function * `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND': SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Choose character kind * `SELECTED_INT_KIND': SELECTED_INT_KIND, Choose integer kind * `SELECTED_REAL_KIND': SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Choose real kind * `SET_EXPONENT': SET_EXPONENT, Set the exponent of the model * `SHAPE': SHAPE, Determine the shape of an array * `SHIFTA': SHIFTA, Right shift with fill * `SHIFTL': SHIFTL, Left shift * `SHIFTR': SHIFTR, Right shift * `SIGN': SIGN, Sign copying function * `SIGNAL': SIGNAL, Signal handling subroutine (or function) * `SIN': SIN, Sine function * `SINH': SINH, Hyperbolic sine function * `SIZE': SIZE, Function to determine the size of an array * `SIZEOF': SIZEOF, Determine the size in bytes of an expression * `SLEEP': SLEEP, Sleep for the specified number of seconds * `SPACING': SPACING, Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type * `SPREAD': SPREAD, Add a dimension to an array * `SQRT': SQRT, Square-root function * `SRAND': SRAND, Reinitialize the random number generator * `STAT': STAT, Get file status * `STORAGE_SIZE': STORAGE_SIZE, Storage size in bits * `SUM': SUM, Sum of array elements * `SYMLNK': SYMLNK, Create a symbolic link * `SYSTEM': SYSTEM, Execute a shell command * `SYSTEM_CLOCK': SYSTEM_CLOCK, Time function * `TAN': TAN, Tangent function * `TANH': TANH, Hyperbolic tangent function * `THIS_IMAGE': THIS_IMAGE, Cosubscript index of this image * `TIME': TIME, Time function * `TIME8': TIME8, Time function (64-bit) * `TINY': TINY, Smallest positive number of a real kind * `TRAILZ': TRAILZ, Number of trailing zero bits of an integer * `TRANSFER': TRANSFER, Transfer bit patterns * `TRANSPOSE': TRANSPOSE, Transpose an array of rank two * `TRIM': TRIM, Remove trailing blank characters of a string * `TTYNAM': TTYNAM, Get the name of a terminal device. * `UBOUND': UBOUND, Upper dimension bounds of an array * `UCOBOUND': UCOBOUND, Upper codimension bounds of an array * `UMASK': UMASK, Set the file creation mask * `UNLINK': UNLINK, Remove a file from the file system * `UNPACK': UNPACK, Unpack an array of rank one into an array * `VERIFY': VERIFY, Scan a string for the absence of a set of characters * `XOR': XOR, Bitwise logical exclusive or  File: gfortran.info, Node: Introduction to Intrinsics, Next: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.1 Introduction to intrinsic procedures ======================================== The intrinsic procedures provided by GNU Fortran include all of the intrinsic procedures required by the Fortran 95 standard, a set of intrinsic procedures for backwards compatibility with G77, and a selection of intrinsic procedures from the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards. Any conflict between a description here and a description in either the Fortran 95 standard, the Fortran 2003 standard or the Fortran 2008 standard is unintentional, and the standard(s) should be considered authoritative. The enumeration of the `KIND' type parameter is processor defined in the Fortran 95 standard. GNU Fortran defines the default integer type and default real type by `INTEGER(KIND=4)' and `REAL(KIND=4)', respectively. The standard mandates that both data types shall have another kind, which have more precision. On typical target architectures supported by `gfortran', this kind type parameter is `KIND=8'. Hence, `REAL(KIND=8)' and `DOUBLE PRECISION' are equivalent. In the description of generic intrinsic procedures, the kind type parameter will be specified by `KIND=*', and in the description of specific names for an intrinsic procedure the kind type parameter will be explicitly given (e.g., `REAL(KIND=4)' or `REAL(KIND=8)'). Finally, for brevity the optional `KIND=' syntax will be omitted. Many of the intrinsic procedures take one or more optional arguments. This document follows the convention used in the Fortran 95 standard, and denotes such arguments by square brackets. GNU Fortran offers the `-std=f95' and `-std=gnu' options, which can be used to restrict the set of intrinsic procedures to a given standard. By default, `gfortran' sets the `-std=gnu' option, and so all intrinsic procedures described here are accepted. There is one caveat. For a select group of intrinsic procedures, `g77' implemented both a function and a subroutine. Both classes have been implemented in `gfortran' for backwards compatibility with `g77'. It is noted here that these functions and subroutines cannot be intermixed in a given subprogram. In the descriptions that follow, the applicable standard for each intrinsic procedure is noted.  File: gfortran.info, Node: ABORT, Next: ABS, Prev: Introduction to Intrinsics, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.2 `ABORT' -- Abort the program ================================ _Description_: `ABORT' causes immediate termination of the program. On operating systems that support a core dump, `ABORT' will produce a core dump. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL ABORT' _Return value_: Does not return. _Example_: program test_abort integer :: i = 1, j = 2 if (i /= j) call abort end program test_abort _See also_: *note EXIT::, *note KILL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ABS, Next: ACCESS, Prev: ABORT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.3 `ABS' -- Absolute value =========================== _Description_: `ABS(A)' computes the absolute value of `A'. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ABS(A)' _Arguments_: A The type of the argument shall be an `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument except the return value is `REAL' for a `COMPLEX' argument. _Example_: program test_abs integer :: i = -1 real :: x = -1.e0 complex :: z = (-1.e0,0.e0) i = abs(i) x = abs(x) x = abs(z) end program test_abs _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ABS(A)' `REAL(4) A' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `CABS(A)' `COMPLEX(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and A' later `DABS(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later `IABS(A)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and A' later `ZABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension A' `CDABS(A)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension A'  File: gfortran.info, Node: ACCESS, Next: ACHAR, Prev: ABS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.4 `ACCESS' -- Checks file access modes ======================================== _Description_: `ACCESS(NAME, MODE)' checks whether the file NAME exists, is readable, writable or executable. Except for the executable check, `ACCESS' can be replaced by Fortran 95's `INQUIRE'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ACCESS(NAME, MODE)' _Arguments_: NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the file name. Tailing blank are ignored unless the character `achar(0)' is present, then all characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are used as file name. MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the file access mode, may be any concatenation of `"r"' (readable), `"w"' (writable) and `"x"' (executable), or `" "' to check for existence. _Return value_: Returns a scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' if the file is accessible in the given mode; otherwise or if an invalid argument has been given for `MODE' the value `1' is returned. _Example_: program access_test implicit none character(len=*), parameter :: file = 'test.dat' character(len=*), parameter :: file2 = 'test.dat '//achar(0) if(access(file,' ') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is exists' if(access(file,'r') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is readable' if(access(file,'w') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is writable' if(access(file,'x') == 0) print *, trim(file),' is executable' if(access(file2,'rwx') == 0) & print *, trim(file2),' is readable, writable and executable' end program access_test _Specific names_: _See also_:  File: gfortran.info, Node: ACHAR, Next: ACOS, Prev: ACCESS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.5 `ACHAR' -- Character in ASCII collating sequence ==================================================== _Description_: `ACHAR(I)' returns the character located at position `I' in the ASCII collating sequence. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ACHAR(I [, KIND])' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `CHARACTER' with a length of one. If the KIND argument is present, the return value is of the specified kind and of the default kind otherwise. _Example_: program test_achar character c c = achar(32) end program test_achar _Note_: See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical values and formatted string representations. _See also_: *note CHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOS, Next: ACOSH, Prev: ACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.6 `ACOS' -- Arccosine function ================================ _Description_: `ACOS(X)' computes the arccosine of X (inverse of `COS(X)'). _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ACOS(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall either be `REAL' with a magnitude that is less than or equal to one - or the type shall be `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part of the result is in radians and lies in the range 0 \leq \Re \acos(x) \leq \pi. _Example_: program test_acos real(8) :: x = 0.866_8 x = acos(x) end program test_acos _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ACOS(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DACOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: Inverse function: *note COS::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ACOSH, Next: ADJUSTL, Prev: ACOS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.7 `ACOSH' -- Inverse hyperbolic cosine function ================================================= _Description_: `ACOSH(X)' computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine of X. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ACOSH(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has the same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between 0 \leq \Im \acosh(x) \leq \pi. _Example_: PROGRAM test_acosh REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 /) WRITE (*,*) ACOSH(x) END PROGRAM _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DACOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension _See also_: Inverse function: *note COSH::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTL, Next: ADJUSTR, Prev: ACOSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.8 `ADJUSTL' -- Left adjust a string ===================================== _Description_: `ADJUSTL(STRING)' will left adjust a string by removing leading spaces. Spaces are inserted at the end of the string as needed. _Standard_: Fortran 90 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ADJUSTL(STRING)' _Arguments_: STRING The type shall be `CHARACTER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as STRING where leading spaces are removed and the same number of spaces are inserted on the end of STRING. _Example_: program test_adjustl character(len=20) :: str = ' gfortran' str = adjustl(str) print *, str end program test_adjustl _See also_: *note ADJUSTR::, *note TRIM::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ADJUSTR, Next: AIMAG, Prev: ADJUSTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.9 `ADJUSTR' -- Right adjust a string ====================================== _Description_: `ADJUSTR(STRING)' will right adjust a string by removing trailing spaces. Spaces are inserted at the start of the string as needed. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ADJUSTR(STRING)' _Arguments_: STR The type shall be `CHARACTER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `CHARACTER' and of the same kind as STRING where trailing spaces are removed and the same number of spaces are inserted at the start of STRING. _Example_: program test_adjustr character(len=20) :: str = 'gfortran' str = adjustr(str) print *, str end program test_adjustr _See also_: *note ADJUSTL::, *note TRIM::  File: gfortran.info, Node: AIMAG, Next: AINT, Prev: ADJUSTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.10 `AIMAG' -- Imaginary part of complex number ================================================ _Description_: `AIMAG(Z)' yields the imaginary part of complex argument `Z'. The `IMAG(Z)' and `IMAGPART(Z)' intrinsic functions are provided for compatibility with `g77', and their use in new code is strongly discouraged. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = AIMAG(Z)' _Arguments_: Z The type of the argument shall be `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of the argument. _Example_: program test_aimag complex(4) z4 complex(8) z8 z4 = cmplx(1.e0_4, 0.e0_4) z8 = cmplx(0.e0_8, 1.e0_8) print *, aimag(z4), dimag(z8) end program test_aimag _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `AIMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension `DIMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `REAL(8)' GNU extension Z' `IMAG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension `IMAGPART(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `REAL' GNU extension  File: gfortran.info, Node: AINT, Next: ALARM, Prev: AIMAG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.11 `AINT' -- Truncate to a whole number ========================================= _Description_: `AINT(A [, KIND])' truncates its argument to a whole number. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = AINT(A [, KIND])' _Arguments_: A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' with the kind type parameter of the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind type parameter will be given by KIND. If the magnitude of X is less than one, `AINT(X)' returns zero. If the magnitude is equal to or greater than one then it returns the largest whole number that does not exceed its magnitude. The sign is the same as the sign of X. _Example_: program test_aint real(4) x4 real(8) x8 x4 = 1.234E0_4 x8 = 4.321_8 print *, aint(x4), dint(x8) x8 = aint(x4,8) end program test_aint _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `AINT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later  File: gfortran.info, Node: ALARM, Next: ALL, Prev: AINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.12 `ALARM' -- Execute a routine after a given delay ===================================================== _Description_: `ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine HANDLER to be executed after a delay of SECONDS by using `alarm(2)' to set up a signal and `signal(2)' to catch it. If STATUS is supplied, it will be returned with the number of seconds remaining until any previously scheduled alarm was due to be delivered, or zero if there was no previously scheduled alarm. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])' _Arguments_: SECONDS The type of the argument shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'. HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or `SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER' scalar. The scalar values may be either `SIG_IGN=1' to ignore the alarm generated or `SIG_DFL=0' to set the default action. It is `INTENT(IN)'. STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar variable of the default `INTEGER' kind. It is `INTENT(OUT)'. _Example_: program test_alarm external handler_print integer i call alarm (3, handler_print, i) print *, i call sleep(10) end program test_alarm This will cause the external routine HANDLER_PRINT to be called after 3 seconds.  File: gfortran.info, Node: ALL, Next: ALLOCATED, Prev: ALARM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.13 `ALL' -- All values in MASK along DIM are true =================================================== _Description_: `ALL(MASK [, DIM])' determines if all the values are true in MASK in the array along dimension DIM. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ALL(MASK [, DIM])' _Arguments_: MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and it shall not be scalar. DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with a value that lies between one and the rank of MASK. _Return value_: `ALL(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of MASK. If DIM is present, then `ALL(MASK, DIM)' returns an array with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided. (A) `ALL(MASK)' is true if all elements of MASK are true. It also is true if MASK has zero size; otherwise, it is false. (B) If the rank of MASK is one, then `ALL(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent to `ALL(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then `ALL(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ALL' to the array sections. _Example_: program test_all logical l l = all((/.true., .true., .true./)) print *, l call section contains subroutine section integer a(2,3), b(2,3) a = 1 b = 1 b(2,2) = 2 print *, all(a .eq. b, 1) print *, all(a .eq. b, 2) end subroutine section end program test_all  File: gfortran.info, Node: ALLOCATED, Next: AND, Prev: ALL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.14 `ALLOCATED' -- Status of an allocatable entity =================================================== _Description_: `ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' and `ALLOCATED(SCALAR)' check the allocation status of ARRAY and SCALAR, respectively. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later. Note, the `SCALAR=' keyword and allocatable scalar entities are available in Fortran 2003 and later. _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ALLOCATED(ARRAY)' `RESULT = ALLOCATED(SCALAR)' _Arguments_: ARRAY The argument shall be an `ALLOCATABLE' array. SCALAR The argument shall be an `ALLOCATABLE' scalar. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar `LOGICAL' with the default logical kind type parameter. If the argument is allocated, then the result is `.TRUE.'; otherwise, it returns `.FALSE.' _Example_: program test_allocated integer :: i = 4 real(4), allocatable :: x(:) if (.not. allocated(x)) allocate(x(i)) end program test_allocated  File: gfortran.info, Node: AND, Next: ANINT, Prev: ALLOCATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.15 `AND' -- Bitwise logical AND ================================= _Description_: Bitwise logical `AND'. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider the use of the *note IAND:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran standard. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = AND(I, J)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER' type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type. J The type shall be the same as the type of I. _Return value_: The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar `LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return has the larger kind. _Example_: PROGRAM test_and LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / WRITE (*,*) AND(T, T), AND(T, F), AND(F, T), AND(F, F) WRITE (*,*) AND(a, b) END PROGRAM _See also_: Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IAND::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ANINT, Next: ANY, Prev: AND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.16 `ANINT' -- Nearest whole number ==================================== _Description_: `ANINT(A [, KIND])' rounds its argument to the nearest whole number. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ANINT(A [, KIND])' _Arguments_: A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type real with the kind type parameter of the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind type parameter will be given by KIND. If A is greater than zero, `ANINT(A)' returns `AINT(X+0.5)'. If A is less than or equal to zero then it returns `AINT(X-0.5)'. _Example_: program test_anint real(4) x4 real(8) x8 x4 = 1.234E0_4 x8 = 4.321_8 print *, anint(x4), dnint(x8) x8 = anint(x4,8) end program test_anint _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `AINT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DNINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later  File: gfortran.info, Node: ANY, Next: ASIN, Prev: ANINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.17 `ANY' -- Any value in MASK along DIM is true ================================================= _Description_: `ANY(MASK [, DIM])' determines if any of the values in the logical array MASK along dimension DIM are `.TRUE.'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ANY(MASK [, DIM])' _Arguments_: MASK The type of the argument shall be `LOGICAL' and it shall not be scalar. DIM (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with a value that lies between one and the rank of MASK. _Return value_: `ANY(MASK)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL' where the kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of MASK. If DIM is present, then `ANY(MASK, DIM)' returns an array with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided. (A) `ANY(MASK)' is true if any element of MASK is true; otherwise, it is false. It also is false if MASK has zero size. (B) If the rank of MASK is one, then `ANY(MASK,DIM)' is equivalent to `ANY(MASK)'. If the rank is greater than one, then `ANY(MASK,DIM)' is determined by applying `ANY' to the array sections. _Example_: program test_any logical l l = any((/.true., .true., .true./)) print *, l call section contains subroutine section integer a(2,3), b(2,3) a = 1 b = 1 b(2,2) = 2 print *, any(a .eq. b, 1) print *, any(a .eq. b, 2) end subroutine section end program test_any  File: gfortran.info, Node: ASIN, Next: ASINH, Prev: ANY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.18 `ASIN' -- Arcsine function =============================== _Description_: `ASIN(X)' computes the arcsine of its X (inverse of `SIN(X)'). _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ASIN(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be either `REAL' and a magnitude that is less than or equal to one - or be `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part of the result is in radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re \asin(x) \leq \pi/2. _Example_: program test_asin real(8) :: x = 0.866_8 x = asin(x) end program test_asin _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ASIN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DASIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: Inverse function: *note SIN::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ASINH, Next: ASSOCIATED, Prev: ASIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.19 `ASINH' -- Inverse hyperbolic sine function ================================================ _Description_: `ASINH(X)' computes the inverse hyperbolic sine of X. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ASINH(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between -\pi/2 \leq \Im \asinh(x) \leq \pi/2. _Example_: PROGRAM test_asinh REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /) WRITE (*,*) ASINH(x) END PROGRAM _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DASINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension. _See also_: Inverse function: *note SINH::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ASSOCIATED, Next: ATAN, Prev: ASINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.20 `ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair =============================================================== _Description_: `ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])' determines the status of the pointer POINTER or if POINTER is associated with the target TARGET. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])' _Arguments_: POINTER POINTER shall have the `POINTER' attribute and it can be of any type. TARGET (Optional) TARGET shall be a pointer or a target. It must have the same type, kind type parameter, and array rank as POINTER. The association status of neither POINTER nor TARGET shall be undefined. _Return value_: `ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' returns a scalar value of type `LOGICAL(4)'. There are several cases: (A) When the optional TARGET is not present then `ASSOCIATED(POINTER)' is true if POINTER is associated with a target; otherwise, it returns false. (B) If TARGET is present and a scalar target, the result is true if TARGET is not a zero-sized storage sequence and the target associated with POINTER occupies the same storage units. If POINTER is disassociated, the result is false. (C) If TARGET is present and an array target, the result is true if TARGET and POINTER have the same shape, are not zero-sized arrays, are arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage sequences, and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage units in array element order. As in case(B), the result is false, if POINTER is disassociated. (D) If TARGET is present and an scalar pointer, the result is true if TARGET is associated with POINTER, the target associated with TARGET are not zero-sized storage sequences and occupy the same storage units. The result is false, if either TARGET or POINTER is disassociated. (E) If TARGET is present and an array pointer, the result is true if target associated with POINTER and the target associated with TARGET have the same shape, are not zero-sized arrays, are arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage sequences, and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage units in array element order. The result is false, if either TARGET or POINTER is disassociated. _Example_: program test_associated implicit none real, target :: tgt(2) = (/1., 2./) real, pointer :: ptr(:) ptr => tgt if (associated(ptr) .eqv. .false.) call abort if (associated(ptr,tgt) .eqv. .false.) call abort end program test_associated _See also_: *note NULL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN, Next: ATAN2, Prev: ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.21 `ATAN' -- Arctangent function ================================== _Description_: `ATAN(X)' computes the arctangent of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument and for two arguments Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ATAN(X)' `RESULT = ATAN(Y, X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'; if Y is present, X shall be REAL. Y shall be of the same type and kind as X. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If Y is present, the result is identical to `ATAN2(Y,X)'. Otherwise, it the arcus tangent of X, where the real part of the result is in radians and lies in the range -\pi/2 \leq \Re \atan(x) \leq \pi/2. _Example_: program test_atan real(8) :: x = 2.866_8 x = atan(x) end program test_atan _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ATAN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DATAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: Inverse function: *note TAN::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ATAN2, Next: ATANH, Prev: ATAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.22 `ATAN2' -- Arctangent function =================================== _Description_: `ATAN2(Y, X)' computes the principal value of the argument function of the complex number X + i Y. This function can be used to transform from Cartesian into polar coordinates and allows to determine the angle in the correct quadrant. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ATAN2(Y, X)' _Arguments_: Y The type shall be `REAL'. X The type and kind type parameter shall be the same as Y. If Y is zero, then X must be nonzero. _Return value_: The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as Y. It is the principal value of the complex number X + i Y. If X is nonzero, then it lies in the range -\pi \le \atan (x) \leq \pi. The sign is positive if Y is positive. If Y is zero, then the return value is zero if X is strictly positive, \pi if X is negative and Y is positive zero (or the processor does not handle signed zeros), and -\pi if X is negative and Y is negative zero. Finally, if X is zero, then the magnitude of the result is \pi/2. _Example_: program test_atan2 real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4 x = atan2(y,x) end program test_atan2 _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ATAN2(X, `REAL(4) X, `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and Y)' Y' later `DATAN2(X, `REAL(8) X, `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and Y)' Y' later  File: gfortran.info, Node: ATANH, Next: ATOMIC_DEFINE, Prev: ATAN2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.23 `ATANH' -- Inverse hyperbolic tangent function =================================================== _Description_: `ATANH(X)' computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent of X. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ATANH(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between -\pi/2 \leq \Im \atanh(x) \leq \pi/2. _Example_: PROGRAM test_atanh REAL, DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /) WRITE (*,*) ATANH(x) END PROGRAM _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DATANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension _See also_: Inverse function: *note TANH::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ATOMIC_DEFINE, Next: ATOMIC_REF, Prev: ATANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.24 `ATOMIC_DEFINE' -- Setting a variable atomically ===================================================== _Description_: `ATOMIC_DEFINE(ATOM, VALUE)' defines the variable ATOM with the value VALUE atomically. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Atomic subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL ATOMIC_DEFINE(ATOM, VALUE)' _Arguments_: ATOM Scalar coarray or coindexed variable of either integer type with `ATOMIC_INT_KIND' kind or logical type with `ATOMIC_LOGICAL_KIND' kind. VALURE Scalar and of the same type as ATOM. If the kind is different, the value is converted to the kind of ATOM. _Example_: program atomic use iso_fortran_env integer(atomic_int_kind) :: atom[*] call atomic_define (atom[1], this_image()) end program atomic _See also_: *note ATOMIC_REF::, *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ATOMIC_REF, Next: BESSEL_J0, Prev: ATOMIC_DEFINE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.25 `ATOMIC_REF' -- Obtaining the value of a variable atomically ================================================================= _Description_: `ATOMIC_DEFINE(ATOM, VALUE)' atomically assigns the value of the variable ATOM to VALUE. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Atomic subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL ATOMIC_REF(VALUE, ATOM)' _Arguments_: VALURE Scalar and of the same type as ATOM. If the kind is different, the value is converted to the kind of ATOM. ATOM Scalar coarray or coindexed variable of either integer type with `ATOMIC_INT_KIND' kind or logical type with `ATOMIC_LOGICAL_KIND' kind. _Example_: program atomic use iso_fortran_env logical(atomic_logical_kind) :: atom[*] logical :: val call atomic_ref (atom, .false.) ! ... call atomic_ref (atom, val) if (val) then print *, "Obtained" end if end program atomic _See also_: *note ATOMIC_DEFINE::, *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::  File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J0, Next: BESSEL_J1, Prev: ATOMIC_REF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.26 `BESSEL_J0' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 ================================================================ _Description_: `BESSEL_J0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ0' as a GNU extension. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BESSEL_J0(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be scalar. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' and lies in the range - 0.4027... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 1. It has the same kind as X. _Example_: program test_besj0 real(8) :: x = 0.0_8 x = bessel_j0(x) end program test_besj0 _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DBESJ0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension  File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_J1, Next: BESSEL_JN, Prev: BESSEL_J0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.27 `BESSEL_J1' -- Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 ================================================================ _Description_: `BESSEL_J1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESJ1' as a GNU extension. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BESSEL_J1(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be scalar. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' and it lies in the range - 0.5818... \leq Bessel (0,x) \leq 0.5818 . It has the same kind as X. _Example_: program test_besj1 real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_j1(x) end program test_besj1 _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DBESJ1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension  File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_JN, Next: BESSEL_Y0, Prev: BESSEL_J1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.28 `BESSEL_JN' -- Bessel function of the first kind ===================================================== _Description_: `BESSEL_JN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the first kind of order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESJN' as a GNU extension. If N and X are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform. `BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' returns an array with the Bessel functions of the first kind of the orders N1 to N2. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later, negative N is allowed as GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function, except for the transformational function `BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' _Syntax_: `RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N, X)' `RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' _Arguments_: N Shall be a scalar or an array of type `INTEGER'. N1 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type `INTEGER'. N2 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type `INTEGER'. X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'; for `BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)' it shall be scalar. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind as X. _Note_: The transformational function uses a recurrence algorithm which might, for some values of X, lead to different results than calls to the elemental function. _Example_: program test_besjn real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_jn(5,x) end program test_besjn _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DBESJN(N, `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension X)' `REAL(8) X'  File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y0, Next: BESSEL_Y1, Prev: BESSEL_JN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.29 `BESSEL_Y0' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 ================================================================= _Description_: `BESSEL_Y0(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY0' as a GNU extension. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BESSEL_Y0(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be scalar. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind as X. _Example_: program test_besy0 real(8) :: x = 0.0_8 x = bessel_y0(x) end program test_besy0 _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DBESY0(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension  File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_Y1, Next: BESSEL_YN, Prev: BESSEL_Y0, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.30 `BESSEL_Y1' -- Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 ================================================================= _Description_: `BESSEL_Y1(X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 of X. This function is available under the name `BESY1' as a GNU extension. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BESSEL_Y1(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL', and it shall be scalar. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind as X. _Example_: program test_besy1 real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_y1(x) end program test_besy1 _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DBESY1(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension  File: gfortran.info, Node: BESSEL_YN, Next: BGE, Prev: BESSEL_Y1, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.31 `BESSEL_YN' -- Bessel function of the second kind ====================================================== _Description_: `BESSEL_YN(N, X)' computes the Bessel function of the second kind of order N of X. This function is available under the name `BESYN' as a GNU extension. If N and X are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform. `BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' returns an array with the Bessel functions of the first kind of the orders N1 to N2. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later, negative N is allowed as GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function, except for the transformational function `BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' _Syntax_: `RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N, X)' `RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' _Arguments_: N Shall be a scalar or an array of type `INTEGER' . N1 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type `INTEGER'. N2 Shall be a non-negative scalar of type `INTEGER'. X Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'; for `BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)' it shall be scalar. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `REAL'. It has the same kind as X. _Note_: The transformational function uses a recurrence algorithm which might, for some values of X, lead to different results than calls to the elemental function. _Example_: program test_besyn real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_yn(5,x) end program test_besyn _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DBESYN(N,X)' `INTEGER N' `REAL(8)' GNU extension `REAL(8) X'  File: gfortran.info, Node: BGE, Next: BGT, Prev: BESSEL_YN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.32 `BGE' -- Bitwise greater than or equal to ============================================== _Description_: Determines whether an integral is a bitwise greater than or equal to another. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BGE(I, J)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same kind as I. _Return value_: The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. _See also_: *note BGT::, *note BLE::, *note BLT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: BGT, Next: BIT_SIZE, Prev: BGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.33 `BGT' -- Bitwise greater than ================================== _Description_: Determines whether an integral is a bitwise greater than another. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BGT(I, J)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same kind as I. _Return value_: The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. _See also_: *note BGE::, *note BLE::, *note BLT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: BIT_SIZE, Next: BLE, Prev: BGT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.34 `BIT_SIZE' -- Bit size inquiry function ============================================ _Description_: `BIT_SIZE(I)' returns the number of bits (integer precision plus sign bit) represented by the type of I. The result of `BIT_SIZE(I)' is independent of the actual value of I. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BIT_SIZE(I)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' _Example_: program test_bit_size integer :: i = 123 integer :: size size = bit_size(i) print *, size end program test_bit_size  File: gfortran.info, Node: BLE, Next: BLT, Prev: BIT_SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.35 `BLE' -- Bitwise less than or equal to =========================================== _Description_: Determines whether an integral is a bitwise less than or equal to another. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BLE(I, J)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same kind as I. _Return value_: The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. _See also_: *note BGT::, *note BGE::, *note BLT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: BLT, Next: BTEST, Prev: BLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.36 `BLT' -- Bitwise less than =============================== _Description_: Determines whether an integral is a bitwise less than another. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BLT(I, J)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of `INTEGER' type. J Shall be of `INTEGER' type, and of the same kind as I. _Return value_: The return value is of type `LOGICAL' and of the default kind. _See also_: *note BGE::, *note BGT::, *note BLE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: BTEST, Next: C_ASSOCIATED, Prev: BLT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.37 `BTEST' -- Bit test function ================================= _Description_: `BTEST(I,POS)' returns logical `.TRUE.' if the bit at POS in I is set. The counting of the bits starts at 0. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = BTEST(I, POS)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `LOGICAL' _Example_: program test_btest integer :: i = 32768 + 1024 + 64 integer :: pos logical :: bool do pos=0,16 bool = btest(i, pos) print *, pos, bool end do end program test_btest  File: gfortran.info, Node: C_ASSOCIATED, Next: C_F_POINTER, Prev: BTEST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.38 `C_ASSOCIATED' -- Status of a C pointer ============================================ _Description_: `C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])' determines the status of the C pointer C_PTR_1 or if C_PTR_1 is associated with the target C_PTR_2. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])' _Arguments_: C_PTR_1 Scalar of the type `C_PTR' or `C_FUNPTR'. C_PTR_2 (Optional) Scalar of the same type as C_PTR_1. _Return value_: The return value is of type `LOGICAL'; it is `.false.' if either C_PTR_1 is a C NULL pointer or if C_PTR1 and C_PTR_2 point to different addresses. _Example_: subroutine association_test(a,b) use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr implicit none real, pointer :: a type(c_ptr) :: b if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) & stop 'b and a do not point to same target' end subroutine association_test _See also_: *note C_LOC::, *note C_FUNLOC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: C_FUNLOC, Next: C_LOC, Prev: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.39 `C_FUNLOC' -- Obtain the C address of a procedure ====================================================== _Description_: `C_FUNLOC(x)' determines the C address of the argument. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = C_FUNLOC(x)' _Arguments_: X Interoperable function or pointer to such function. _Return value_: The return value is of type `C_FUNPTR' and contains the C address of the argument. _Example_: module x use iso_c_binding implicit none contains subroutine sub(a) bind(c) real(c_float) :: a a = sqrt(a)+5.0 end subroutine sub end module x program main use iso_c_binding use x implicit none interface subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func') import :: c_funptr type(c_funptr), intent(in) :: p end subroutine end interface call my_routine(c_funloc(sub)) end program main _See also_: *note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note C_F_PROCPOINTER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Next: C_FUNLOC, Prev: C_F_POINTER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.40 `C_F_PROCPOINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer ================================================================== _Description_: `C_F_PROCPOINTER(CPTR, FPTR)' Assign the target of the C function pointer CPTR to the Fortran procedure pointer FPTR. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER(cptr, fptr)' _Arguments_: CPTR scalar of the type `C_FUNPTR'. It is `INTENT(IN)'. FPTR procedure pointer interoperable with CPTR. It is `INTENT(OUT)'. _Example_: program main use iso_c_binding implicit none abstract interface function func(a) import :: c_float real(c_float), intent(in) :: a real(c_float) :: func end function end interface interface function getIterFunc() bind(c,name="getIterFunc") import :: c_funptr type(c_funptr) :: getIterFunc end function end interface type(c_funptr) :: cfunptr procedure(func), pointer :: myFunc cfunptr = getIterFunc() call c_f_procpointer(cfunptr, myFunc) end program main _See also_: *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: C_F_POINTER, Next: C_F_PROCPOINTER, Prev: C_ASSOCIATED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.41 `C_F_POINTER' -- Convert C into Fortran pointer ==================================================== _Description_: `C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])' Assign the target the C pointer CPTR to the Fortran pointer FPTR and specify its shape. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])' _Arguments_: CPTR scalar of the type `C_PTR'. It is `INTENT(IN)'. FPTR pointer interoperable with CPTR. It is `INTENT(OUT)'. SHAPE (Optional) Rank-one array of type `INTEGER' with `INTENT(IN)'. It shall be present if and only if FPTR is an array. The size must be equal to the rank of FPTR. _Example_: program main use iso_c_binding implicit none interface subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name='myC_func') import :: c_ptr type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: p end subroutine end interface type(c_ptr) :: cptr real,pointer :: a(:) call my_routine(cptr) call c_f_pointer(cptr, a, [12]) end program main _See also_: *note C_LOC::, *note C_F_PROCPOINTER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: C_LOC, Next: C_SIZEOF, Prev: C_FUNLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.42 `C_LOC' -- Obtain the C address of an object ================================================= _Description_: `C_LOC(X)' determines the C address of the argument. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = C_LOC(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall have either the POINTER or TARGET attribute. It shall not be a coindexed object. It shall either be a variable with interoperable type and kind type parameters, or be a scalar, nonpolymorphic variable with no length type parameters. _Return value_: The return value is of type `C_PTR' and contains the C address of the argument. _Example_: subroutine association_test(a,b) use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr implicit none real, pointer :: a type(c_ptr) :: b if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) & stop 'b and a do not point to same target' end subroutine association_test _See also_: *note C_ASSOCIATED::, *note C_FUNLOC::, *note C_F_POINTER::, *note C_F_PROCPOINTER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: C_SIZEOF, Next: CEILING, Prev: C_LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.43 `C_SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression ================================================= _Description_: `C_SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the expression `X' occupies. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 _Class_: Inquiry function of the module `ISO_C_BINDING' _Syntax_: `N = C_SIZEOF(X)' _Arguments_: X The argument shall be an interoperable data entity. _Return value_: The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent kind `C_SIZE_T' (from the `ISO_C_BINDING' module). Its value is the number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the `POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with `POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value does not account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components. _Example_: use iso_c_binding integer(c_int) :: i real(c_float) :: r, s(5) print *, (c_sizeof(s)/c_sizeof(r) == 5) end The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded. _See also_: *note SIZEOF::, *note STORAGE_SIZE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: CEILING, Next: CHAR, Prev: C_SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.44 `CEILING' -- Integer ceiling function ========================================== _Description_: `CEILING(A)' returns the least integer greater than or equal to A. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = CEILING(A [, KIND])' _Arguments_: A The type shall be `REAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and a default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise. _Example_: program test_ceiling real :: x = 63.29 real :: y = -63.59 print *, ceiling(x) ! returns 64 print *, ceiling(y) ! returns -63 end program test_ceiling _See also_: *note FLOOR::, *note NINT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: CHAR, Next: CHDIR, Prev: CEILING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.45 `CHAR' -- Character conversion function ============================================ _Description_: `CHAR(I [, KIND])' returns the character represented by the integer I. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = CHAR(I [, KIND])' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `CHARACTER(1)' _Example_: program test_char integer :: i = 74 character(1) :: c c = char(i) print *, i, c ! returns 'J' end program test_char _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `CHAR(I)' `INTEGER I' `CHARACTER(LEN=1)'F77 and later _Note_: See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical values and formatted string representations. _See also_: *note ACHAR::, *note IACHAR::, *note ICHAR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: CHDIR, Next: CHMOD, Prev: CHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.46 `CHDIR' -- Change working directory ======================================== _Description_: Change current working directory to a specified path. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL CHDIR(NAME [, STATUS])' `STATUS = CHDIR(NAME)' _Arguments_: NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of default kind and shall specify a valid path within the file system. STATUS (Optional) `INTEGER' status flag of the default kind. Returns 0 on success, and a system specific and nonzero error code otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_chdir CHARACTER(len=255) :: path CALL getcwd(path) WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path) CALL chdir("/tmp") CALL getcwd(path) WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note GETCWD::  File: gfortran.info, Node: CHMOD, Next: CMPLX, Prev: CHDIR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.47 `CHMOD' -- Change access permissions of files ================================================== _Description_: `CHMOD' changes the permissions of a file. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL CHMOD(NAME, MODE[, STATUS])' `STATUS = CHMOD(NAME, MODE)' _Arguments_: NAME Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind with the file name. Trailing blanks are ignored unless the character `achar(0)' is present, then all characters up to and excluding `achar(0)' are used as the file name. MODE Scalar `CHARACTER' of default kind giving the file permission. MODE uses the same syntax as the `chmod' utility as defined by the POSIX standard. The argument shall either be a string of a nonnegative octal number or a symbolic mode. STATUS (optional) scalar `INTEGER', which is `0' on success and nonzero otherwise. _Return value_: In either syntax, STATUS is set to `0' on success and nonzero otherwise. _Example_: `CHMOD' as subroutine program chmod_test implicit none integer :: status call chmod('test.dat','u+x',status) print *, 'Status: ', status end program chmod_test `CHMOD' as function: program chmod_test implicit none integer :: status status = chmod('test.dat','u+x') print *, 'Status: ', status end program chmod_test  File: gfortran.info, Node: CMPLX, Next: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Prev: CHMOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.48 `CMPLX' -- Complex conversion function =========================================== _Description_: `CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])' returns a complex number where X is converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must not be present. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. Y (Optional; only allowed if X is not `COMPLEX'.) May be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of `COMPLEX' type, with a kind equal to KIND if it is specified. If KIND is not specified, the result is of the default `COMPLEX' kind, regardless of the kinds of X and Y. _Example_: program test_cmplx integer :: i = 42 real :: x = 3.14 complex :: z z = cmplx(i, x) print *, z, cmplx(x) end program test_cmplx _See also_: *note COMPLEX::  File: gfortran.info, Node: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Next: COMPLEX, Prev: CMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.49 `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT' -- Get number of command line arguments ===================================================================== _Description_: `COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT' returns the number of arguments passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT()' _Arguments_: None _Return value_: The return value is an `INTEGER' of default kind. _Example_: program test_command_argument_count integer :: count count = command_argument_count() print *, count end program test_command_argument_count _See also_: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPILER_OPTIONS, Next: CONJG, Prev: COMPILER_VERSION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.50 `COMPILER_OPTIONS' -- Options passed to the compiler ========================================================= _Description_: `COMPILER_OPTIONS' returns a string with the options used for compiling. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 _Class_: Inquiry function of the module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' _Syntax_: `STR = COMPILER_OPTIONS()' _Arguments_: None. _Return value_: The return value is a default-kind string with system-dependent length. It contains the compiler flags used to compile the file, which called the `COMPILER_OPTIONS' intrinsic. _Example_: use iso_fortran_env print '(4a)', 'This file was compiled by ', & compiler_version(), ' using the options ', & compiler_options() end _See also_: *note COMPILER_VERSION::, *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::  File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPILER_VERSION, Next: COMPILER_OPTIONS, Prev: COMPLEX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.51 `COMPILER_VERSION' -- Compiler version string ================================================== _Description_: `COMPILER_VERSION' returns a string with the name and the version of the compiler. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 _Class_: Inquiry function of the module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' _Syntax_: `STR = COMPILER_VERSION()' _Arguments_: None. _Return value_: The return value is a default-kind string with system-dependent length. It contains the name of the compiler and its version number. _Example_: use iso_fortran_env print '(4a)', 'This file was compiled by ', & compiler_version(), ' using the options ', & compiler_options() end _See also_: *note COMPILER_OPTIONS::, *note ISO_FORTRAN_ENV::  File: gfortran.info, Node: COMPLEX, Next: COMPILER_VERSION, Prev: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.52 `COMPLEX' -- Complex conversion function ============================================= _Description_: `COMPLEX(X, Y)' returns a complex number where X is converted to the real component and Y is converted to the imaginary component. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = COMPLEX(X, Y)' _Arguments_: X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. Y The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. _Return value_: If X and Y are both of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of default `COMPLEX' type. If X and Y are of `REAL' type, or one is of `REAL' type and one is of `INTEGER' type, then the return value is of `COMPLEX' type with a kind equal to that of the `REAL' argument with the highest precision. _Example_: program test_complex integer :: i = 42 real :: x = 3.14 print *, complex(i, x) end program test_complex _See also_: *note CMPLX::  File: gfortran.info, Node: CONJG, Next: COS, Prev: COMPILER_OPTIONS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.53 `CONJG' -- Complex conjugate function ========================================== _Description_: `CONJG(Z)' returns the conjugate of Z. If Z is `(x, y)' then the result is `(x, -y)' _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `Z = CONJG(Z)' _Arguments_: Z The type shall be `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `COMPLEX'. _Example_: program test_conjg complex :: z = (2.0, 3.0) complex(8) :: dz = (2.71_8, -3.14_8) z= conjg(z) print *, z dz = dconjg(dz) print *, dz end program test_conjg _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `CONJG(Z)' `COMPLEX Z' `COMPLEX' GNU extension `DCONJG(Z)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension Z'  File: gfortran.info, Node: COS, Next: COSH, Prev: CONJG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.54 `COS' -- Cosine function ============================= _Description_: `COS(X)' computes the cosine of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = COS(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part of the result is in radians. If X is of the type `REAL', the return value lies in the range -1 \leq \cos (x) \leq 1. _Example_: program test_cos real :: x = 0.0 x = cos(x) end program test_cos _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `COS(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DCOS(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later `CCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and X' later `ZCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension X' `CDCOS(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension X' _See also_: Inverse function: *note ACOS::  File: gfortran.info, Node: COSH, Next: COUNT, Prev: COS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.55 `COSH' -- Hyperbolic cosine function ========================================= _Description_: `COSH(X)' computes the hyperbolic cosine of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `X = COSH(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the return value has a lower bound of one, \cosh (x) \geq 1. _Example_: program test_cosh real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = cosh(x) end program test_cosh _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `COSH(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DCOSH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: Inverse function: *note ACOSH::  File: gfortran.info, Node: COUNT, Next: CPU_TIME, Prev: COSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.56 `COUNT' -- Count function ============================== _Description_: Counts the number of `.TRUE.' elements in a logical MASK, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, counts the number of elements along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `0'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = COUNT(MASK [, DIM, KIND])' _Arguments_: MASK The type shall be `LOGICAL'. DIM (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the shape of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. _Example_: program test_count integer, dimension(2,3) :: a, b logical, dimension(2,3) :: mask a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 /), (/ 2, 3 /)) b = reshape( (/ 0, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8 /), (/ 2, 3 /)) print '(3i3)', a(1,:) print '(3i3)', a(2,:) print * print '(3i3)', b(1,:) print '(3i3)', b(2,:) print * mask = a.ne.b print '(3l3)', mask(1,:) print '(3l3)', mask(2,:) print * print '(3i3)', count(mask) print * print '(3i3)', count(mask, 1) print * print '(3i3)', count(mask, 2) end program test_count  File: gfortran.info, Node: CPU_TIME, Next: CSHIFT, Prev: COUNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.57 `CPU_TIME' -- CPU elapsed time in seconds ============================================== _Description_: Returns a `REAL' value representing the elapsed CPU time in seconds. This is useful for testing segments of code to determine execution time. If a time source is available, time will be reported with microsecond resolution. If no time source is available, TIME is set to `-1.0'. Note that TIME may contain a, system dependent, arbitrary offset and may not start with `0.0'. For `CPU_TIME', the absolute value is meaningless, only differences between subsequent calls to this subroutine, as shown in the example below, should be used. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL CPU_TIME(TIME)' _Arguments_: TIME The type shall be `REAL' with `INTENT(OUT)'. _Return value_: None _Example_: program test_cpu_time real :: start, finish call cpu_time(start) ! put code to test here call cpu_time(finish) print '("Time = ",f6.3," seconds.")',finish-start end program test_cpu_time _See also_: *note SYSTEM_CLOCK::, *note DATE_AND_TIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: CSHIFT, Next: CTIME, Prev: CPU_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.58 `CSHIFT' -- Circular shift elements of an array ==================================================== _Description_: `CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])' performs a circular shift on elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is omitted it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER' in the range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. If the rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are shifted by SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all complete rank one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are shifted. Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section are shifted back in the other end. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument. _Example_: program test_cshift integer, dimension(3,3) :: a a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /)) print '(3i3)', a(1,:) print '(3i3)', a(2,:) print '(3i3)', a(3,:) a = cshift(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, -1/), DIM=2) print * print '(3i3)', a(1,:) print '(3i3)', a(2,:) print '(3i3)', a(3,:) end program test_cshift  File: gfortran.info, Node: CTIME, Next: DATE_AND_TIME, Prev: CSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.59 `CTIME' -- Convert a time into a string ============================================ _Description_: `CTIME' converts a system time value, such as returned by `TIME8', to a string. Unless the application has called `setlocale', the output will be in the default locale, of length 24 and of the form `Sat Aug 19 18:13:14 1995'. In other locales, a longer string may result. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL CTIME(TIME, RESULT)'. `RESULT = CTIME(TIME)'. _Arguments_: TIME The type shall be of type `INTEGER'. RESULT The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. It is an `INTENT(OUT)' argument. If the length of this variable is too short for the time and date string to fit completely, it will be blank on procedure return. _Return value_: The converted date and time as a string. _Example_: program test_ctime integer(8) :: i character(len=30) :: date i = time8() ! Do something, main part of the program call ctime(i,date) print *, 'Program was started on ', date end program test_ctime _See Also_: *note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::  File: gfortran.info, Node: DATE_AND_TIME, Next: DBLE, Prev: CTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.60 `DATE_AND_TIME' -- Date and time subroutine ================================================ _Description_: `DATE_AND_TIME(DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES)' gets the corresponding date and time information from the real-time system clock. DATE is `INTENT(OUT)' and has form ccyymmdd. TIME is `INTENT(OUT)' and has form hhmmss.sss. ZONE is `INTENT(OUT)' and has form (+-)hhmm, representing the difference with respect to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Unavailable time and date parameters return blanks. VALUES is `INTENT(OUT)' and provides the following: `VALUE(1)': The year `VALUE(2)': The month `VALUE(3)': The day of the month `VALUE(4)': Time difference with UTC in minutes `VALUE(5)': The hour of the day `VALUE(6)': The minutes of the hour `VALUE(7)': The seconds of the minute `VALUE(8)': The milliseconds of the second _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL DATE_AND_TIME([DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES])' _Arguments_: DATE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=8)' or larger, and of default kind. TIME (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=10)' or larger, and of default kind. ZONE (Optional) The type shall be `CHARACTER(LEN=5)' or larger, and of default kind. VALUES (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER(8)'. _Return value_: None _Example_: program test_time_and_date character(8) :: date character(10) :: time character(5) :: zone integer,dimension(8) :: values ! using keyword arguments call date_and_time(date,time,zone,values) call date_and_time(DATE=date,ZONE=zone) call date_and_time(TIME=time) call date_and_time(VALUES=values) print '(a,2x,a,2x,a)', date, time, zone print '(8i5))', values end program test_time_and_date _See also_: *note CPU_TIME::, *note SYSTEM_CLOCK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: DBLE, Next: DCMPLX, Prev: DATE_AND_TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.61 `DBLE' -- Double conversion function ========================================= _Description_: `DBLE(A)' Converts A to double precision real type. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DBLE(A)' _Arguments_: A The type shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of type double precision real. _Example_: program test_dble real :: x = 2.18 integer :: i = 5 complex :: z = (2.3,1.14) print *, dble(x), dble(i), dble(z) end program test_dble _See also_: *note REAL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: DCMPLX, Next: DIGITS, Prev: DBLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.62 `DCMPLX' -- Double complex conversion function =================================================== _Description_: `DCMPLX(X [,Y])' returns a double complex number where X is converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must not be present. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DCMPLX(X [, Y])' _Arguments_: X The type may be `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. Y (Optional if X is not `COMPLEX'.) May be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `COMPLEX(8)' _Example_: program test_dcmplx integer :: i = 42 real :: x = 3.14 complex :: z z = cmplx(i, x) print *, dcmplx(i) print *, dcmplx(x) print *, dcmplx(z) print *, dcmplx(x,i) end program test_dcmplx  File: gfortran.info, Node: DIGITS, Next: DIM, Prev: DCMPLX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.63 `DIGITS' -- Significant binary digits function =================================================== _Description_: `DIGITS(X)' returns the number of significant binary digits of the internal model representation of X. For example, on a system using a 32-bit floating point representation, a default real number would likely return 24. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DIGITS(X)' _Arguments_: X The type may be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER'. _Example_: program test_digits integer :: i = 12345 real :: x = 3.143 real(8) :: y = 2.33 print *, digits(i) print *, digits(x) print *, digits(y) end program test_digits  File: gfortran.info, Node: DIM, Next: DOT_PRODUCT, Prev: DIGITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.64 `DIM' -- Positive difference ================================= _Description_: `DIM(X,Y)' returns the difference `X-Y' if the result is positive; otherwise returns zero. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DIM(X, Y)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL' Y The type shall be the same type and kind as X. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. _Example_: program test_dim integer :: i real(8) :: x i = dim(4, 15) x = dim(4.345_8, 2.111_8) print *, i print *, x end program test_dim _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DIM(X,Y)' `REAL(4) X, `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and Y' later `IDIM(X,Y)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and X, Y' later `DDIM(X,Y)' `REAL(8) X, `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and Y' later  File: gfortran.info, Node: DOT_PRODUCT, Next: DPROD, Prev: DIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.65 `DOT_PRODUCT' -- Dot product function ========================================== _Description_: `DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)' computes the dot product multiplication of two vectors VECTOR_A and VECTOR_B. The two vectors may be either numeric or logical and must be arrays of rank one and of equal size. If the vectors are `INTEGER' or `REAL', the result is `SUM(VECTOR_A*VECTOR_B)'. If the vectors are `COMPLEX', the result is `SUM(CONJG(VECTOR_A)*VECTOR_B)'. If the vectors are `LOGICAL', the result is `ANY(VECTOR_A .AND. VECTOR_B)'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)' _Arguments_: VECTOR_A The type shall be numeric or `LOGICAL', rank 1. VECTOR_B The type shall be numeric if VECTOR_A is of numeric type or `LOGICAL' if VECTOR_A is of type `LOGICAL'. VECTOR_B shall be a rank-one array. _Return value_: If the arguments are numeric, the return value is a scalar of numeric type, `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. If the arguments are `LOGICAL', the return value is `.TRUE.' or `.FALSE.'. _Example_: program test_dot_prod integer, dimension(3) :: a, b a = (/ 1, 2, 3 /) b = (/ 4, 5, 6 /) print '(3i3)', a print * print '(3i3)', b print * print *, dot_product(a,b) end program test_dot_prod  File: gfortran.info, Node: DPROD, Next: DREAL, Prev: DOT_PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.66 `DPROD' -- Double product function ======================================= _Description_: `DPROD(X,Y)' returns the product `X*Y'. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DPROD(X, Y)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. Y The type shall be `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL(8)'. _Example_: program test_dprod real :: x = 5.2 real :: y = 2.3 real(8) :: d d = dprod(x,y) print *, d end program test_dprod _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DPROD(X,Y)' `REAL(4) X, `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and Y' later  File: gfortran.info, Node: DREAL, Next: DSHIFTL, Prev: DPROD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.67 `DREAL' -- Double real part function ========================================= _Description_: `DREAL(Z)' returns the real part of complex variable Z. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DREAL(A)' _Arguments_: A The type shall be `COMPLEX(8)'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL(8)'. _Example_: program test_dreal complex(8) :: z = (1.3_8,7.2_8) print *, dreal(z) end program test_dreal _See also_: *note AIMAG::  File: gfortran.info, Node: DSHIFTL, Next: DSHIFTR, Prev: DREAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.68 `DSHIFTL' -- Combined left shift ===================================== _Description_: `DSHIFTL(I, J, SHIFT)' combines bits of I and J. The rightmost SHIFT bits of the result are the leftmost SHIFT bits of J, and the remaining bits are the rightmost bits of I. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DSHIFTL(I, J, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER' or a BOZ constant. J Shall be of type `INTEGER' or a BOZ constant. If both I and J have integer type, then they shall have the same kind type parameter. I and J shall not both be BOZ constants. SHIFT Shall be of type `INTEGER'. It shall be nonnegative. If I is not a BOZ constant, then SHIFT shall be less than or equal to `BIT_SIZE(I)'; otherwise, SHIFT shall be less than or equal to `BIT_SIZE(J)'. _Return value_: If either I or J is a BOZ constant, it is first converted as if by the intrinsic function `INT' to an integer type with the kind type parameter of the other. _See also_: *note DSHIFTR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: DSHIFTR, Next: DTIME, Prev: DSHIFTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.69 `DSHIFTR' -- Combined right shift ====================================== _Description_: `DSHIFTR(I, J, SHIFT)' combines bits of I and J. The leftmost SHIFT bits of the result are the rightmost SHIFT bits of I, and the remaining bits are the leftmost bits of J. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = DSHIFTR(I, J, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER' or a BOZ constant. J Shall be of type `INTEGER' or a BOZ constant. If both I and J have integer type, then they shall have the same kind type parameter. I and J shall not both be BOZ constants. SHIFT Shall be of type `INTEGER'. It shall be nonnegative. If I is not a BOZ constant, then SHIFT shall be less than or equal to `BIT_SIZE(I)'; otherwise, SHIFT shall be less than or equal to `BIT_SIZE(J)'. _Return value_: If either I or J is a BOZ constant, it is first converted as if by the intrinsic function `INT' to an integer type with the kind type parameter of the other. _See also_: *note DSHIFTL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: DTIME, Next: EOSHIFT, Prev: DSHIFTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.70 `DTIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function) ======================================================= _Description_: `DTIME(VALUES, TIME)' initially returns the number of seconds of runtime since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)' and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) + VALUES(2)'. Subsequent invocations of `DTIME' return values accumulated since the previous invocation. On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around) are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program. Please note, that this implementation is thread safe if used within OpenMP directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while called from multiple threads. However, if `DTIME' is called from multiple threads, the result is still the time since the last invocation. This may not give the intended results. If possible, use `CPU_TIME' instead. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following: `VALUES(1)': User time in seconds. `VALUES(2)': System time in seconds. `TIME': Run time since start in seconds. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL DTIME(VALUES, TIME)'. `TIME = DTIME(VALUES)', (not recommended). _Arguments_: VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'. TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'. _Return value_: Elapsed time in seconds since the last invocation or since the start of program execution if not called before. _Example_: program test_dtime integer(8) :: i, j real, dimension(2) :: tarray real :: result call dtime(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay j = i * i - i end do call dtime(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) end program test_dtime _See also_: *note CPU_TIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: EOSHIFT, Next: EPSILON, Prev: DTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.71 `EOSHIFT' -- End-off shift elements of an array ==================================================== _Description_: `EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT[, BOUNDARY, DIM])' performs an end-off shift on elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is omitted it is taken to be `1'. DIM is a scalar of type `INTEGER' in the range of 1 \leq DIM \leq n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. If the rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are shifted by SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all complete rank one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are shifted. Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section are dropped. If BOUNDARY is present then the corresponding value of from BOUNDARY is copied back in the other end. If BOUNDARY is not present then the following are copied in depending on the type of ARRAY. _Array _Boundary Value_ Type_ Numeric 0 of the type and kind of ARRAY. Logical `.FALSE.'. Character(LEN)LEN blanks. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, BOUNDARY, DIM])' _Arguments_: ARRAY May be any type, not scalar. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. BOUNDARY Same type as ARRAY. DIM The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument. _Example_: program test_eoshift integer, dimension(3,3) :: a a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /)) print '(3i3)', a(1,:) print '(3i3)', a(2,:) print '(3i3)', a(3,:) a = EOSHIFT(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, 1/), BOUNDARY=-5, DIM=2) print * print '(3i3)', a(1,:) print '(3i3)', a(2,:) print '(3i3)', a(3,:) end program test_eoshift  File: gfortran.info, Node: EPSILON, Next: ERF, Prev: EOSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.72 `EPSILON' -- Epsilon function ================================== _Description_: `EPSILON(X)' returns the smallest number E of the same kind as X such that 1 + E > 1. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = EPSILON(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of same type as the argument. _Example_: program test_epsilon real :: x = 3.143 real(8) :: y = 2.33 print *, EPSILON(x) print *, EPSILON(y) end program test_epsilon  File: gfortran.info, Node: ERF, Next: ERFC, Prev: EPSILON, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.73 `ERF' -- Error function ============================ _Description_: `ERF(X)' computes the error function of X. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ERF(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL', of the same kind as X and lies in the range -1 \leq erf (x) \leq 1 . _Example_: program test_erf real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 x = erf(x) end program test_erf _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DERF(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension  File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC, Next: ERFC_SCALED, Prev: ERF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.74 `ERFC' -- Error function ============================= _Description_: `ERFC(X)' computes the complementary error function of X. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ERFC(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X. It lies in the range 0 \leq erfc (x) \leq 2 . _Example_: program test_erfc real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 x = erfc(x) end program test_erfc _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `DERFC(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU extension  File: gfortran.info, Node: ERFC_SCALED, Next: ETIME, Prev: ERFC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.75 `ERFC_SCALED' -- Error function ==================================== _Description_: `ERFC_SCALED(X)' computes the exponentially-scaled complementary error function of X. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ERFC_SCALED(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' and of the same kind as X. _Example_: program test_erfc_scaled real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 x = erfc_scaled(x) end program test_erfc_scaled  File: gfortran.info, Node: ETIME, Next: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Prev: ERFC_SCALED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.76 `ETIME' -- Execution time subroutine (or function) ======================================================= _Description_: `ETIME(VALUES, TIME)' returns the number of seconds of runtime since the start of the process's execution in TIME. VALUES returns the user and system components of this time in `VALUES(1)' and `VALUES(2)' respectively. TIME is equal to `VALUES(1) + VALUES(2)'. On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around) are possible, such as 32-bit types. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. VALUES and TIME are `INTENT(OUT)' and provide the following: `VALUES(1)': User time in seconds. `VALUES(2)': System time in seconds. `TIME': Run time since start in seconds. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL ETIME(VALUES, TIME)'. `TIME = ETIME(VALUES)', (not recommended). _Arguments_: VALUES The type shall be `REAL(4), DIMENSION(2)'. TIME The type shall be `REAL(4)'. _Return value_: Elapsed time in seconds since the start of program execution. _Example_: program test_etime integer(8) :: i, j real, dimension(2) :: tarray real :: result call ETIME(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay j = i * i - i end do call ETIME(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) end program test_etime _See also_: *note CPU_TIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Next: EXIT, Prev: ETIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.77 `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' -- Execute a shell command ====================================================== _Description_: `EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE' runs a shell command, synchronously or asynchronously. The `COMMAND' argument is passed to the shell and executed, using the C library's `system' call. (The shell is `sh' on Unix systems, and `cmd.exe' on Windows.) If `WAIT' is present and has the value false, the execution of the command is asynchronous if the system supports it; otherwise, the command is executed synchronously. The three last arguments allow the user to get status information. After synchronous execution, `EXITSTAT' contains the integer exit code of the command, as returned by `system'. `CMDSTAT' is set to zero if the command line was executed (whatever its exit status was). `CMDMSG' is assigned an error message if an error has occurred. Note that the `system' function need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that `system' is not called concurrently. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE(COMMAND [, WAIT, EXITSTAT, CMDSTAT, CMDMSG ])' _Arguments_: COMMAND Shall be a default `CHARACTER' scalar. WAIT (Optional) Shall be a default `LOGICAL' scalar. EXITSTAT (Optional) Shall be an `INTEGER' of the default kind. CMDSTAT (Optional) Shall be an `INTEGER' of the default kind. CMDMSG (Optional) Shall be an `CHARACTER' scalar of the default kind. _Example_: program test_exec integer :: i call execute_command_line ("external_prog.exe", exitstat=i) print *, "Exit status of external_prog.exe was ", i call execute_command_line ("reindex_files.exe", wait=.false.) print *, "Now reindexing files in the background" end program test_exec _Note_: Because this intrinsic is implemented in terms of the `system' function call, its behavior with respect to signaling is processor dependent. In particular, on POSIX-compliant systems, the SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals will be ignored, and the SIGCHLD will be blocked. As such, if the parent process is terminated, the child process might not be terminated alongside. _See also_: *note SYSTEM::  File: gfortran.info, Node: EXIT, Next: EXP, Prev: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.78 `EXIT' -- Exit the program with status. ============================================ _Description_: `EXIT' causes immediate termination of the program with status. If status is omitted it returns the canonical _success_ for the system. All Fortran I/O units are closed. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL EXIT([STATUS])' _Arguments_: STATUS Shall be an `INTEGER' of the default kind. _Return value_: `STATUS' is passed to the parent process on exit. _Example_: program test_exit integer :: STATUS = 0 print *, 'This program is going to exit.' call EXIT(STATUS) end program test_exit _See also_: *note ABORT::, *note KILL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: EXP, Next: EXPONENT, Prev: EXIT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.79 `EXP' -- Exponential function ================================== _Description_: `EXP(X)' computes the base e exponential of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = EXP(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has same type and kind as X. _Example_: program test_exp real :: x = 1.0 x = exp(x) end program test_exp _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `EXP(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DEXP(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later `CEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 77 and X' later `ZEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension X' `CDEXP(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension X'  File: gfortran.info, Node: EXPONENT, Next: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Prev: EXP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.80 `EXPONENT' -- Exponent function ==================================== _Description_: `EXPONENT(X)' returns the value of the exponent part of X. If X is zero the value returned is zero. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = EXPONENT(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type default `INTEGER'. _Example_: program test_exponent real :: x = 1.0 integer :: i i = exponent(x) print *, i print *, exponent(0.0) end program test_exponent  File: gfortran.info, Node: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Next: FDATE, Prev: EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.81 `EXTENDS_TYPE_OF' -- Query dynamic type for extension =========================================================== _Description_: Query dynamic type for extension. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = EXTENDS_TYPE_OF(A, MOLD)' _Arguments_: A Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. MOLD Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type default logical. It is true if and only if the dynamic type of A is an extension type of the dynamic type of MOLD. _See also_: *note SAME_TYPE_AS::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FDATE, Next: FGET, Prev: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.82 `FDATE' -- Get the current time as a string ================================================ _Description_: `FDATE(DATE)' returns the current date (using the same format as `CTIME') in DATE. It is equivalent to `CALL CTIME(DATE, TIME())'. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL FDATE(DATE)'. `DATE = FDATE()'. _Arguments_: DATE The type shall be of type `CHARACTER' of the default kind. It is an `INTENT(OUT)' argument. If the length of this variable is too short for the date and time string to fit completely, it will be blank on procedure return. _Return value_: The current date and time as a string. _Example_: program test_fdate integer(8) :: i, j character(len=30) :: date call fdate(date) print *, 'Program started on ', date do i = 1, 100000000 ! Just a delay j = i * i - i end do call fdate(date) print *, 'Program ended on ', date end program test_fdate _See also_: *note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note CTIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FGET, Next: FGETC, Prev: FDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.83 `FGET' -- Read a single character in stream mode from stdin ================================================================ _Description_: Read a single character in stream mode from stdin by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran 2003 status::. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL FGET(C [, STATUS])' `STATUS = FGET(C)' _Arguments_: C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file, and a system specific positive error code otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_fget INTEGER, PARAMETER :: strlen = 100 INTEGER :: status, i = 1 CHARACTER(len=strlen) :: str = "" WRITE (*,*) 'Enter text:' DO CALL fget(str(i:i), status) if (status /= 0 .OR. i > strlen) exit i = i + 1 END DO WRITE (*,*) TRIM(str) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note FGETC::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FGETC, Next: FLOOR, Prev: FGET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.84 `FGETC' -- Read a single character in stream mode ====================================================== _Description_: Read a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran 2003 status::. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL FGETC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])' `STATUS = FGETC(UNIT, C)' _Arguments_: UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'. C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a system specific positive error code otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_fgetc INTEGER :: fd = 42, status CHARACTER :: c OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="/etc/passwd", ACTION="READ", STATUS = "OLD") DO CALL fgetc(fd, c, status) IF (status /= 0) EXIT call fput(c) END DO CLOSE(UNIT=fd) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note FGET::, *note FPUT::, *note FPUTC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FLOOR, Next: FLUSH, Prev: FGETC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.85 `FLOOR' -- Integer floor function ====================================== _Description_: `FLOOR(A)' returns the greatest integer less than or equal to X. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = FLOOR(A [, KIND])' _Arguments_: A The type shall be `REAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER(KIND)' if KIND is present and of default-kind `INTEGER' otherwise. _Example_: program test_floor real :: x = 63.29 real :: y = -63.59 print *, floor(x) ! returns 63 print *, floor(y) ! returns -64 end program test_floor _See also_: *note CEILING::, *note NINT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FLUSH, Next: FNUM, Prev: FLOOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.86 `FLUSH' -- Flush I/O unit(s) ================================= _Description_: Flushes Fortran unit(s) currently open for output. Without the optional argument, all units are flushed, otherwise just the unit specified. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL FLUSH(UNIT)' _Arguments_: UNIT (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Note_: Beginning with the Fortran 2003 standard, there is a `FLUSH' statement that should be preferred over the `FLUSH' intrinsic. The `FLUSH' intrinsic and the Fortran 2003 `FLUSH' statement have identical effect: they flush the runtime library's I/O buffer so that the data becomes visible to other processes. This does not guarantee that the data is committed to disk. On POSIX systems, you can request that all data is transferred to the storage device by calling the `fsync' function, with the POSIX file descriptor of the I/O unit as argument (retrieved with GNU intrinsic `FNUM'). The following example shows how: ! Declare the interface for POSIX fsync function interface function fsync (fd) bind(c,name="fsync") use iso_c_binding, only: c_int integer(c_int), value :: fd integer(c_int) :: fsync end function fsync end interface ! Variable declaration integer :: ret ! Opening unit 10 open (10,file="foo") ! ... ! Perform I/O on unit 10 ! ... ! Flush and sync flush(10) ret = fsync(fnum(10)) ! Handle possible error if (ret /= 0) stop "Error calling FSYNC"  File: gfortran.info, Node: FNUM, Next: FPUT, Prev: FLUSH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.87 `FNUM' -- File number function =================================== _Description_: `FNUM(UNIT)' returns the POSIX file descriptor number corresponding to the open Fortran I/O unit `UNIT'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = FNUM(UNIT)' _Arguments_: UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' _Example_: program test_fnum integer :: i open (unit=10, status = "scratch") i = fnum(10) print *, i close (10) end program test_fnum  File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUT, Next: FPUTC, Prev: FNUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.88 `FPUT' -- Write a single character in stream mode to stdout ================================================================ _Description_: Write a single character in stream mode to stdout by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran 2003 status::. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL FPUT(C [, STATUS])' `STATUS = FPUT(C)' _Arguments_: C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a system specific positive error code otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_fput CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran" INTEGER :: i DO i = 1, len_trim(str) CALL fput(str(i:i)) END DO END PROGRAM _See also_: *note FPUTC::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FPUTC, Next: FRACTION, Prev: FPUT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.89 `FPUTC' -- Write a single character in stream mode ======================================================= _Description_: Write a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the `FGET' intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with `g77'. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran 2003 status::. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL FPUTC(UNIT, C [, STATUS])' `STATUS = FPUTC(UNIT, C)' _Arguments_: UNIT The type shall be `INTEGER'. C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a system specific positive error code otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_fputc CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran" INTEGER :: fd = 42, i OPEN(UNIT = fd, FILE = "out", ACTION = "WRITE", STATUS="NEW") DO i = 1, len_trim(str) CALL fputc(fd, str(i:i)) END DO CLOSE(fd) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note FPUT::, *note FGET::, *note FGETC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FRACTION, Next: FREE, Prev: FPUTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.90 `FRACTION' -- Fractional part of the model representation ============================================================== _Description_: `FRACTION(X)' returns the fractional part of the model representation of `X'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `Y = FRACTION(X)' _Arguments_: X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument. The fractional part of the model representation of `X' is returned; it is `X * RADIX(X)**(-EXPONENT(X))'. _Example_: program test_fraction real :: x x = 178.1387e-4 print *, fraction(x), x * radix(x)**(-exponent(x)) end program test_fraction  File: gfortran.info, Node: FREE, Next: FSEEK, Prev: FRACTION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.91 `FREE' -- Frees memory =========================== _Description_: Frees memory previously allocated by `MALLOC'. The `FREE' intrinsic is an extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, and is provided in GNU Fortran to allow user to compile legacy code. For new code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory de-allocation intrinsic is `DEALLOCATE'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL FREE(PTR)' _Arguments_: PTR The type shall be `INTEGER'. It represents the location of the memory that should be de-allocated. _Return value_: None _Example_: See `MALLOC' for an example. _See also_: *note MALLOC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FSEEK, Next: FSTAT, Prev: FREE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.92 `FSEEK' -- Low level file positioning subroutine ===================================================== _Description_: Moves UNIT to the specified OFFSET. If WHENCE is set to 0, the OFFSET is taken as an absolute value `SEEK_SET', if set to 1, OFFSET is taken to be relative to the current position `SEEK_CUR', and if set to 2 relative to the end of the file `SEEK_END'. On error, STATUS is set to a nonzero value. If STATUS the seek fails silently. This intrinsic routine is not fully backwards compatible with `g77'. In `g77', the `FSEEK' takes a statement label instead of a STATUS variable. If FSEEK is used in old code, change CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, *label) to INTEGER :: status CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, status) IF (status /= 0) GOTO label Please note that GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also *note Fortran 2003 status::. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE[, STATUS])' _Arguments_: UNIT Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. OFFSET Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. WHENCE Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. Its value shall be either 0, 1 or 2. STATUS (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)'. _Example_: PROGRAM test_fseek INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SEEK_SET = 0, SEEK_CUR = 1, SEEK_END = 2 INTEGER :: fd, offset, ierr ierr = 0 offset = 5 fd = 10 OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="fseek.test") CALL FSEEK(fd, offset, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to OFFSET print *, FTELL(fd), ierr CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_END, ierr) ! move to end print *, FTELL(fd), ierr CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_SET, ierr) ! move to beginning print *, FTELL(fd), ierr CLOSE(UNIT=fd) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note FTELL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FSTAT, Next: FTELL, Prev: FSEEK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.93 `FSTAT' -- Get file status =============================== _Description_: `FSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that information about an already opened file is obtained. The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES [, STATUS])' `STATUS = FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES)' _Arguments_: UNIT An open I/O unit number of type `INTEGER'. VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'. Returns 0 on success and a system specific error code otherwise. _Example_: See *note STAT:: for an example. _See also_: To stat a link: *note LSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: FTELL, Next: GAMMA, Prev: FSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.94 `FTELL' -- Current stream position ======================================= _Description_: Retrieves the current position within an open file. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL FTELL(UNIT, OFFSET)' `OFFSET = FTELL(UNIT)' _Arguments_: OFFSET Shall of type `INTEGER'. UNIT Shall of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: In either syntax, OFFSET is set to the current offset of unit number UNIT, or to -1 if the unit is not currently open. _Example_: PROGRAM test_ftell INTEGER :: i OPEN(10, FILE="temp.dat") CALL ftell(10,i) WRITE(*,*) i END PROGRAM _See also_: *note FSEEK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GAMMA, Next: GERROR, Prev: FTELL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.95 `GAMMA' -- Gamma function ============================== _Description_: `GAMMA(X)' computes Gamma (\Gamma) of X. For positive, integer values of X the Gamma function simplifies to the factorial function \Gamma(x)=(x-1)!. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `X = GAMMA(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a negative integer. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X. _Example_: program test_gamma real :: x = 1.0 x = gamma(x) ! returns 1.0 end program test_gamma _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `GAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension `DGAMMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension _See also_: Logarithm of the Gamma function: *note LOG_GAMMA::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GERROR, Next: GETARG, Prev: GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.96 `GERROR' -- Get last system error message ============================================== _Description_: Returns the system error message corresponding to the last system error. This resembles the functionality of `strerror(3)' in C. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GERROR(RESULT)' _Arguments_: RESULT Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default _Example_: PROGRAM test_gerror CHARACTER(len=100) :: msg CALL gerror(msg) WRITE(*,*) msg END PROGRAM _See also_: *note IERRNO::, *note PERROR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GETARG, Next: GET_COMMAND, Prev: GERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.97 `GETARG' -- Get command line arguments =========================================== _Description_: Retrieve the POS-th argument that was passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use of the *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran 2003 standard. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GETARG(POS, VALUE)' _Arguments_: POS Shall be of type `INTEGER' and not wider than the default integer kind; POS \geq 0 VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. _Return value_: After `GETARG' returns, the VALUE argument holds the POSth command line argument. If VALUE can not hold the argument, it is truncated to fit the length of VALUE. If there are less than POS arguments specified at the command line, VALUE will be filled with blanks. If POS = 0, VALUE is set to the name of the program (on systems that support this feature). _Example_: PROGRAM test_getarg INTEGER :: i CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg DO i = 1, iargc() CALL getarg(i, arg) WRITE (*,*) arg END DO END PROGRAM _See also_: GNU Fortran 77 compatibility function: *note IARGC:: Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND, Next: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Prev: GETARG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.98 `GET_COMMAND' -- Get the entire command line ================================================= _Description_: Retrieve the entire command line that was used to invoke the program. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GET_COMMAND([COMMAND, LENGTH, STATUS])' _Arguments_: COMMAND (Optional) shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. LENGTH (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of default kind. _Return value_: If COMMAND is present, stores the entire command line that was used to invoke the program in COMMAND. If LENGTH is present, it is assigned the length of the command line. If STATUS is present, it is assigned 0 upon success of the command, -1 if COMMAND is too short to store the command line, or a positive value in case of an error. _Example_: PROGRAM test_get_command CHARACTER(len=255) :: cmd CALL get_command(cmd) WRITE (*,*) TRIM(cmd) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Next: GETCWD, Prev: GET_COMMAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.99 `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' -- Get command line arguments ========================================================= _Description_: Retrieve the NUMBER-th argument that was passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT(NUMBER [, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS])' _Arguments_: NUMBER Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of default kind, NUMBER \geq 0 VALUE (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. LENGTH (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of default kind. _Return value_: After `GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT' returns, the VALUE argument holds the NUMBER-th command line argument. If VALUE can not hold the argument, it is truncated to fit the length of VALUE. If there are less than NUMBER arguments specified at the command line, VALUE will be filled with blanks. If NUMBER = 0, VALUE is set to the name of the program (on systems that support this feature). The LENGTH argument contains the length of the NUMBER-th command line argument. If the argument retrieval fails, STATUS is a positive number; if VALUE contains a truncated command line argument, STATUS is -1; and otherwise the STATUS is zero. _Example_: PROGRAM test_get_command_argument INTEGER :: i CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg i = 0 DO CALL get_command_argument(i, arg) IF (LEN_TRIM(arg) == 0) EXIT WRITE (*,*) TRIM(arg) i = i+1 END DO END PROGRAM _See also_: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GETCWD, Next: GETENV, Prev: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.100 `GETCWD' -- Get current working directory =============================================== _Description_: Get current working directory. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL GETCWD(C [, STATUS])' `STATUS = GETCWD(C)' _Arguments_: C The type shall be `CHARACTER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) status flag. Returns 0 on success, a system specific and nonzero error code otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_getcwd CHARACTER(len=255) :: cwd CALL getcwd(cwd) WRITE(*,*) TRIM(cwd) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note CHDIR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GETENV, Next: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Prev: GETCWD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.101 `GETENV' -- Get an environmental variable =============================================== _Description_: Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use of the *note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran 2003 standard. Note that `GETENV' need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is not being updated concurrently with a call to the `GETENV' intrinsic. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GETENV(NAME, VALUE)' _Arguments_: NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. VALUE Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. _Return value_: Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be filled with blanks. _Example_: PROGRAM test_getenv CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir CALL getenv("HOME", homedir) WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Next: GETGID, Prev: GETENV, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.102 `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' -- Get an environmental variable ================================================================= _Description_: Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME. Note that `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is not being updated concurrently with a call to the `GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE' intrinsic. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE(NAME[, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS, TRIM_NAME)' _Arguments_: NAME Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. VALUE (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. LENGTH (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of default kind. TRIM_NAME (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `LOGICAL' and of default kind. _Return value_: Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be filled with blanks. Argument LENGTH contains the length needed for storing the environment variable NAME or zero if it is not present. STATUS is -1 if VALUE is present but too short for the environment variable; it is 1 if the environment variable does not exist and 2 if the processor does not support environment variables; in all other cases STATUS is zero. If TRIM_NAME is present with the value `.FALSE.', the trailing blanks in NAME are significant; otherwise they are not part of the environment variable name. _Example_: PROGRAM test_getenv CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir CALL get_environment_variable("HOME", homedir) WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir) END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: GETGID, Next: GETLOG, Prev: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.103 `GETGID' -- Group ID function =================================== _Description_: Returns the numerical group ID of the current process. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = GETGID()' _Return value_: The return value of `GETGID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind. _Example_: See `GETPID' for an example. _See also_: *note GETPID::, *note GETUID::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GETLOG, Next: GETPID, Prev: GETGID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.104 `GETLOG' -- Get login name ================================ _Description_: Gets the username under which the program is running. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GETLOG(C)' _Arguments_: C Shall be of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. _Return value_: Stores the current user name in LOGIN. (On systems where POSIX functions `geteuid' and `getpwuid' are not available, and the `getlogin' function is not implemented either, this will return a blank string.) _Example_: PROGRAM TEST_GETLOG CHARACTER(32) :: login CALL GETLOG(login) WRITE(*,*) login END PROGRAM _See also_: *note GETUID::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GETPID, Next: GETUID, Prev: GETLOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.105 `GETPID' -- Process ID function ===================================== _Description_: Returns the numerical process identifier of the current process. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = GETPID()' _Return value_: The return value of `GETPID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind. _Example_: program info print *, "The current process ID is ", getpid() print *, "Your numerical user ID is ", getuid() print *, "Your numerical group ID is ", getgid() end program info _See also_: *note GETGID::, *note GETUID::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GETUID, Next: GMTIME, Prev: GETPID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.106 `GETUID' -- User ID function ================================== _Description_: Returns the numerical user ID of the current process. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = GETUID()' _Return value_: The return value of `GETUID' is an `INTEGER' of the default kind. _Example_: See `GETPID' for an example. _See also_: *note GETPID::, *note GETLOG::  File: gfortran.info, Node: GMTIME, Next: HOSTNM, Prev: GETUID, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.107 `GMTIME' -- Convert time to GMT info ========================================== _Description_: Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8' intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate to the UTC time zone (Universal Coordinated Time, also known in some countries as GMT, Greenwich Mean Time), using `gmtime(3)'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL GMTIME(TIME, VALUES)' _Arguments_: TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'. VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements, with `INTENT(OUT)'. _Return value_: The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows: 1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap seconds 2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59 3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23 4. Day of month, range 0-31 5. Number of months since January, range 0-12 6. Years since 1900 7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6 8. Days since January 1 9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not available. _See also_: *note CTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::  File: gfortran.info, Node: HOSTNM, Next: HUGE, Prev: GMTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.108 `HOSTNM' -- Get system host name ====================================== _Description_: Retrieves the host name of the system on which the program is running. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL HOSTNM(C [, STATUS])' `STATUS = HOSTNM(NAME)' _Arguments_: C Shall of type `CHARACTER' and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER'. Returns 0 on success, or a system specific error code otherwise. _Return value_: In either syntax, NAME is set to the current hostname if it can be obtained, or to a blank string otherwise.  File: gfortran.info, Node: HUGE, Next: HYPOT, Prev: HOSTNM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.109 `HUGE' -- Largest number of a kind ======================================== _Description_: `HUGE(X)' returns the largest number that is not an infinity in the model of the type of `X'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = HUGE(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL' or `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X _Example_: program test_huge_tiny print *, huge(0), huge(0.0), huge(0.0d0) print *, tiny(0.0), tiny(0.0d0) end program test_huge_tiny  File: gfortran.info, Node: HYPOT, Next: IACHAR, Prev: HUGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.110 `HYPOT' -- Euclidean distance function ============================================ _Description_: `HYPOT(X,Y)' is the Euclidean distance function. It is equal to \sqrtX^2 + Y^2, without undue underflow or overflow. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = HYPOT(X, Y)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. Y The type and kind type parameter shall be the same as X. _Return value_: The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as X. _Example_: program test_hypot real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4 x = hypot(x,y) end program test_hypot  File: gfortran.info, Node: IACHAR, Next: IALL, Prev: HYPOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.111 `IACHAR' -- Code in ASCII collating sequence ================================================== _Description_: `IACHAR(C)' returns the code for the ASCII character in the first character position of `C'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IACHAR(C [, KIND])' _Arguments_: C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _Example_: program test_iachar integer i i = iachar(' ') end program test_iachar _Note_: See *note ICHAR:: for a discussion of converting between numerical values and formatted string representations. _See also_: *note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note ICHAR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IALL, Next: IAND, Prev: IACHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.112 `IALL' -- Bitwise AND of array elements ============================================= _Description_: Reduces with bitwise AND the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IALL(ARRAY[, MASK])' `RESULT = IALL(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise ALL of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. _Example_: PROGRAM test_iall INTEGER(1) :: a(2) a(1) = b'00100100' a(2) = b'01101010' ! prints 00100000 PRINT '(b8.8)', IALL(a) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note IANY::, *note IPARITY::, *note IAND::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IAND, Next: IANY, Prev: IALL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.113 `IAND' -- Bitwise logical and =================================== _Description_: Bitwise logical `AND'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IAND(I, J)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds are also permitted.) _Return value_: The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments. (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the larger argument.) _Example_: PROGRAM test_iand INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / WRITE (*,*) IAND(a, b) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note IOR::, *note IEOR::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IBCLR::, *note NOT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IANY, Next: IARGC, Prev: IAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.114 `IANY' -- Bitwise OR of array elements ============================================ _Description_: Reduces with bitwise OR (inclusive or) the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IANY(ARRAY[, MASK])' `RESULT = IANY(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise OR of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. _Example_: PROGRAM test_iany INTEGER(1) :: a(2) a(1) = b'00100100' a(2) = b'01101010' ! prints 01101110 PRINT '(b8.8)', IANY(a) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note IPARITY::, *note IALL::, *note IOR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IARGC, Next: IBCLR, Prev: IANY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.115 `IARGC' -- Get the number of command line arguments ========================================================= _Description_: `IARGC' returns the number of arguments passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use of the *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran 2003 standard. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IARGC()' _Arguments_: None. _Return value_: The number of command line arguments, type `INTEGER(4)'. _Example_: See *note GETARG:: _See also_: GNU Fortran 77 compatibility subroutine: *note GETARG:: Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: *note GET_COMMAND::, *note GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT::, *note COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IBCLR, Next: IBITS, Prev: IARGC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.116 `IBCLR' -- Clear bit ========================== _Description_: `IBCLR' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to zero. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IBCLR(I, POS)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note IEOR::, *note MVBITS::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IBITS, Next: IBSET, Prev: IBCLR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.117 `IBITS' -- Bit extraction =============================== _Description_: `IBITS' extracts a field of length LEN from I, starting from bit position POS and extending left for LEN bits. The result is right-justified and the remaining bits are zeroed. The value of `POS+LEN' must be less than or equal to the value `BIT_SIZE(I)'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IBITS(I, POS, LEN)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note BIT_SIZE::, *note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note IEOR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IBSET, Next: ICHAR, Prev: IBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.118 `IBSET' -- Set bit ======================== _Description_: `IBSET' returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to one. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IBSET(I, POS)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. POS The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note IBCLR::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note IEOR::, *note MVBITS::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ICHAR, Next: IDATE, Prev: IBSET, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.119 `ICHAR' -- Character-to-integer conversion function ========================================================= _Description_: `ICHAR(C)' returns the code for the character in the first character position of `C' in the system's native character set. The correspondence between characters and their codes is not necessarily the same across different GNU Fortran implementations. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ICHAR(C [, KIND])' _Arguments_: C Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _Example_: program test_ichar integer i i = ichar(' ') end program test_ichar _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ICHAR(C)' `CHARACTER `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and C' later _Note_: No intrinsic exists to convert between a numeric value and a formatted character string representation - for instance, given the `CHARACTER' value `'154'', obtaining an `INTEGER' or `REAL' value with the value 154, or vice versa. Instead, this functionality is provided by internal-file I/O, as in the following example: program read_val integer value character(len=10) string, string2 string = '154' ! Convert a string to a numeric value read (string,'(I10)') value print *, value ! Convert a value to a formatted string write (string2,'(I10)') value print *, string2 end program read_val _See also_: *note ACHAR::, *note CHAR::, *note IACHAR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IDATE, Next: IEOR, Prev: ICHAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.120 `IDATE' -- Get current local time subroutine (day/month/year) =================================================================== _Description_: `IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the current local time. The day (in the range 1-31), month (in the range 1-12), and year appear in elements 1, 2, and 3 of VALUES, respectively. The year has four significant digits. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL IDATE(VALUES)' _Arguments_: VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and the kind shall be the default integer kind. _Return value_: Does not return anything. _Example_: program test_idate integer, dimension(3) :: tarray call idate(tarray) print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) print *, tarray(3) end program test_idate  File: gfortran.info, Node: IEOR, Next: IERRNO, Prev: IDATE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.121 `IEOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive or ============================================ _Description_: `IEOR' returns the bitwise Boolean exclusive-OR of I and J. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IEOR(I, J)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds are also permitted.) _Return value_: The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments. (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the larger argument.) _See also_: *note IOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IBCLR::, *note NOT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IERRNO, Next: IMAGE_INDEX, Prev: IEOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.122 `IERRNO' -- Get the last system error number ================================================== _Description_: Returns the last system error number, as given by the C `errno' variable. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IERRNO()' _Arguments_: None. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note PERROR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IMAGE_INDEX, Next: INDEX intrinsic, Prev: IERRNO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.123 `IMAGE_INDEX' -- Function that converts a cosubscript to an image index ============================================================================= _Description_: Returns the image index belonging to a cosubscript. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Inquiry function. _Syntax_: `RESULT = IMAGE_INDEX(COARRAY, SUB)' _Arguments_: None. COARRAY Coarray of any type. SUB default integer rank-1 array of a size equal to the corank of COARRAY. _Return value_: Scalar default integer with the value of the image index which corresponds to the cosubscripts. For invalid cosubscripts the result is zero. _Example_: INTEGER :: array[2,-1:4,8,*] ! Writes 28 (or 0 if there are fewer than 28 images) WRITE (*,*) IMAGE_INDEX (array, [2,0,3,1]) _See also_: *note THIS_IMAGE::, *note NUM_IMAGES::  File: gfortran.info, Node: INDEX intrinsic, Next: INT, Prev: IMAGE_INDEX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.124 `INDEX' -- Position of a substring within a string ======================================================== _Description_: Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of string SUBSTRING as a substring in STRING, counting from one. If SUBSTRING is not present in STRING, zero is returned. If the BACK argument is present and true, the return value is the start of the last occurrence rather than the first. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = INDEX(STRING, SUBSTRING [, BACK [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' SUBSTRING Shall be a scalar `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' BACK (Optional) Shall be a scalar `LOGICAL', with `INTENT(IN)' KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `INDEX(STRING,`CHARACTER' `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and SUBSTRING)' later _See also_: *note SCAN::, *note VERIFY::  File: gfortran.info, Node: INT, Next: INT2, Prev: INDEX intrinsic, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.125 `INT' -- Convert to integer type ====================================== _Description_: Convert to integer type _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = INT(A [, KIND))' _Arguments_: A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: These functions return a `INTEGER' variable or array under the following rules: (A) If A is of type `INTEGER', `INT(A) = A' (B) If A is of type `REAL' and |A| < 1, `INT(A)' equals `0'. If |A| \geq 1, then `INT(A)' equals the largest integer that does not exceed the range of A and whose sign is the same as the sign of A. (C) If A is of type `COMPLEX', rule B is applied to the real part of A. _Example_: program test_int integer :: i = 42 complex :: z = (-3.7, 1.0) print *, int(i) print *, int(z), int(z,8) end program _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `INT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and later `IFIX(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and later `IDINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and later  File: gfortran.info, Node: INT2, Next: INT8, Prev: INT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.126 `INT2' -- Convert to 16-bit integer type ============================================== _Description_: Convert to a `KIND=2' integer type. This is equivalent to the standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=2', and is only included for backwards compatibility. The `SHORT' intrinsic is equivalent to `INT2'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = INT2(A)' _Arguments_: A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is a `INTEGER(2)' variable. _See also_: *note INT::, *note INT8::, *note LONG::  File: gfortran.info, Node: INT8, Next: IOR, Prev: INT2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.127 `INT8' -- Convert to 64-bit integer type ============================================== _Description_: Convert to a `KIND=8' integer type. This is equivalent to the standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=8', and is only included for backwards compatibility. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = INT8(A)' _Arguments_: A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is a `INTEGER(8)' variable. _See also_: *note INT::, *note INT2::, *note LONG::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IOR, Next: IPARITY, Prev: INT8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.128 `IOR' -- Bitwise logical or ================================= _Description_: `IOR' returns the bitwise Boolean inclusive-OR of I and J. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IOR(I, J)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. J The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds are also permitted.) _Return value_: The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the arguments. (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the larger argument.) _See also_: *note IEOR::, *note IAND::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IBCLR::, *note NOT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IPARITY, Next: IRAND, Prev: IOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.129 `IPARITY' -- Bitwise XOR of array elements ================================================ _Description_: Reduces with bitwise XOR (exclusive or) the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IPARITY(ARRAY[, MASK])' `RESULT = IPARITY(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise XOR of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. _Example_: PROGRAM test_iparity INTEGER(1) :: a(2) a(1) = b'00100100' a(2) = b'01101010' ! prints 01001110 PRINT '(b8.8)', IPARITY(a) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note IANY::, *note IALL::, *note IEOR::, *note PARITY::  File: gfortran.info, Node: IRAND, Next: IS_IOSTAT_END, Prev: IPARITY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.130 `IRAND' -- Integer pseudo-random number ============================================= _Description_: `IRAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform distribution between 0 and a system-dependent limit (which is in most cases 2147483647). If FLAG is 0, the next number in the current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is used as a new seed with `SRAND'. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IRAND(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4. _Return value_: The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type. _Example_: program test_irand integer,parameter :: seed = 86456 call srand(seed) print *, irand(), irand(), irand(), irand() print *, irand(seed), irand(), irand(), irand() end program test_irand  File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_END, Next: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Prev: IRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.131 `IS_IOSTAT_END' -- Test for end-of-file value =================================================== _Description_: `IS_IOSTAT_END' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O status "end of file". The function is equivalent to comparing the variable with the `IOSTAT_END' parameter of the intrinsic module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_END(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has the value which indicates an end of file condition for `IOSTAT=' specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM iostat IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER :: stat, i OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat') READ(88, *, IOSTAT=stat) i IF(IS_IOSTAT_END(stat)) STOP 'END OF FILE' END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Next: ISATTY, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_END, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.132 `IS_IOSTAT_EOR' -- Test for end-of-record value ===================================================== _Description_: `IS_IOSTAT_EOR' tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O status "end of record". The function is equivalent to comparing the variable with the `IOSTAT_EOR' parameter of the intrinsic module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV'. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_EOR(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of the type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: Returns a `LOGICAL' of the default kind, which `.TRUE.' if I has the value which indicates an end of file condition for `IOSTAT=' specifiers, and is `.FALSE.' otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM iostat IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER :: stat, i(50) OPEN(88, FILE='test.dat', FORM='UNFORMATTED') READ(88, IOSTAT=stat) i IF(IS_IOSTAT_EOR(stat)) STOP 'END OF RECORD' END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: ISATTY, Next: ISHFT, Prev: IS_IOSTAT_EOR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.133 `ISATTY' -- Whether a unit is a terminal device. ====================================================== _Description_: Determine whether a unit is connected to a terminal device. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ISATTY(UNIT)' _Arguments_: UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. _Return value_: Returns `.TRUE.' if the UNIT is connected to a terminal device, `.FALSE.' otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_isatty INTEGER(kind=1) :: unit DO unit = 1, 10 write(*,*) isatty(unit=unit) END DO END PROGRAM _See also_: *note TTYNAM::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFT, Next: ISHFTC, Prev: ISATTY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.134 `ISHFT' -- Shift bits =========================== _Description_: `ISHFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted SHIFT places. A value of SHIFT greater than zero corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero corresponds to no shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to a right shift. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end or right end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the opposite end. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ISHFT(I, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note ISHFTC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ISHFTC, Next: ISNAN, Prev: ISHFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.135 `ISHFTC' -- Shift bits circularly ======================================= _Description_: `ISHFTC' returns a value corresponding to I with the rightmost SIZE bits shifted circularly SHIFT places; that is, bits shifted out one end are shifted into the opposite end. A value of SHIFT greater than zero corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero corresponds to no shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to a right shift. The absolute value of SHIFT must be less than SIZE. If the SIZE argument is omitted, it is taken to be equivalent to `BIT_SIZE(I)'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = ISHFTC(I, SHIFT [, SIZE])' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. SIZE (Optional) The type shall be `INTEGER'; the value must be greater than zero and less than or equal to `BIT_SIZE(I)'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note ISHFT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ISNAN, Next: ITIME, Prev: ISHFTC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.136 `ISNAN' -- Test for a NaN =============================== _Description_: `ISNAN' tests whether a floating-point value is an IEEE Not-a-Number (NaN). _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `ISNAN(X)' _Arguments_: X Variable of the type `REAL'. _Return value_: Returns a default-kind `LOGICAL'. The returned value is `TRUE' if X is a NaN and `FALSE' otherwise. _Example_: program test_nan implicit none real :: x x = -1.0 x = sqrt(x) if (isnan(x)) stop '"x" is a NaN' end program test_nan  File: gfortran.info, Node: ITIME, Next: KILL, Prev: ISNAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.137 `ITIME' -- Get current local time subroutine (hour/minutes/seconds) ========================================================================= _Description_: `IDATE(VALUES)' Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the current local time. The hour (in the range 1-24), minute (in the range 1-60), and seconds (in the range 1-60) appear in elements 1, 2, and 3 of VALUES, respectively. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL ITIME(VALUES)' _Arguments_: VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER, DIMENSION(3)' and the kind shall be the default integer kind. _Return value_: Does not return anything. _Example_: program test_itime integer, dimension(3) :: tarray call itime(tarray) print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) print *, tarray(3) end program test_itime  File: gfortran.info, Node: KILL, Next: KIND, Prev: ITIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.138 `KILL' -- Send a signal to a process ========================================== _Description_: _Standard_: Sends the signal specified by SIGNAL to the process PID. See `kill(2)'. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL KILL(C, VALUE [, STATUS])' `STATUS = KILL(C, VALUE)' _Arguments_: C Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)' VALUE Shall be a scalar `INTEGER', with `INTENT(IN)' STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)' or `INTEGER(8)'. Returns 0 on success, or a system-specific error code otherwise. _See also_: *note ABORT::, *note EXIT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: KIND, Next: LBOUND, Prev: KILL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.139 `KIND' -- Kind of an entity ================================= _Description_: `KIND(X)' returns the kind value of the entity X. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `K = KIND(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `LOGICAL', `INTEGER', `REAL', `COMPLEX' or `CHARACTER'. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _Example_: program test_kind integer,parameter :: kc = kind(' ') integer,parameter :: kl = kind(.true.) print *, "The default character kind is ", kc print *, "The default logical kind is ", kl end program test_kind  File: gfortran.info, Node: LBOUND, Next: LCOBOUND, Prev: KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.140 `LBOUND' -- Lower dimension bounds of an array ==================================================== _Description_: Returns the lower bounds of an array, or a single lower bound along the DIM dimension. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is absent, the result is an array of the lower bounds of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an expression rather than a whole array or array structure component, or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the lower bound is taken to be 1. _See also_: *note UBOUND::, *note LCOBOUND::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LCOBOUND, Next: LEADZ, Prev: LBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.141 `LCOBOUND' -- Lower codimension bounds of an array ======================================================== _Description_: Returns the lower bounds of a coarray, or a single lower cobound along the DIM codimension. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LCOBOUND(COARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an coarray, of any type. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is absent, the result is an array of the lower cobounds of COARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower cobound of the array along that codimension. _See also_: *note UCOBOUND::, *note LBOUND::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LEADZ, Next: LEN, Prev: LCOBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.142 `LEADZ' -- Number of leading zero bits of an integer ========================================================== _Description_: `LEADZ' returns the number of leading zero bits of an integer. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LEADZ(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'. _Example_: PROGRAM test_leadz WRITE (*,*) BIT_SIZE(1) ! prints 32 WRITE (*,*) LEADZ(1) ! prints 31 END PROGRAM _See also_: *note BIT_SIZE::, *note TRAILZ::, *note POPCNT::, *note POPPAR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN, Next: LEN_TRIM, Prev: LEADZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.143 `LEN' -- Length of a character entity =========================================== _Description_: Returns the length of a character string. If STRING is an array, the length of an element of STRING is returned. Note that STRING need not be defined when this intrinsic is invoked, since only the length, not the content, of STRING is needed. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `L = LEN(STRING [, KIND])' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be a scalar or array of type `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `LEN(STRING)' `CHARACTER' `INTEGER' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: *note LEN_TRIM::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LEN_TRIM, Next: LGE, Prev: LEN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.144 `LEN_TRIM' -- Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters ================================================================================== _Description_: Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing blanks. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LEN_TRIM(STRING [, KIND])' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _See also_: *note LEN::, *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LGE, Next: LGT, Prev: LEN_TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.145 `LGE' -- Lexical greater than or equal ============================================ _Description_: Determines whether one string is lexically greater than or equal to another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LGE(STRING_A, STRING_B)' _Arguments_: STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. _Return value_: Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A >= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `LGE(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and STRING_B)' later _See also_: *note LGT::, *note LLE::, *note LLT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LGT, Next: LINK, Prev: LGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.146 `LGT' -- Lexical greater than =================================== _Description_: Determines whether one string is lexically greater than another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LGT(STRING_A, STRING_B)' _Arguments_: STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. _Return value_: Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A > STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `LGT(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and STRING_B)' later _See also_: *note LGE::, *note LLE::, *note LLT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LINK, Next: LLE, Prev: LGT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.147 `LINK' -- Create a hard link ================================== _Description_: Makes a (hard) link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character (`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see `link(2)'. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL LINK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])' `STATUS = LINK(PATH1, PATH2)' _Arguments_: PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. _See also_: *note SYMLNK::, *note UNLINK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LLE, Next: LLT, Prev: LINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.148 `LLE' -- Lexical less than or equal ========================================= _Description_: Determines whether one string is lexically less than or equal to another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LLE(STRING_A, STRING_B)' _Arguments_: STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. _Return value_: Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A <= STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `LLE(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and STRING_B)' later _See also_: *note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LLT, Next: LNBLNK, Prev: LLE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.149 `LLT' -- Lexical less than ================================ _Description_: Determines whether one string is lexically less than another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics `LGE', `LGT', `LLE', and `LLT' differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators `.GE.', `.GT.', `.LE.', and `.LT.', in that the latter use the processor's character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LLT(STRING_A, STRING_B)' _Arguments_: STRING_A Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STRING_B Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. _Return value_: Returns `.TRUE.' if `STRING_A < STRING_B', and `.FALSE.' otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `LLT(STRING_A,`CHARACTER' `LOGICAL' Fortran 77 and STRING_B)' later _See also_: *note LGE::, *note LGT::, *note LLE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LNBLNK, Next: LOC, Prev: LLT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.150 `LNBLNK' -- Index of the last non-blank character in a string =================================================================== _Description_: Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing blanks. This is identical to the standard `LEN_TRIM' intrinsic, and is only included for backwards compatibility. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LNBLNK(STRING)' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER', with `INTENT(IN)' _Return value_: The return value is of `INTEGER(kind=4)' type. _See also_: *note INDEX intrinsic::, *note LEN_TRIM::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LOC, Next: LOG, Prev: LNBLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.151 `LOC' -- Returns the address of a variable ================================================ _Description_: `LOC(X)' returns the address of X as an integer. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LOC(X)' _Arguments_: X Variable of any type. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER', with a `KIND' corresponding to the size (in bytes) of a memory address on the target machine. _Example_: program test_loc integer :: i real :: r i = loc(r) print *, i end program test_loc  File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG, Next: LOG10, Prev: LOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.152 `LOG' -- Natural logarithm function ========================================= _Description_: `LOG(X)' computes the natural logarithm of X, i.e. the logarithm to the base e. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LOG(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type parameter is the same as X. If X is `COMPLEX', the imaginary part \omega is in the range -\pi \leq \omega \leq \pi. _Example_: program test_log real(8) :: x = 2.7182818284590451_8 complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0) x = log(x) ! will yield (approximately) 1 z = log(z) end program test_log _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ALOG(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' f95, gnu `DLOG(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu `CLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu X' `ZLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu X' `CDLOG(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu X'  File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG10, Next: LOG_GAMMA, Prev: LOG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.153 `LOG10' -- Base 10 logarithm function =========================================== _Description_: `LOG10(X)' computes the base 10 logarithm of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LOG10(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type parameter is the same as X. _Example_: program test_log10 real(8) :: x = 10.0_8 x = log10(x) end program test_log10 _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `ALOG10(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and later `DLOG10(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and later  File: gfortran.info, Node: LOG_GAMMA, Next: LOGICAL, Prev: LOG10, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.154 `LOG_GAMMA' -- Logarithm of the Gamma function ==================================================== _Description_: `LOG_GAMMA(X)' computes the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma (\Gamma) function. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `X = LOG_GAMMA(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL' and neither zero nor a negative integer. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' of the same kind as X. _Example_: program test_log_gamma real :: x = 1.0 x = lgamma(x) ! returns 0.0 end program test_log_gamma _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `LGAMMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension `ALGAMA(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' GNU Extension `DLGAMA(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' GNU Extension _See also_: Gamma function: *note GAMMA::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LOGICAL, Next: LONG, Prev: LOG_GAMMA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.155 `LOGICAL' -- Convert to logical type ========================================== _Description_: Converts one kind of `LOGICAL' variable to another. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LOGICAL(L [, KIND])' _Arguments_: L The type shall be `LOGICAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is a `LOGICAL' value equal to L, with a kind corresponding to KIND, or of the default logical kind if KIND is not given. _See also_: *note INT::, *note REAL::, *note CMPLX::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LONG, Next: LSHIFT, Prev: LOGICAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.156 `LONG' -- Convert to integer type ======================================= _Description_: Convert to a `KIND=4' integer type, which is the same size as a C `long' integer. This is equivalent to the standard `INT' intrinsic with an optional argument of `KIND=4', and is only included for backwards compatibility. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LONG(A)' _Arguments_: A Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is a `INTEGER(4)' variable. _See also_: *note INT::, *note INT2::, *note INT8::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LSHIFT, Next: LSTAT, Prev: LONG, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.157 `LSHIFT' -- Left shift bits ================================= _Description_: `LSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the opposite end. This function has been superseded by the `ISHFT' intrinsic, which is standard in Fortran 95 and later, and the `SHIFTL' intrinsic, which is standard in Fortran 2008 and later. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = LSHIFT(I, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note RSHIFT::, *note SHIFTA::, *note SHIFTL::, *note SHIFTR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LSTAT, Next: LTIME, Prev: LSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.158 `LSTAT' -- Get file status ================================ _Description_: `LSTAT' is identical to *note STAT::, except that if path is a symbolic link, then the link itself is statted, not the file that it refers to. The elements in `VALUES' are the same as described by *note STAT::. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL LSTAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])' `STATUS = LSTAT(NAME, VALUES)' _Arguments_: NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER' of the default kind, a valid path within the file system. VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'. Returns 0 on success and a system specific error code otherwise. _Example_: See *note STAT:: for an example. _See also_: To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a file: *note STAT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: LTIME, Next: MALLOC, Prev: LSTAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.159 `LTIME' -- Convert time to local time info ================================================ _Description_: Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the `TIME8' intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate to the local time zone using `localtime(3)'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL LTIME(TIME, VALUES)' _Arguments_: TIME An `INTEGER' scalar expression corresponding to a system time, with `INTENT(IN)'. VALUES A default `INTEGER' array with 9 elements, with `INTENT(OUT)'. _Return value_: The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows: 1. Seconds after the minute, range 0-59 or 0-61 to allow for leap seconds 2. Minutes after the hour, range 0-59 3. Hours past midnight, range 0-23 4. Day of month, range 0-31 5. Number of months since January, range 0-12 6. Years since 1900 7. Number of days since Sunday, range 0-6 8. Days since January 1 9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not available. _See also_: *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note TIME::, *note TIME8::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MALLOC, Next: MASKL, Prev: LTIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.160 `MALLOC' -- Allocate dynamic memory ========================================= _Description_: `MALLOC(SIZE)' allocates SIZE bytes of dynamic memory and returns the address of the allocated memory. The `MALLOC' intrinsic is an extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, and is provided in GNU Fortran to allow the user to compile legacy code. For new code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory allocation intrinsic is `ALLOCATE'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `PTR = MALLOC(SIZE)' _Arguments_: SIZE The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER(K)', with K such that variables of type `INTEGER(K)' have the same size as C pointers (`sizeof(void *)'). _Example_: The following example demonstrates the use of `MALLOC' and `FREE' with Cray pointers. program test_malloc implicit none integer i real*8 x(*), z pointer(ptr_x,x) ptr_x = malloc(20*8) do i = 1, 20 x(i) = sqrt(1.0d0 / i) end do z = 0 do i = 1, 20 z = z + x(i) print *, z end do call free(ptr_x) end program test_malloc _See also_: *note FREE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MASKL, Next: MASKR, Prev: MALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.161 `MASKL' -- Left justified mask ==================================== _Description_: `MASKL(I[, KIND])' has its leftmost I bits set to 1, and the remaining bits set to 0. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MASKL(I[, KIND])' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. KIND Shall be a scalar constant expression of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER'. If KIND is present, it specifies the kind value of the return type; otherwise, it is of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note MASKR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MASKR, Next: MATMUL, Prev: MASKL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.162 `MASKR' -- Right justified mask ===================================== _Description_: `MASKL(I[, KIND])' has its rightmost I bits set to 1, and the remaining bits set to 0. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MASKR(I[, KIND])' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. KIND Shall be a scalar constant expression of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER'. If KIND is present, it specifies the kind value of the return type; otherwise, it is of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note MASKL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MATMUL, Next: MAX, Prev: MASKR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.163 `MATMUL' -- matrix multiplication ======================================= _Description_: Performs a matrix multiplication on numeric or logical arguments. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MATMUL(MATRIX_A, MATRIX_B)' _Arguments_: MATRIX_A An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', `COMPLEX', or `LOGICAL' type, with a rank of one or two. MATRIX_B An array of `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX' type if MATRIX_A is of a numeric type; otherwise, an array of `LOGICAL' type. The rank shall be one or two, and the first (or only) dimension of MATRIX_B shall be equal to the last (or only) dimension of MATRIX_A. _Return value_: The matrix product of MATRIX_A and MATRIX_B. The type and kind of the result follow the usual type and kind promotion rules, as for the `*' or `.AND.' operators. _See also_:  File: gfortran.info, Node: MAX, Next: MAXEXPONENT, Prev: MATMUL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.164 `MAX' -- Maximum value of an argument list ================================================ _Description_: Returns the argument with the largest (most positive) value. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MAX(A1, A2 [, A3 [, ...]])' _Arguments_: A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1. ... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different kinds are permitted.) _Return value_: The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `MAX0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and A1' later `AMAX0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(MAX(X))'Fortran 77 and A1' later `MAX1(A1)' `REAL A1' `INT(MAX(X))' Fortran 77 and later `AMAX1(A1)' `REAL(4) A1' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DMAX1(A1)' `REAL(8) A1' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: *note MAXLOC:: *note MAXVAL::, *note MIN::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXEXPONENT, Next: MAXLOC, Prev: MAX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.165 `MAXEXPONENT' -- Maximum exponent of a real kind ====================================================== _Description_: `MAXEXPONENT(X)' returns the maximum exponent in the model of the type of `X'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MAXEXPONENT(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _Example_: program exponents real(kind=4) :: x real(kind=8) :: y print *, minexponent(x), maxexponent(x) print *, minexponent(y), maxexponent(y) end program exponents  File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXLOC, Next: MAXVAL, Prev: MAXEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.166 `MAXLOC' -- Location of the maximum value within an array =============================================================== _Description_: Determines the location of the element in the array with the maximum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the locations of the maximum element along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the array has the maximum value, the location returned is that of the first such element in array element order. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result value for that row is zero. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' `RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER', with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and conformable with ARRAY. _Return value_: If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type. _See also_: *note MAX::, *note MAXVAL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MAXVAL, Next: MCLOCK, Prev: MAXLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.167 `MAXVAL' -- Maximum value of an array =========================================== _Description_: Determines the maximum value of the elements in an array value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the maximum value along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `-HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is numeric, or a string of nulls if ARRAY is of character type. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' `RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER', with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and conformable with ARRAY. _Return value_: If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result is of the same type and kind as ARRAY. _See also_: *note MAX::, *note MAXLOC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK, Next: MCLOCK8, Prev: MAXVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.168 `MCLOCK' -- Time function =============================== _Description_: Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, based on the function `clock(3)' in the C standard library. This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with 32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MCLOCK()' _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)', equal to the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if the system does not support `clock(3)'. _See also_: *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::, *note TIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MCLOCK8, Next: MERGE, Prev: MCLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.169 `MCLOCK8' -- Time function (64-bit) ========================================= _Description_: Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, based on the function `clock(3)' in the C standard library. _Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing values over that returned by `clock(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit `clock(3)', `MCLOCK8' will return a 32-bit value, even though it is converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows of the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be or become negative or numerically less than previous values during a single run of the compiled program. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MCLOCK8()' _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)', equal to the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or `-1' if the system does not support `clock(3)'. _See also_: *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::, *note TIME8::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MERGE, Next: MERGE_BITS, Prev: MCLOCK8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.170 `MERGE' -- Merge variables ================================ _Description_: Select values from two arrays according to a logical mask. The result is equal to TSOURCE if MASK is `.TRUE.', or equal to FSOURCE if it is `.FALSE.'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MERGE(TSOURCE, FSOURCE, MASK)' _Arguments_: TSOURCE May be of any type. FSOURCE Shall be of the same type and type parameters as TSOURCE. MASK Shall be of type `LOGICAL'. _Return value_: The result is of the same type and type parameters as TSOURCE.  File: gfortran.info, Node: MERGE_BITS, Next: MIN, Prev: MERGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.171 `MERGE_BITS' -- Merge of bits under mask ============================================== _Description_: `MERGE_BITS(I, J, MASK)' merges the bits of I and J as determined by the mask. The i-th bit of the result is equal to the i-th bit of I if the i-th bit of MASK is 1; it is equal to the i-th bit of J otherwise. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MERGE_BITS(I, J, MASK)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. J Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. MASK Shall be of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _Return value_: The result is of the same type and kind as I.  File: gfortran.info, Node: MIN, Next: MINEXPONENT, Prev: MERGE_BITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.172 `MIN' -- Minimum value of an argument list ================================================ _Description_: Returns the argument with the smallest (most negative) value. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MIN(A1, A2 [, A3, ...])' _Arguments_: A1 The type shall be `INTEGER' or `REAL'. A2, A3, An expression of the same type and kind as A1. ... (As a GNU extension, arguments of different kinds are permitted.) _Return value_: The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument. _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `MIN0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and A1' later `AMIN0(A1)' `INTEGER(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and A1' later `MIN1(A1)' `REAL A1' `INTEGER(4)' Fortran 77 and later `AMIN1(A1)' `REAL(4) A1' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DMIN1(A1)' `REAL(8) A1' `REAL(8)' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: *note MAX::, *note MINLOC::, *note MINVAL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MINEXPONENT, Next: MINLOC, Prev: MIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.173 `MINEXPONENT' -- Minimum exponent of a real kind ====================================================== _Description_: `MINEXPONENT(X)' returns the minimum exponent in the model of the type of `X'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MINEXPONENT(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _Example_: See `MAXEXPONENT' for an example.  File: gfortran.info, Node: MINLOC, Next: MINVAL, Prev: MINEXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.174 `MINLOC' -- Location of the minimum value within an array =============================================================== _Description_: Determines the location of the element in the array with the minimum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the locations of the minimum element along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If more than one element in the array has the minimum value, the location returned is that of the first such element in array element order. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result value for that row is zero. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' `RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY [, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER', with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and conformable with ARRAY. _Return value_: If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. In all cases, the result is of default `INTEGER' type. _See also_: *note MIN::, *note MINVAL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MINVAL, Next: MOD, Prev: MINLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.175 `MINVAL' -- Minimum value of an array =========================================== _Description_: Determines the minimum value of the elements in an array value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the minimum value along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is `.TRUE.' are considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are `.FALSE.', then the result is `HUGE(ARRAY)' if ARRAY is numeric, or a string of `CHAR(255)' characters if ARRAY is of character type. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK])' `RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY [, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER' or `REAL'. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER', with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL', and conformable with ARRAY. _Return value_: If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result is of the same type and kind as ARRAY. _See also_: *note MIN::, *note MINLOC::  File: gfortran.info, Node: MOD, Next: MODULO, Prev: MINVAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.176 `MOD' -- Remainder function ================================= _Description_: `MOD(A,P)' computes the remainder of the division of A by P. It is calculated as `A - (INT(A/P) * P)'. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MOD(A, P)' _Arguments_: A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' P Shall be a scalar of the same type as A and not equal to zero _Return value_: The kind of the return value is the result of cross-promoting the kinds of the arguments. _Example_: program test_mod print *, mod(17,3) print *, mod(17.5,5.5) print *, mod(17.5d0,5.5) print *, mod(17.5,5.5d0) print *, mod(-17,3) print *, mod(-17.5,5.5) print *, mod(-17.5d0,5.5) print *, mod(-17.5,5.5d0) print *, mod(17,-3) print *, mod(17.5,-5.5) print *, mod(17.5d0,-5.5) print *, mod(17.5,-5.5d0) end program test_mod _Specific names_: Name Arguments Return type Standard `MOD(A,P)' `INTEGER `INTEGER' Fortran 95 and A,P' later `AMOD(A,P)' `REAL(4) `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and A,P' later `DMOD(A,P)' `REAL(8) `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and A,P' later  File: gfortran.info, Node: MODULO, Next: MOVE_ALLOC, Prev: MOD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.177 `MODULO' -- Modulo function ================================= _Description_: `MODULO(A,P)' computes the A modulo P. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = MODULO(A, P)' _Arguments_: A Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' P Shall be a scalar of the same type and kind as A _Return value_: The type and kind of the result are those of the arguments. If A and P are of type `INTEGER': `MODULO(A,P)' has the value R such that `A=Q*P+R', where Q is an integer and R is between 0 (inclusive) and P (exclusive). If A and P are of type `REAL': `MODULO(A,P)' has the value of `A - FLOOR (A / P) * P'. In all cases, if P is zero the result is processor-dependent. _Example_: program test_modulo print *, modulo(17,3) print *, modulo(17.5,5.5) print *, modulo(-17,3) print *, modulo(-17.5,5.5) print *, modulo(17,-3) print *, modulo(17.5,-5.5) end program  File: gfortran.info, Node: MOVE_ALLOC, Next: MVBITS, Prev: MODULO, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.178 `MOVE_ALLOC' -- Move allocation from one object to another ================================================================ _Description_: `MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)' moves the allocation from FROM to TO. FROM will become deallocated in the process. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Pure subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO)' _Arguments_: FROM `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(INOUT)', may be of any type and kind. TO `ALLOCATABLE', `INTENT(OUT)', shall be of the same type, kind and rank as FROM. _Return value_: None _Example_: program test_move_alloc integer, allocatable :: a(:), b(:) allocate(a(3)) a = [ 1, 2, 3 ] call move_alloc(a, b) print *, allocated(a), allocated(b) print *, b end program test_move_alloc  File: gfortran.info, Node: MVBITS, Next: NEAREST, Prev: MOVE_ALLOC, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.179 `MVBITS' -- Move bits from one integer to another ======================================================= _Description_: Moves LEN bits from positions FROMPOS through `FROMPOS+LEN-1' of FROM to positions TOPOS through `TOPOS+LEN-1' of TO. The portion of argument TO not affected by the movement of bits is unchanged. The values of `FROMPOS+LEN-1' and `TOPOS+LEN-1' must be less than `BIT_SIZE(FROM)'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL MVBITS(FROM, FROMPOS, LEN, TO, TOPOS)' _Arguments_: FROM The type shall be `INTEGER'. FROMPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'. LEN The type shall be `INTEGER'. TO The type shall be `INTEGER', of the same kind as FROM. TOPOS The type shall be `INTEGER'. _See also_: *note IBCLR::, *note IBSET::, *note IBITS::, *note IAND::, *note IOR::, *note IEOR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: NEAREST, Next: NEW_LINE, Prev: MVBITS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.180 `NEAREST' -- Nearest representable number =============================================== _Description_: `NEAREST(X, S)' returns the processor-representable number nearest to `X' in the direction indicated by the sign of `S'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = NEAREST(X, S)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL'. S (Optional) shall be of type `REAL' and not equal to zero. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type as `X'. If `S' is positive, `NEAREST' returns the processor-representable number greater than `X' and nearest to it. If `S' is negative, `NEAREST' returns the processor-representable number smaller than `X' and nearest to it. _Example_: program test_nearest real :: x, y x = nearest(42.0, 1.0) y = nearest(42.0, -1.0) write (*,"(3(G20.15))") x, y, x - y end program test_nearest  File: gfortran.info, Node: NEW_LINE, Next: NINT, Prev: NEAREST, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.181 `NEW_LINE' -- New line character ====================================== _Description_: `NEW_LINE(C)' returns the new-line character. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = NEW_LINE(C)' _Arguments_: C The argument shall be a scalar or array of the type `CHARACTER'. _Return value_: Returns a CHARACTER scalar of length one with the new-line character of the same kind as parameter C. _Example_: program newline implicit none write(*,'(A)') 'This is record 1.'//NEW_LINE('A')//'This is record 2.' end program newline  File: gfortran.info, Node: NINT, Next: NORM2, Prev: NEW_LINE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.182 `NINT' -- Nearest whole number ==================================== _Description_: `NINT(A)' rounds its argument to the nearest whole number. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 90 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = NINT(A [, KIND])' _Arguments_: A The type of the argument shall be `REAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: Returns A with the fractional portion of its magnitude eliminated by rounding to the nearest whole number and with its sign preserved, converted to an `INTEGER' of the default kind. _Example_: program test_nint real(4) x4 real(8) x8 x4 = 1.234E0_4 x8 = 4.321_8 print *, nint(x4), idnint(x8) end program test_nint _Specific names_: Name Argument Return Type Standard `NINT(A)' `REAL(4) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 95 and later `IDNINT(A)' `REAL(8) A' `INTEGER' Fortran 95 and later _See also_: *note CEILING::, *note FLOOR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: NORM2, Next: NOT, Prev: NINT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.183 `NORM2' -- Euclidean vector norms ======================================= _Description_: Calculates the Euclidean vector norm (L_2 norm) of of ARRAY along dimension DIM. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = NORM2(ARRAY[, DIM])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `REAL' DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the square root of the sum of all elements in ARRAY squared is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. _Example_: PROGRAM test_sum REAL :: x(5) = [ real :: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] print *, NORM2(x) ! = sqrt(55.) ~ 7.416 END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: NOT, Next: NULL, Prev: NORM2, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.184 `NOT' -- Logical negation =============================== _Description_: `NOT' returns the bitwise Boolean inverse of I. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = NOT(I)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return type is `INTEGER', of the same kind as the argument. _See also_: *note IAND::, *note IEOR::, *note IOR::, *note IBITS::, *note IBSET::, *note IBCLR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: NULL, Next: NUM_IMAGES, Prev: NOT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.185 `NULL' -- Function that returns an disassociated pointer ============================================================== _Description_: Returns a disassociated pointer. If MOLD is present, a disassociated pointer of the same type is returned, otherwise the type is determined by context. In Fortran 95, MOLD is optional. Please note that Fortran 2003 includes cases where it is required. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `PTR => NULL([MOLD])' _Arguments_: MOLD (Optional) shall be a pointer of any association status and of any type. _Return value_: A disassociated pointer. _Example_: REAL, POINTER, DIMENSION(:) :: VEC => NULL () _See also_: *note ASSOCIATED::  File: gfortran.info, Node: NUM_IMAGES, Next: OR, Prev: NULL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.186 `NUM_IMAGES' -- Function that returns the number of images ================================================================ _Description_: Returns the number of images. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = NUM_IMAGES()' _Arguments_: None. _Return value_: Scalar default-kind integer. _Example_: INTEGER :: value[*] INTEGER :: i value = THIS_IMAGE() SYNC ALL IF (THIS_IMAGE() == 1) THEN DO i = 1, NUM_IMAGES() WRITE(*,'(2(a,i0))') 'value[', i, '] is ', value[i] END DO END IF _See also_: *note THIS_IMAGE::, *note IMAGE_INDEX::  File: gfortran.info, Node: OR, Next: PACK, Prev: NUM_IMAGES, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.187 `OR' -- Bitwise logical OR ================================ _Description_: Bitwise logical `OR'. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider the use of the *note IOR:: intrinsic defined by the Fortran standard. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = OR(I, J)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER' type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type. J The type shall be the same as the type of J. _Return value_: The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar `LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return has the larger kind. _Example_: PROGRAM test_or LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / WRITE (*,*) OR(T, T), OR(T, F), OR(F, T), OR(F, F) WRITE (*,*) OR(a, b) END PROGRAM _See also_: Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IOR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: PACK, Next: PARITY, Prev: OR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.188 `PACK' -- Pack an array into an array of rank one ======================================================= _Description_: Stores the elements of ARRAY in an array of rank one. The beginning of the resulting array is made up of elements whose MASK equals `TRUE'. Afterwards, positions are filled with elements taken from VECTOR. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = PACK(ARRAY, MASK[,VECTOR]' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL' and of the same size as ARRAY. Alternatively, it may be a `LOGICAL' scalar. VECTOR (Optional) shall be an array of the same type as ARRAY and of rank one. If present, the number of elements in VECTOR shall be equal to or greater than the number of true elements in MASK. If MASK is scalar, the number of elements in VECTOR shall be equal to or greater than the number of elements in ARRAY. _Return value_: The result is an array of rank one and the same type as that of ARRAY. If VECTOR is present, the result size is that of VECTOR, the number of `TRUE' values in MASK otherwise. _Example_: Gathering nonzero elements from an array: PROGRAM test_pack_1 INTEGER :: m(6) m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0 /) WRITE(*, FMT="(6(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0) ! "1 5" END PROGRAM Gathering nonzero elements from an array and appending elements from VECTOR: PROGRAM test_pack_2 INTEGER :: m(4) m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 2 /) WRITE(*, FMT="(4(I0, ' '))") pack(m, m /= 0, (/ 0, 0, 3, 4 /)) ! "1 2 3 4" END PROGRAM _See also_: *note UNPACK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: PARITY, Next: PERROR, Prev: PACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.189 `PARITY' -- Reduction with exclusive OR ============================================= _Description_: Calculates the parity, i.e. the reduction using `.XOR.', of MASK along dimension DIM. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = PARITY(MASK[, DIM])' _Arguments_: LOGICAL Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL' DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of MASK. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as MASK. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the parity of all elements in MASK is returned, i.e. true if an odd number of elements is `.true.' and false otherwise. If DIM is present, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of MASK with dimension DIM dropped is returned. _Example_: PROGRAM test_sum LOGICAL :: x(2) = [ .true., .false. ] print *, PARITY(x) ! prints "T" (true). END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: PERROR, Next: POPCNT, Prev: PARITY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.190 `PERROR' -- Print system error message ============================================ _Description_: Prints (on the C `stderr' stream) a newline-terminated error message corresponding to the last system error. This is prefixed by STRING, a colon and a space. See `perror(3)'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL PERROR(STRING)' _Arguments_: STRING A scalar of type `CHARACTER' and of the default kind. _See also_: *note IERRNO::  File: gfortran.info, Node: PRECISION, Next: PRESENT, Prev: POPPAR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.191 `PRECISION' -- Decimal precision of a real kind ===================================================== _Description_: `PRECISION(X)' returns the decimal precision in the model of the type of `X'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = PRECISION(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note SELECTED_REAL_KIND::, *note RANGE:: _Example_: program prec_and_range real(kind=4) :: x(2) complex(kind=8) :: y print *, precision(x), range(x) print *, precision(y), range(y) end program prec_and_range  File: gfortran.info, Node: POPCNT, Next: POPPAR, Prev: PERROR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.192 `POPCNT' -- Number of bits set ==================================== _Description_: `POPCNT(I)' returns the number of bits set ('1' bits) in the binary representation of `I'. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = POPCNT(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note POPPAR::, *note LEADZ::, *note TRAILZ:: _Example_: program test_population print *, popcnt(127), poppar(127) print *, popcnt(huge(0_4)), poppar(huge(0_4)) print *, popcnt(huge(0_8)), poppar(huge(0_8)) end program test_population  File: gfortran.info, Node: POPPAR, Next: PRECISION, Prev: POPCNT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.193 `POPPAR' -- Parity of the number of bits set ================================================== _Description_: `POPPAR(I)' returns parity of the integer `I', i.e. the parity of the number of bits set ('1' bits) in the binary representation of `I'. It is equal to 0 if `I' has an even number of bits set, and 1 for an odd number of '1' bits. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = POPPAR(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note POPCNT::, *note LEADZ::, *note TRAILZ:: _Example_: program test_population print *, popcnt(127), poppar(127) print *, popcnt(huge(0_4)), poppar(huge(0_4)) print *, popcnt(huge(0_8)), poppar(huge(0_8)) end program test_population  File: gfortran.info, Node: PRESENT, Next: PRODUCT, Prev: PRECISION, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.194 `PRESENT' -- Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified ============================================================================ _Description_: Determines whether an optional dummy argument is present. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = PRESENT(A)' _Arguments_: A May be of any type and may be a pointer, scalar or array value, or a dummy procedure. It shall be the name of an optional dummy argument accessible within the current subroutine or function. _Return value_: Returns either `TRUE' if the optional argument A is present, or `FALSE' otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_present WRITE(*,*) f(), f(42) ! "F T" CONTAINS LOGICAL FUNCTION f(x) INTEGER, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL :: x f = PRESENT(x) END FUNCTION END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: PRODUCT, Next: RADIX, Prev: PRESENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.195 `PRODUCT' -- Product of array elements ============================================ _Description_: Multiplies the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY[, MASK])' `RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the product of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. _Example_: PROGRAM test_product INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /) print *, PRODUCT(x) ! all elements, product = 120 print *, PRODUCT(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, product = 15 END PROGRAM _See also_: *note SUM::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RADIX, Next: RANDOM_NUMBER, Prev: PRODUCT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.196 `RADIX' -- Base of a model number ======================================= _Description_: `RADIX(X)' returns the base of the model representing the entity X. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = RADIX(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note SELECTED_REAL_KIND:: _Example_: program test_radix print *, "The radix for the default integer kind is", radix(0) print *, "The radix for the default real kind is", radix(0.0) end program test_radix  File: gfortran.info, Node: RAN, Next: REAL, Prev: RANK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.197 `RAN' -- Real pseudo-random number ======================================== _Description_: For compatibility with HP FORTRAN 77/iX, the `RAN' intrinsic is provided as an alias for `RAND'. See *note RAND:: for complete documentation. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _See also_: *note RAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RAND, Next: RANGE, Prev: RANDOM_SEED, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.198 `RAND' -- Real pseudo-random number ========================================= _Description_: `RAND(FLAG)' returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1. If FLAG is 0, the next number in the current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is restarted by `CALL SRAND(0)'; if FLAG has any other value, it is used as a new seed with `SRAND'. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided by `g77'. For new code, one should consider the use of *note RANDOM_NUMBER:: as it implements a superior algorithm. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = RAND(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be a scalar `INTEGER' of kind 4. _Return value_: The return value is of `REAL' type and the default kind. _Example_: program test_rand integer,parameter :: seed = 86456 call srand(seed) print *, rand(), rand(), rand(), rand() print *, rand(seed), rand(), rand(), rand() end program test_rand _See also_: *note SRAND::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_NUMBER, Next: RANDOM_SEED, Prev: RADIX, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.199 `RANDOM_NUMBER' -- Pseudo-random number ============================================= _Description_: Returns a single pseudorandom number or an array of pseudorandom numbers from the uniform distribution over the range 0 \leq x < 1. The runtime-library implements George Marsaglia's KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid) random number generator (RNG). This RNG combines: 1. The congruential generator x(n) = 69069 \cdot x(n-1) + 1327217885 with a period of 2^32, 2. A 3-shift shift-register generator with a period of 2^32 - 1, 3. Two 16-bit multiply-with-carry generators with a period of 597273182964842497 > 2^59. The overall period exceeds 2^123. Please note, this RNG is thread safe if used within OpenMP directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while called from multiple threads. However, the KISS generator does not create random numbers in parallel from multiple sources, but in sequence from a single source. If an OpenMP-enabled application heavily relies on random numbers, one should consider employing a dedicated parallel random number generator instead. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `RANDOM_NUMBER(HARVEST)' _Arguments_: HARVEST Shall be a scalar or an array of type `REAL'. _Example_: program test_random_number REAL :: r(5,5) CALL init_random_seed() ! see example of RANDOM_SEED CALL RANDOM_NUMBER(r) end program _See also_: *note RANDOM_SEED::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RANDOM_SEED, Next: RAND, Prev: RANDOM_NUMBER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.200 `RANDOM_SEED' -- Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence ================================================================= _Description_: Restarts or queries the state of the pseudorandom number generator used by `RANDOM_NUMBER'. If `RANDOM_SEED' is called without arguments, it is initialized to a default state. The example below shows how to initialize the random seed based on the system's time. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL RANDOM_SEED([SIZE, PUT, GET])' _Arguments_: SIZE (Optional) Shall be a scalar and of type default `INTEGER', with `INTENT(OUT)'. It specifies the minimum size of the arrays used with the PUT and GET arguments. PUT (Optional) Shall be an array of type default `INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(IN)' and the size of the array must be larger than or equal to the number returned by the SIZE argument. GET (Optional) Shall be an array of type default `INTEGER' and rank one. It is `INTENT(OUT)' and the size of the array must be larger than or equal to the number returned by the SIZE argument. _Example_: SUBROUTINE init_random_seed() INTEGER :: i, n, clock INTEGER, DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed CALL RANDOM_SEED(size = n) ALLOCATE(seed(n)) CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(COUNT=clock) seed = clock + 37 * (/ (i - 1, i = 1, n) /) CALL RANDOM_SEED(PUT = seed) DEALLOCATE(seed) END SUBROUTINE _See also_: *note RANDOM_NUMBER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RANGE, Next: RANK, Prev: RAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.201 `RANGE' -- Decimal exponent range ======================================= _Description_: `RANGE(X)' returns the decimal exponent range in the model of the type of `X'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = RANGE(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. _See also_: *note SELECTED_REAL_KIND::, *note PRECISION:: _Example_: See `PRECISION' for an example.  File: gfortran.info, Node: RANK, Next: RAN, Prev: RANGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.202 `RANK' -- Rank of a data object ===================================== _Description_: `RANK(A)' returns the rank of a scalar or array data object. _Standard_: Technical Specification (TS) 29113 _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = RANGE(A)' _Arguments_: A can be of any type _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the default integer kind. For arrays, their rank is returned; for scalars zero is returned. _Example_: program test_rank integer :: a real, allocatable :: b(:,:) print *, rank(a), rank(b) ! Prints: 0 3 end program test_rank  File: gfortran.info, Node: REAL, Next: RENAME, Prev: RAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.203 `REAL' -- Convert to real type ==================================== _Description_: `REAL(A [, KIND])' converts its argument A to a real type. The `REALPART' function is provided for compatibility with `g77', and its use is strongly discouraged. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = REAL(A [, KIND])' `RESULT = REALPART(Z)' _Arguments_: A Shall be `INTEGER', `REAL', or `COMPLEX'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: These functions return a `REAL' variable or array under the following rules: (A) `REAL(A)' is converted to a default real type if A is an integer or real variable. (B) `REAL(A)' is converted to a real type with the kind type parameter of A if A is a complex variable. (C) `REAL(A, KIND)' is converted to a real type with kind type parameter KIND if A is a complex, integer, or real variable. _Example_: program test_real complex :: x = (1.0, 2.0) print *, real(x), real(x,8), realpart(x) end program test_real _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `FLOAT(A)' `INTEGER(4)' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later `DFLOAT(A)' `INTEGER(4)' `REAL(8)' GNU extension `SNGL(A)' `INTEGER(8)' `REAL(4)' Fortran 77 and later _See also_: *note DBLE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RENAME, Next: REPEAT, Prev: REAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.204 `RENAME' -- Rename a file =============================== _Description_: Renames a file from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character (`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see `rename(2)'. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL RENAME(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])' `STATUS = RENAME(PATH1, PATH2)' _Arguments_: PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. _See also_: *note LINK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: REPEAT, Next: RESHAPE, Prev: RENAME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.205 `REPEAT' -- Repeated string concatenation =============================================== _Description_: Concatenates NCOPIES copies of a string. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = REPEAT(STRING, NCOPIES)' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be scalar and of type `CHARACTER'. NCOPIES Shall be scalar and of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: A new scalar of type `CHARACTER' built up from NCOPIES copies of STRING. _Example_: program test_repeat write(*,*) repeat("x", 5) ! "xxxxx" end program  File: gfortran.info, Node: RESHAPE, Next: RRSPACING, Prev: REPEAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.206 `RESHAPE' -- Function to reshape an array =============================================== _Description_: Reshapes SOURCE to correspond to SHAPE. If necessary, the new array may be padded with elements from PAD or permuted as defined by ORDER. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = RESHAPE(SOURCE, SHAPE[, PAD, ORDER])' _Arguments_: SOURCE Shall be an array of any type. SHAPE Shall be of type `INTEGER' and an array of rank one. Its values must be positive or zero. PAD (Optional) shall be an array of the same type as SOURCE. ORDER (Optional) shall be of type `INTEGER' and an array of the same shape as SHAPE. Its values shall be a permutation of the numbers from 1 to n, where n is the size of SHAPE. If ORDER is absent, the natural ordering shall be assumed. _Return value_: The result is an array of shape SHAPE with the same type as SOURCE. _Example_: PROGRAM test_reshape INTEGER, DIMENSION(4) :: x WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(x) ! prints "4" WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(RESHAPE(x, (/2, 2/))) ! prints "2 2" END PROGRAM _See also_: *note SHAPE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RRSPACING, Next: RSHIFT, Prev: RESHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.207 `RRSPACING' -- Reciprocal of the relative spacing ======================================================= _Description_: `RRSPACING(X)' returns the reciprocal of the relative spacing of model numbers near X. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = RRSPACING(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The value returned is equal to `ABS(FRACTION(X)) * FLOAT(RADIX(X))**DIGITS(X)'. _See also_: *note SPACING::  File: gfortran.info, Node: RSHIFT, Next: SAME_TYPE_AS, Prev: RRSPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.208 `RSHIFT' -- Right shift bits ================================== _Description_: `RSHIFT' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the right end are lost. The fill is arithmetic: the bits shifted in from the left end are equal to the leftmost bit, which in two's complement representation is the sign bit. This function has been superseded by the `SHIFTA' intrinsic, which is standard in Fortran 2008 and later. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = RSHIFT(I, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note ISHFT::, *note ISHFTC::, *note LSHIFT::, *note SHIFTA::, *note SHIFTR::, *note SHIFTL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SAME_TYPE_AS, Next: SCALE, Prev: RSHIFT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.209 `SAME_TYPE_AS' -- Query dynamic types for equality ========================================================= _Description_: Query dynamic types for equality. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SAME_TYPE_AS(A, B)' _Arguments_: A Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. B Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type default logical. It is true if and only if the dynamic type of A is the same as the dynamic type of B. _See also_: *note EXTENDS_TYPE_OF::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SCALE, Next: SCAN, Prev: SAME_TYPE_AS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.210 `SCALE' -- Scale a real value =================================== _Description_: `SCALE(X,I)' returns `X * RADIX(X)**I'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SCALE(X, I)' _Arguments_: X The type of the argument shall be a `REAL'. I The type of the argument shall be a `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. Its value is `X * RADIX(X)**I'. _Example_: program test_scale real :: x = 178.1387e-4 integer :: i = 5 print *, scale(x,i), x*radix(x)**i end program test_scale  File: gfortran.info, Node: SCAN, Next: SECNDS, Prev: SCALE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.211 `SCAN' -- Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters ===================================================================== _Description_: Scans a STRING for any of the characters in a SET of characters. If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is in SET. If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If no character of SET is found in STRING, the result is zero. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SCAN(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _Example_: PROGRAM test_scan WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 2, found 'O' WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO", .TRUE.) ! 6, found 'A' WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 0, found none END PROGRAM _See also_: *note INDEX intrinsic::, *note VERIFY::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SECNDS, Next: SECOND, Prev: SCAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.212 `SECNDS' -- Time function =============================== _Description_: `SECNDS(X)' gets the time in seconds from the real-time system clock. X is a reference time, also in seconds. If this is zero, the time in seconds from midnight is returned. This function is non-standard and its use is discouraged. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SECNDS (X)' _Arguments_: T Shall be of type `REAL(4)'. X Shall be of type `REAL(4)'. _Return value_: None _Example_: program test_secnds integer :: i real(4) :: t1, t2 print *, secnds (0.0) ! seconds since midnight t1 = secnds (0.0) ! reference time do i = 1, 10000000 ! do something end do t2 = secnds (t1) ! elapsed time print *, "Something took ", t2, " seconds." end program test_secnds  File: gfortran.info, Node: SECOND, Next: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Prev: SECNDS, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.213 `SECOND' -- CPU time function =================================== _Description_: Returns a `REAL(4)' value representing the elapsed CPU time in seconds. This provides the same functionality as the standard `CPU_TIME' intrinsic, and is only included for backwards compatibility. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL SECOND(TIME)' `TIME = SECOND()' _Arguments_: TIME Shall be of type `REAL(4)'. _Return value_: In either syntax, TIME is set to the process's current runtime in seconds. _See also_: *note CPU_TIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Next: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Prev: SECOND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.214 `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND' -- Choose character kind =================================================== _Description_: `SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)' returns the kind value for the character set named NAME, if a character set with such a name is supported, or -1 otherwise. Currently, supported character sets include "ASCII" and "DEFAULT", which are equivalent, and "ISO_10646" (Universal Character Set, UCS-4) which is commonly known as Unicode. _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME)' _Arguments_: NAME Shall be a scalar and of the default character type. _Example_: program character_kind use iso_fortran_env implicit none integer, parameter :: ascii = selected_char_kind ("ascii") integer, parameter :: ucs4 = selected_char_kind ('ISO_10646') character(kind=ascii, len=26) :: alphabet character(kind=ucs4, len=30) :: hello_world alphabet = ascii_"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" hello_world = ucs4_'Hello World and Ni Hao -- ' & // char (int (z'4F60'), ucs4) & // char (int (z'597D'), ucs4) write (*,*) alphabet open (output_unit, encoding='UTF-8') write (*,*) trim (hello_world) end program character_kind  File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Next: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Prev: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.215 `SELECTED_INT_KIND' -- Choose integer kind ================================================ _Description_: `SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)' return the kind value of the smallest integer type that can represent all values ranging from -10^R (exclusive) to 10^R (exclusive). If there is no integer kind that accommodates this range, `SELECTED_INT_KIND' returns -1. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SELECTED_INT_KIND(R)' _Arguments_: R Shall be a scalar and of type `INTEGER'. _Example_: program large_integers integer,parameter :: k5 = selected_int_kind(5) integer,parameter :: k15 = selected_int_kind(15) integer(kind=k5) :: i5 integer(kind=k15) :: i15 print *, huge(i5), huge(i15) ! The following inequalities are always true print *, huge(i5) >= 10_k5**5-1 print *, huge(i15) >= 10_k15**15-1 end program large_integers  File: gfortran.info, Node: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Next: SET_EXPONENT, Prev: SELECTED_INT_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.216 `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' -- Choose real kind ============================================== _Description_: `SELECTED_REAL_KIND(P,R)' returns the kind value of a real data type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits, exponent range of at least `R', and with a radix of `RADIX'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with `RADIX' Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SELECTED_REAL_KIND([P, R, RADIX])' _Arguments_: P (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type `INTEGER'. R (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type `INTEGER'. RADIX (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type `INTEGER'. Before Fortran 2008, at least one of the arguments R or P shall be present; since Fortran 2008, they are assumed to be zero if absent. _Return value_: `SELECTED_REAL_KIND' returns the value of the kind type parameter of a real data type with decimal precision of at least `P' digits, a decimal exponent range of at least `R', and with the requested `RADIX'. If the `RADIX' parameter is absent, real kinds with any radix can be returned. If more than one real data type meet the criteria, the kind of the data type with the smallest decimal precision is returned. If no real data type matches the criteria, the result is -1 if the processor does not support a real data type with a precision greater than or equal to `P', but the `R' and `RADIX' requirements can be fulfilled -2 if the processor does not support a real type with an exponent range greater than or equal to `R', but `P' and `RADIX' are fulfillable -3 if `RADIX' but not `P' and `R' requirements are fulfillable -4 if `RADIX' and either `P' or `R' requirements are fulfillable -5 if there is no real type with the given `RADIX' _See also_: *note PRECISION::, *note RANGE::, *note RADIX:: _Example_: program real_kinds integer,parameter :: p6 = selected_real_kind(6) integer,parameter :: p10r100 = selected_real_kind(10,100) integer,parameter :: r400 = selected_real_kind(r=400) real(kind=p6) :: x real(kind=p10r100) :: y real(kind=r400) :: z print *, precision(x), range(x) print *, precision(y), range(y) print *, precision(z), range(z) end program real_kinds  File: gfortran.info, Node: SET_EXPONENT, Next: SHAPE, Prev: SELECTED_REAL_KIND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.217 `SET_EXPONENT' -- Set the exponent of the model ===================================================== _Description_: `SET_EXPONENT(X, I)' returns the real number whose fractional part is that that of X and whose exponent part is I. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SET_EXPONENT(X, I)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL'. I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real number whose fractional part is that that of X and whose exponent part if I is returned; it is `FRACTION(X) * RADIX(X)**I'. _Example_: PROGRAM test_setexp REAL :: x = 178.1387e-4 INTEGER :: i = 17 PRINT *, SET_EXPONENT(x, i), FRACTION(x) * RADIX(x)**i END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: SHAPE, Next: SHIFTA, Prev: SET_EXPONENT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.218 `SHAPE' -- Determine the shape of an array ================================================ _Description_: Determines the shape of an array. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SHAPE(SOURCE [, KIND])' _Arguments_: SOURCE Shall be an array or scalar of any type. If SOURCE is a pointer it must be associated and allocatable arrays must be allocated. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: An `INTEGER' array of rank one with as many elements as SOURCE has dimensions. The elements of the resulting array correspond to the extend of SOURCE along the respective dimensions. If SOURCE is a scalar, the result is the rank one array of size zero. If KIND is absent, the return value has the default integer kind otherwise the specified kind. _Example_: PROGRAM test_shape INTEGER, DIMENSION(-1:1, -1:2) :: A WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(A) ! (/ 3, 4 /) WRITE(*,*) SIZE(SHAPE(42)) ! (/ /) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note RESHAPE::, *note SIZE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SHIFTA, Next: SHIFTL, Prev: SHAPE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.219 `SHIFTA' -- Right shift with fill ======================================= _Description_: `SHIFTA' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the right end are lost. The fill is arithmetic: the bits shifted in from the left end are equal to the leftmost bit, which in two's complement representation is the sign bit. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SHIFTA(I, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note SHIFTL::, *note SHIFTR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SHIFTL, Next: SHIFTR, Prev: SHIFTA, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.220 `SHIFTL' -- Left shift ============================ _Description_: `SHIFTL' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end are lost, and bits shifted in from the right end are set to 0. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SHIFTL(I, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note SHIFTA::, *note SHIFTR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SHIFTR, Next: SIGN, Prev: SHIFTL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.221 `SHIFTR' -- Right shift ============================= _Description_: `SHIFTR' returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than `BIT_SIZE(I)', the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the right end are lost, and bits shifted in from the left end are set to 0. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SHIFTR(I, SHIFT)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be `INTEGER'. SHIFT The type shall be `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of the same kind as I. _See also_: *note SHIFTA::, *note SHIFTL::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGN, Next: SIGNAL, Prev: SHIFTR, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.222 `SIGN' -- Sign copying function ===================================== _Description_: `SIGN(A,B)' returns the value of A with the sign of B. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SIGN(A, B)' _Arguments_: A Shall be of type `INTEGER' or `REAL' B Shall be of the same type and kind as A _Return value_: The kind of the return value is that of A and B. If B\ge 0 then the result is `ABS(A)', else it is `-ABS(A)'. _Example_: program test_sign print *, sign(-12,1) print *, sign(-12,0) print *, sign(-12,-1) print *, sign(-12.,1.) print *, sign(-12.,0.) print *, sign(-12.,-1.) end program test_sign _Specific names_: Name Arguments Return type Standard `SIGN(A,B)' `REAL(4) A, `REAL(4)' f77, gnu B' `ISIGN(A,B)' `INTEGER(4) `INTEGER(4)' f77, gnu A, B' `DSIGN(A,B)' `REAL(8) A, `REAL(8)' f77, gnu B'  File: gfortran.info, Node: SIGNAL, Next: SIN, Prev: SIGN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.223 `SIGNAL' -- Signal handling subroutine (or function) ========================================================== _Description_: `SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])' causes external subroutine HANDLER to be executed with a single integer argument when signal NUMBER occurs. If HANDLER is an integer, it can be used to turn off handling of signal NUMBER or revert to its default action. See `signal(2)'. If `SIGNAL' is called as a subroutine and the STATUS argument is supplied, it is set to the value returned by `signal(2)'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS])' `STATUS = SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER)' _Arguments_: NUMBER Shall be a scalar integer, with `INTENT(IN)' HANDLER Signal handler (`INTEGER FUNCTION' or `SUBROUTINE') or dummy/global `INTEGER' scalar. `INTEGER'. It is `INTENT(IN)'. STATUS (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar integer. It has `INTENT(OUT)'. _Return value_: The `SIGNAL' function returns the value returned by `signal(2)'. _Example_: program test_signal intrinsic signal external handler_print call signal (12, handler_print) call signal (10, 1) call sleep (30) end program test_signal  File: gfortran.info, Node: SIN, Next: SINH, Prev: SIGNAL, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.224 `SIN' -- Sine function ============================ _Description_: `SIN(X)' computes the sine of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SIN(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has same type and kind as X. _Example_: program test_sin real :: x = 0.0 x = sin(x) end program test_sin _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `SIN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' f77, gnu `DSIN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' f95, gnu `CSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' f95, gnu X' `ZSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu X' `CDSIN(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' f95, gnu X' _See also_: *note ASIN::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SINH, Next: SIZE, Prev: SIN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.225 `SINH' -- Hyperbolic sine function ======================================== _Description_: `SINH(X)' computes the hyperbolic sine of X. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SINH(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has same type and kind as X. _Example_: program test_sinh real(8) :: x = - 1.0_8 x = sinh(x) end program test_sinh _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `SINH(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and later `DSINH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and later _See also_: *note ASINH::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZE, Next: SIZEOF, Prev: SINH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.226 `SIZE' -- Determine the size of an array ============================================== _Description_: Determine the extent of ARRAY along a specified dimension DIM, or the total number of elements in ARRAY if DIM is absent. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SIZE(ARRAY[, DIM [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of any type. If ARRAY is a pointer it must be associated and allocatable arrays must be allocated. DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' and its value shall be in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _Example_: PROGRAM test_size WRITE(*,*) SIZE((/ 1, 2 /)) ! 2 END PROGRAM _See also_: *note SHAPE::, *note RESHAPE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SIZEOF, Next: SLEEP, Prev: SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.227 `SIZEOF' -- Size in bytes of an expression ================================================ _Description_: `SIZEOF(X)' calculates the number of bytes of storage the expression `X' occupies. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Intrinsic function _Syntax_: `N = SIZEOF(X)' _Arguments_: X The argument shall be of any type, rank or shape. _Return value_: The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent kind C_SIZE_T (from the ISO_C_BINDING module). Its value is the number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the `POINTER' attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with `POINTER' or `ALLOCATABLE' components, the return value does not account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components. If the argument is polymorphic, the size according to the declared type is returned. The argument may not be a procedure or procedure pointer. _Example_: integer :: i real :: r, s(5) print *, (sizeof(s)/sizeof(r) == 5) end The example will print `.TRUE.' unless you are using a platform where default `REAL' variables are unusually padded. _See also_: *note C_SIZEOF::, *note STORAGE_SIZE::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SLEEP, Next: SPACING, Prev: SIZEOF, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.228 `SLEEP' -- Sleep for the specified number of seconds ========================================================== _Description_: Calling this subroutine causes the process to pause for SECONDS seconds. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL SLEEP(SECONDS)' _Arguments_: SECONDS The type shall be of default `INTEGER'. _Example_: program test_sleep call sleep(5) end  File: gfortran.info, Node: SPACING, Next: SPREAD, Prev: SLEEP, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.229 `SPACING' -- Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type ======================================================================== _Description_: Determines the distance between the argument X and the nearest adjacent number of the same type. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SPACING(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL'. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as the input argument X. _Example_: PROGRAM test_spacing INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SGL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=6, r=37) INTEGER, PARAMETER :: DBL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=13, r=200) WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_SGL) ! "1.1920929E-07" on i686 WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_DBL) ! "2.220446049250313E-016" on i686 END PROGRAM _See also_: *note RRSPACING::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SPREAD, Next: SQRT, Prev: SPACING, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.230 `SPREAD' -- Add a dimension to an array ============================================= _Description_: Replicates a SOURCE array NCOPIES times along a specified dimension DIM. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SPREAD(SOURCE, DIM, NCOPIES)' _Arguments_: SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type and a rank less than seven. DIM Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n+1, where n equals the rank of SOURCE. NCOPIES Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The result is an array of the same type as SOURCE and has rank n+1 where n equals the rank of SOURCE. _Example_: PROGRAM test_spread INTEGER :: a = 1, b(2) = (/ 1, 2 /) WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(A, 1, 2) ! "1 1" WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(B, 1, 2) ! "1 1 2 2" END PROGRAM _See also_: *note UNPACK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SQRT, Next: SRAND, Prev: SPREAD, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.231 `SQRT' -- Square-root function ==================================== _Description_: `SQRT(X)' computes the square root of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SQRT(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value is of type `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. The kind type parameter is the same as X. _Example_: program test_sqrt real(8) :: x = 2.0_8 complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0) x = sqrt(x) z = sqrt(z) end program test_sqrt _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `SQRT(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and later `DSQRT(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and later `CSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(4) `COMPLEX(4)' Fortran 95 and X' later `ZSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension X' `CDSQRT(X)' `COMPLEX(8) `COMPLEX(8)' GNU extension X'  File: gfortran.info, Node: SRAND, Next: STAT, Prev: SQRT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.232 `SRAND' -- Reinitialize the random number generator ========================================================= _Description_: `SRAND' reinitializes the pseudo-random number generator called by `RAND' and `IRAND'. The new seed used by the generator is specified by the required argument SEED. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL SRAND(SEED)' _Arguments_: SEED Shall be a scalar `INTEGER(kind=4)'. _Return value_: Does not return anything. _Example_: See `RAND' and `IRAND' for examples. _Notes_: The Fortran 2003 standard specifies the intrinsic `RANDOM_SEED' to initialize the pseudo-random numbers generator and `RANDOM_NUMBER' to generate pseudo-random numbers. Please note that in GNU Fortran, these two sets of intrinsics (`RAND', `IRAND' and `SRAND' on the one hand, `RANDOM_NUMBER' and `RANDOM_SEED' on the other hand) access two independent pseudo-random number generators. _See also_: *note RAND::, *note RANDOM_SEED::, *note RANDOM_NUMBER::  File: gfortran.info, Node: STAT, Next: STORAGE_SIZE, Prev: SRAND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.233 `STAT' -- Get file status =============================== _Description_: This function returns information about a file. No permissions are required on the file itself, but execute (search) permission is required on all of the directories in path that lead to the file. The elements that are obtained and stored in the array `VALUES': `VALUES(1)'Device ID `VALUES(2)'Inode number `VALUES(3)'File mode `VALUES(4)'Number of links `VALUES(5)'Owner's uid `VALUES(6)'Owner's gid `VALUES(7)'ID of device containing directory entry for file (0 if not available) `VALUES(8)'File size (bytes) `VALUES(9)'Last access time `VALUES(10)'Last modification time `VALUES(11)'Last file status change time `VALUES(12)'Preferred I/O block size (-1 if not available) `VALUES(13)'Number of blocks allocated (-1 if not available) Not all these elements are relevant on all systems. If an element is not relevant, it is returned as 0. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL STAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS])' `STATUS = STAT(NAME, VALUES)' _Arguments_: NAME The type shall be `CHARACTER', of the default kind and a valid path within the file system. VALUES The type shall be `INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13)'. STATUS (Optional) status flag of type `INTEGER(4)'. Returns 0 on success and a system specific error code otherwise. _Example_: PROGRAM test_stat INTEGER, DIMENSION(13) :: buff INTEGER :: status CALL STAT("/etc/passwd", buff, status) IF (status == 0) THEN WRITE (*, FMT="('Device ID:', T30, I19)") buff(1) WRITE (*, FMT="('Inode number:', T30, I19)") buff(2) WRITE (*, FMT="('File mode (octal):', T30, O19)") buff(3) WRITE (*, FMT="('Number of links:', T30, I19)") buff(4) WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s uid:', T30, I19)") buff(5) WRITE (*, FMT="('Owner''s gid:', T30, I19)") buff(6) WRITE (*, FMT="('Device where located:', T30, I19)") buff(7) WRITE (*, FMT="('File size:', T30, I19)") buff(8) WRITE (*, FMT="('Last access time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(9)) WRITE (*, FMT="('Last modification time', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(10)) WRITE (*, FMT="('Last status change time:', T30, A19)") CTIME(buff(11)) WRITE (*, FMT="('Preferred block size:', T30, I19)") buff(12) WRITE (*, FMT="('No. of blocks allocated:', T30, I19)") buff(13) END IF END PROGRAM _See also_: To stat an open file: *note FSTAT::, to stat a link: *note LSTAT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: STORAGE_SIZE, Next: SUM, Prev: STAT, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.234 `STORAGE_SIZE' -- Storage size in bits ============================================ _Description_: Returns the storage size of argument A in bits. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = STORAGE_SIZE(A [, KIND])' _Arguments_: A Shall be a scalar or array of any type. KIND (Optional) shall be a scalar integer constant expression. _Return Value_: The result is a scalar integer with the kind type parameter specified by KIND (or default integer type if KIND is missing). The result value is the size expressed in bits for an element of an array that has the dynamic type and type parameters of A. _See also_: *note C_SIZEOF::, *note SIZEOF::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SUM, Next: SYMLNK, Prev: STORAGE_SIZE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.235 `SUM' -- Sum of array elements ==================================== _Description_: Adds the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is `TRUE'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = SUM(ARRAY[, MASK])' `RESULT = SUM(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array of type `INTEGER', `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. DIM (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. MASK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL' and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. _Return value_: The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the sum of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. _Example_: PROGRAM test_sum INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /) print *, SUM(x) ! all elements, sum = 15 print *, SUM(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, sum = 9 END PROGRAM _See also_: *note PRODUCT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SYMLNK, Next: SYSTEM, Prev: SUM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.236 `SYMLNK' -- Create a symbolic link ======================================== _Description_: Makes a symbolic link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character (`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and PATH2; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see `symlink(2)'. If the system does not supply `symlink(2)', `ENOSYS' is returned. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS])' `STATUS = SYMLNK(PATH1, PATH2)' _Arguments_: PATH1 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. PATH2 Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. _See also_: *note LINK::, *note UNLINK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM, Next: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Prev: SYMLNK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.237 `SYSTEM' -- Execute a shell command ========================================= _Description_: Passes the command COMMAND to a shell (see `system(3)'). If argument STATUS is present, it contains the value returned by `system(3)', which is presumably 0 if the shell command succeeded. Note that which shell is used to invoke the command is system-dependent and environment-dependent. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the `system' function need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that `system' is not called concurrently. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL SYSTEM(COMMAND [, STATUS])' `STATUS = SYSTEM(COMMAND)' _Arguments_: COMMAND Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. _See also_: *note EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE::, which is part of the Fortran 2008 standard and should considered in new code for future portability.  File: gfortran.info, Node: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Next: TAN, Prev: SYSTEM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.238 `SYSTEM_CLOCK' -- Time function ===================================== _Description_: Determines the COUNT of a processor clock since an unspecified time in the past modulo COUNT_MAX, COUNT_RATE determines the number of clock ticks per second. If the platform supports a high resolution monotonic clock, that clock is used and can provide up to nanosecond resolution. If a high resolution monotonic clock is not available, the implementation falls back to a potentially lower resolution realtime clock. COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX vary depending on the kind of the arguments. For KIND=8 arguments, COUNT represents nanoseconds, and for KIND=4 arguments, COUNT represents milliseconds. Other than the kind dependency, COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX are constant, however the particular values are specific to `gfortran'. If there is no clock, COUNT is set to `-HUGE(COUNT)', and COUNT_RATE and COUNT_MAX are set to zero. When running on a platform using the GNU C library (glibc), or a derivative thereof, the high resolution monotonic clock is available only when linking with the RT library. This can be done explicitly by adding the `-lrt' flag when linking the application, but is also done implicitly when using OpenMP. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Subroutine _Syntax_: `CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK([COUNT, COUNT_RATE, COUNT_MAX])' _Arguments_: COUNT (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'. COUNT_RATE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'. COUNT_MAX (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER' with `INTENT(OUT)'. _Example_: PROGRAM test_system_clock INTEGER :: count, count_rate, count_max CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(count, count_rate, count_max) WRITE(*,*) count, count_rate, count_max END PROGRAM _See also_: *note DATE_AND_TIME::, *note CPU_TIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: TAN, Next: TANH, Prev: SYSTEM_CLOCK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.239 `TAN' -- Tangent function =============================== _Description_: `TAN(X)' computes the tangent of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TAN(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has same type and kind as X. _Example_: program test_tan real(8) :: x = 0.165_8 x = tan(x) end program test_tan _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `TAN(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and later `DTAN(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and later _See also_: *note ATAN::  File: gfortran.info, Node: TANH, Next: THIS_IMAGE, Prev: TAN, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.240 `TANH' -- Hyperbolic tangent function =========================================== _Description_: `TANH(X)' computes the hyperbolic tangent of X. _Standard_: Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `X = TANH(X)' _Arguments_: X The type shall be `REAL' or `COMPLEX'. _Return value_: The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is `REAL', the return value lies in the range - 1 \leq tanh(x) \leq 1 . _Example_: program test_tanh real(8) :: x = 2.1_8 x = tanh(x) end program test_tanh _Specific names_: Name Argument Return type Standard `TANH(X)' `REAL(4) X' `REAL(4)' Fortran 95 and later `DTANH(X)' `REAL(8) X' `REAL(8)' Fortran 95 and later _See also_: *note ATANH::  File: gfortran.info, Node: THIS_IMAGE, Next: TIME, Prev: TANH, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.241 `THIS_IMAGE' -- Function that returns the cosubscript index of this image =============================================================================== _Description_: Returns the cosubscript for this image. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = THIS_IMAGE()' `RESULT = THIS_IMAGE(COARRAY [, DIM])' _Arguments_: COARRAY Coarray of any type (optional; if DIM present, required). DIM default integer scalar (optional). If present, DIM shall be between one and the corank of COARRAY. _Return value_: Default integer. If COARRAY is not present, it is scalar and its value is the index of the invoking image. Otherwise, if DIM is not present, a rank-1 array with corank elements is returned, containing the cosubscripts for COARRAY specifying the invoking image. If DIM is present, a scalar is returned, with the value of the DIM element of `THIS_IMAGE(COARRAY)'. _Example_: INTEGER :: value[*] INTEGER :: i value = THIS_IMAGE() SYNC ALL IF (THIS_IMAGE() == 1) THEN DO i = 1, NUM_IMAGES() WRITE(*,'(2(a,i0))') 'value[', i, '] is ', value[i] END DO END IF _See also_: *note NUM_IMAGES::, *note IMAGE_INDEX::  File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME, Next: TIME8, Prev: THIS_IMAGE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.242 `TIME' -- Time function ============================= _Description_: Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of the function `time(3)' in the C standard library). This value is suitable for passing to `CTIME', `GMTIME', and `LTIME'. This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with 32-bit `INTEGER' types but supporting times wider than 32 bits. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program. See *note TIME8::, for information on a similar intrinsic that might be portable to more GNU Fortran implementations, though to fewer Fortran compilers. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TIME()' _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(4)'. _See also_: *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK::, *note TIME8::  File: gfortran.info, Node: TIME8, Next: TINY, Prev: TIME, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.243 `TIME8' -- Time function (64-bit) ======================================= _Description_: Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of the function `time(3)' in the C standard library). This value is suitable for passing to `CTIME', `GMTIME', and `LTIME'. _Warning:_ this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing values over that returned by `time(3)'. On a system with a 32-bit `time(3)', `TIME8' will return a 32-bit value, even though it is converted to a 64-bit `INTEGER(8)' value. That means overflows of the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be or become negative or numerically less than previous values during a single run of the compiled program. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TIME8()' _Return value_: The return value is a scalar of type `INTEGER(8)'. _See also_: *note CTIME::, *note GMTIME::, *note LTIME::, *note MCLOCK8::, *note TIME::  File: gfortran.info, Node: TINY, Next: TRAILZ, Prev: TIME8, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.244 `TINY' -- Smallest positive number of a real kind ======================================================= _Description_: `TINY(X)' returns the smallest positive (non zero) number in the model of the type of `X'. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TINY(X)' _Arguments_: X Shall be of type `REAL'. _Return value_: The return value is of the same type and kind as X _Example_: See `HUGE' for an example.  File: gfortran.info, Node: TRAILZ, Next: TRANSFER, Prev: TINY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.245 `TRAILZ' -- Number of trailing zero bits of an integer ============================================================ _Description_: `TRAILZ' returns the number of trailing zero bits of an integer. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TRAILZ(I)' _Arguments_: I Shall be of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The type of the return value is the default `INTEGER'. If all the bits of `I' are zero, the result value is `BIT_SIZE(I)'. _Example_: PROGRAM test_trailz WRITE (*,*) TRAILZ(8) ! prints 3 END PROGRAM _See also_: *note BIT_SIZE::, *note LEADZ::, *note POPPAR::, *note POPCNT::  File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSFER, Next: TRANSPOSE, Prev: TRAILZ, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.246 `TRANSFER' -- Transfer bit patterns ========================================= _Description_: Interprets the bitwise representation of SOURCE in memory as if it is the representation of a variable or array of the same type and type parameters as MOLD. This is approximately equivalent to the C concept of _casting_ one type to another. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TRANSFER(SOURCE, MOLD[, SIZE])' _Arguments_: SOURCE Shall be a scalar or an array of any type. MOLD Shall be a scalar or an array of any type. SIZE (Optional) shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. _Return value_: The result has the same type as MOLD, with the bit level representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is present, the result is a one-dimensional array of length SIZE. If SIZE is absent but MOLD is an array (of any size or shape), the result is a one- dimensional array of the minimum length needed to contain the entirety of the bitwise representation of SOURCE. If SIZE is absent and MOLD is a scalar, the result is a scalar. If the bitwise representation of the result is longer than that of SOURCE, then the leading bits of the result correspond to those of SOURCE and any trailing bits are filled arbitrarily. When the resulting bit representation does not correspond to a valid representation of a variable of the same type as MOLD, the results are undefined, and subsequent operations on the result cannot be guaranteed to produce sensible behavior. For example, it is possible to create `LOGICAL' variables for which `VAR' and `.NOT.VAR' both appear to be true. _Example_: PROGRAM test_transfer integer :: x = 2143289344 print *, transfer(x, 1.0) ! prints "NaN" on i686 END PROGRAM  File: gfortran.info, Node: TRANSPOSE, Next: TRIM, Prev: TRANSFER, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.247 `TRANSPOSE' -- Transpose an array of rank two =================================================== _Description_: Transpose an array of rank two. Element (i, j) of the result has the value `MATRIX(j, i)', for all i, j. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TRANSPOSE(MATRIX)' _Arguments_: MATRIX Shall be an array of any type and have a rank of two. _Return value_: The result has the same type as MATRIX, and has shape `(/ m, n /)' if MATRIX has shape `(/ n, m /)'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: TRIM, Next: TTYNAM, Prev: TRANSPOSE, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.248 `TRIM' -- Remove trailing blank characters of a string ============================================================ _Description_: Removes trailing blank characters of a string. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = TRIM(STRING)' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be a scalar of type `CHARACTER'. _Return value_: A scalar of type `CHARACTER' which length is that of STRING less the number of trailing blanks. _Example_: PROGRAM test_trim CHARACTER(len=10), PARAMETER :: s = "GFORTRAN " WRITE(*,*) LEN(s), LEN(TRIM(s)) ! "10 8", with/without trailing blanks END PROGRAM _See also_: *note ADJUSTL::, *note ADJUSTR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: TTYNAM, Next: UBOUND, Prev: TRIM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.249 `TTYNAM' -- Get the name of a terminal device. ==================================================== _Description_: Get the name of a terminal device. For more information, see `ttyname(3)'. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL TTYNAM(UNIT, NAME)' `NAME = TTYNAM(UNIT)' _Arguments_: UNIT Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. NAME Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. _Example_: PROGRAM test_ttynam INTEGER :: unit DO unit = 1, 10 IF (isatty(unit=unit)) write(*,*) ttynam(unit) END DO END PROGRAM _See also_: *note ISATTY::  File: gfortran.info, Node: UBOUND, Next: UCOBOUND, Prev: TTYNAM, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.250 `UBOUND' -- Upper dimension bounds of an array ==================================================== _Description_: Returns the upper bounds of an array, or a single upper bound along the DIM dimension. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = UBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an array, of any type. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is absent, the result is an array of the upper bounds of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the upper bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an expression rather than a whole array or array structure component, or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the upper bound is taken to be the number of elements along the relevant dimension. _See also_: *note LBOUND::, *note LCOBOUND::  File: gfortran.info, Node: UCOBOUND, Next: UMASK, Prev: UBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.251 `UCOBOUND' -- Upper codimension bounds of an array ======================================================== _Description_: Returns the upper cobounds of a coarray, or a single upper cobound along the DIM codimension. _Standard_: Fortran 2008 and later _Class_: Inquiry function _Syntax_: `RESULT = UCOBOUND(COARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: ARRAY Shall be an coarray, of any type. DIM (Optional) Shall be a scalar `INTEGER'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is absent, the result is an array of the lower cobounds of COARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower cobound of the array along that codimension. _See also_: *note LCOBOUND::, *note LBOUND::  File: gfortran.info, Node: UMASK, Next: UNLINK, Prev: UCOBOUND, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.252 `UMASK' -- Set the file creation mask =========================================== _Description_: Sets the file creation mask to MASK. If called as a function, it returns the old value. If called as a subroutine and argument OLD if it is supplied, it is set to the old value. See `umask(2)'. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL UMASK(MASK [, OLD])' `OLD = UMASK(MASK)' _Arguments_: MASK Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'. OLD (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type `INTEGER'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: UNLINK, Next: UNPACK, Prev: UMASK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.253 `UNLINK' -- Remove a file from the file system ==================================================== _Description_: Unlinks the file PATH. A null character (`CHAR(0)') can be used to mark the end of the name in PATH; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file name are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see `unlink(2)'. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Subroutine, function _Syntax_: `CALL UNLINK(PATH [, STATUS])' `STATUS = UNLINK(PATH)' _Arguments_: PATH Shall be of default `CHARACTER' type. STATUS (Optional) Shall be of default `INTEGER' type. _See also_: *note LINK::, *note SYMLNK::  File: gfortran.info, Node: UNPACK, Next: VERIFY, Prev: UNLINK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.254 `UNPACK' -- Unpack an array of rank one into an array =========================================================== _Description_: Store the elements of VECTOR in an array of higher rank. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later _Class_: Transformational function _Syntax_: `RESULT = UNPACK(VECTOR, MASK, FIELD)' _Arguments_: VECTOR Shall be an array of any type and rank one. It shall have at least as many elements as MASK has `TRUE' values. MASK Shall be an array of type `LOGICAL'. FIELD Shall be of the same type as VECTOR and have the same shape as MASK. _Return value_: The resulting array corresponds to FIELD with `TRUE' elements of MASK replaced by values from VECTOR in array element order. _Example_: PROGRAM test_unpack integer :: vector(2) = (/1,1/) logical :: mask(4) = (/ .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE., .TRUE. /) integer :: field(2,2) = 0, unity(2,2) ! result: unity matrix unity = unpack(vector, reshape(mask, (/2,2/)), field) END PROGRAM _See also_: *note PACK::, *note SPREAD::  File: gfortran.info, Node: VERIFY, Next: XOR, Prev: UNPACK, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.255 `VERIFY' -- Scan a string for characters not a given set ============================================================== _Description_: Verifies that all the characters in STRING belong to the set of characters in SET. If BACK is either absent or equals `FALSE', this function returns the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is not in SET. If BACK equals `TRUE', the rightmost position is returned. If all characters of STRING are found in SET, the result is zero. _Standard_: Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later _Class_: Elemental function _Syntax_: `RESULT = VERIFY(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])' _Arguments_: STRING Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. SET Shall be of type `CHARACTER'. BACK (Optional) shall be of type `LOGICAL'. KIND (Optional) An `INTEGER' initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. _Return value_: The return value is of type `INTEGER' and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. _Example_: PROGRAM test_verify WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "AO") ! 1, found 'F' WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FOO") ! 3, found 'R' WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++") ! 1, found 'F' WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "C++", .TRUE.) ! 7, found 'N' WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", "FORTRAN") ! 0' found none END PROGRAM _See also_: *note SCAN::, *note INDEX intrinsic::  File: gfortran.info, Node: XOR, Prev: VERIFY, Up: Intrinsic Procedures 8.256 `XOR' -- Bitwise logical exclusive OR =========================================== _Description_: Bitwise logical exclusive or. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider the use of the *note IEOR:: intrinsic and for logical arguments the `.NEQV.' operator, which are both defined by the Fortran standard. _Standard_: GNU extension _Class_: Function _Syntax_: `RESULT = XOR(I, J)' _Arguments_: I The type shall be either a scalar `INTEGER' type or a scalar `LOGICAL' type. J The type shall be the same as the type of I. _Return value_: The return type is either a scalar `INTEGER' or a scalar `LOGICAL'. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return has the larger kind. _Example_: PROGRAM test_xor LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' / WRITE (*,*) XOR(T, T), XOR(T, F), XOR(F, T), XOR(F, F) WRITE (*,*) XOR(a, b) END PROGRAM _See also_: Fortran 95 elemental function: *note IEOR::  File: gfortran.info, Node: Intrinsic Modules, Next: Contributing, Prev: Intrinsic Procedures, Up: Top 9 Intrinsic Modules ******************* * Menu: * ISO_FORTRAN_ENV:: * ISO_C_BINDING:: * OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS::  File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Next: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules 9.1 `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' ===================== _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later, except when otherwise noted The `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV' module provides the following scalar default-integer named constants: `ATOMIC_INT_KIND': Default-kind integer constant to be used as kind parameter when defining integer variables used in atomic operations. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `ATOMIC_LOGICAL_KIND': Default-kind integer constant to be used as kind parameter when defining logical variables used in atomic operations. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `CHARACTER_KINDS': Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the `CHARACTER' type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `CHARACTER_STORAGE_SIZE': Size in bits of the character storage unit. `ERROR_UNIT': Identifies the preconnected unit used for error reporting. `FILE_STORAGE_SIZE': Size in bits of the file-storage unit. `INPUT_UNIT': Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*') in `READ' statement. `INT8', `INT16', `INT32', `INT64': Kind type parameters to specify an INTEGER type with a storage size of 16, 32, and 64 bits. It is negative if a target platform does not support the particular kind. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `INTEGER_KINDS': Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the `INTEGER' type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `IOSTAT_END': The value assigned to the variable passed to the `IOSTAT=' specifier of an input/output statement if an end-of-file condition occurred. `IOSTAT_EOR': The value assigned to the variable passed to the `IOSTAT=' specifier of an input/output statement if an end-of-record condition occurred. `IOSTAT_INQUIRE_INTERNAL_UNIT': Scalar default-integer constant, used by `INQUIRE' for the `IOSTAT=' specifier to denote an that a unit number identifies an internal unit. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `NUMERIC_STORAGE_SIZE': The size in bits of the numeric storage unit. `LOGICAL_KINDS': Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the `LOGICAL' type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `OUTPUT_UNIT': Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (`*') in `WRITE' statement. `REAL32', `REAL64', `REAL128': Kind type parameters to specify a REAL type with a storage size of 32, 64, and 128 bits. It is negative if a target platform does not support the particular kind. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `REAL_KINDS': Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the `REAL' type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `STAT_LOCKED': Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by `LOCK' to denote that the lock variable is locked by the executing image. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `STAT_LOCKED_OTHER_IMAGE': Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by `UNLOCK' to denote that the lock variable is locked by another image. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `STAT_STOPPED_IMAGE': Positive, scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value if the argument in the statement requires synchronisation with an image, which has initiated the termination of the execution. (Fortran 2008 or later.) `STAT_UNLOCKED': Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by `UNLOCK' to denote that the lock variable is unlocked. (Fortran 2008 or later.) The module provides the following derived type: `LOCK_TYPE': Derived type with private components to be use with the `LOCK' and `UNLOCK' statement. A variable of its type has to be always declared as coarray and may not appear in a variable-definition context. (Fortran 2008 or later.) The module also provides the following intrinsic procedures: *note COMPILER_OPTIONS:: and *note COMPILER_VERSION::.  File: gfortran.info, Node: ISO_C_BINDING, Next: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, Up: Intrinsic Modules 9.2 `ISO_C_BINDING' =================== _Standard_: Fortran 2003 and later, GNU extensions The following intrinsic procedures are provided by the module; their definition can be found in the section Intrinsic Procedures of this manual. `C_ASSOCIATED' `C_F_POINTER' `C_F_PROCPOINTER' `C_FUNLOC' `C_LOC' `C_SIZEOF' The `ISO_C_BINDING' module provides the following named constants of type default integer, which can be used as KIND type parameters. In addition to the integer named constants required by the Fortran 2003 standard, GNU Fortran provides as an extension named constants for the 128-bit integer types supported by the C compiler: `C_INT128_T, C_INT_LEAST128_T, C_INT_FAST128_T'. Furthermore, if `__float' is supported in C, the named constants `C_FLOAT128, C_FLOAT128_COMPLEX' are defined. Fortran Named constant C type Extension Type `INTEGER' `C_INT' `int' `INTEGER' `C_SHORT' `short int' `INTEGER' `C_LONG' `long int' `INTEGER' `C_LONG_LONG' `long long int' `INTEGER' `C_SIGNED_CHAR' `signed char'/`unsigned char' `INTEGER' `C_SIZE_T' `size_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT8_T' `int8_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT16_T' `int16_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT32_T' `int32_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT64_T' `int64_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT128_T' `int128_t' Ext. `INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST8_T' `int_least8_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST16_T' `int_least16_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST32_T' `int_least32_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST64_T' `int_least64_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_LEAST128_T' `int_least128_t' Ext. `INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST8_T' `int_fast8_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST16_T' `int_fast16_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST32_T' `int_fast32_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST64_T' `int_fast64_t' `INTEGER' `C_INT_FAST128_T' `int_fast128_t' Ext. `INTEGER' `C_INTMAX_T' `intmax_t' `INTEGER' `C_INTPTR_T' `intptr_t' `REAL' `C_FLOAT' `float' `REAL' `C_DOUBLE' `double' `REAL' `C_LONG_DOUBLE' `long double' `REAL' `C_FLOAT128' `__float128' Ext. `COMPLEX' `C_FLOAT_COMPLEX' `float _Complex' `COMPLEX' `C_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `double _Complex' `COMPLEX' `C_LONG_DOUBLE_COMPLEX' `long double _Complex' `REAL' `C_FLOAT128_COMPLEX' `__float128 _Complex' Ext. `LOGICAL' `C_BOOL' `_Bool' `CHARACTER' `C_CHAR' `char' Additionally, the following parameters of type `CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR)' are defined. Name C definition Value `C_NULL_CHAR' null character `'\0'' `C_ALERT' alert `'\a'' `C_BACKSPACE' backspace `'\b'' `C_FORM_FEED' form feed `'\f'' `C_NEW_LINE' new line `'\n'' `C_CARRIAGE_RETURN'carriage return `'\r'' `C_HORIZONTAL_TAB'horizontal tab `'\t'' `C_VERTICAL_TAB'vertical tab `'\v'' Moreover, the following two named constants are defined: Name Type `C_NULL_PTR' `C_PTR' `C_NULL_FUNPTR'`C_FUNPTR' Both are equivalent to the value `NULL' in C.  File: gfortran.info, Node: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, Prev: ISO_C_BINDING, Up: Intrinsic Modules 9.3 OpenMP Modules `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS' ================================================ _Standard_: OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.1 The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a form of two Fortran 90 modules, named `OMP_LIB' and `OMP_LIB_KINDS', and in a form of a Fortran `include' file named `omp_lib.h'. The procedures provided by `OMP_LIB' can be found in the *note Introduction: (libgomp)Top. manual, the named constants defined in the modules are listed below. For details refer to the actual OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.1 (http://www.openmp.org/mp-documents/spec31.pdf). `OMP_LIB_KINDS' provides the following scalar default-integer named constants: `omp_lock_kind' `omp_nest_lock_kind' `omp_sched_kind' `OMP_LIB' provides the scalar default-integer named constant `openmp_version' with a value of the form YYYYMM, where `yyyy' is the year and MM the month of the OpenMP version; for OpenMP v3.1 the value is `201107'. And the following scalar integer named constants of the kind `omp_sched_kind': `omp_sched_static' `omp_sched_dynamic' `omp_sched_guided' `omp_sched_auto'  File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributing, Next: Copying, Prev: Intrinsic Modules, Up: Top Contributing ************ Free software is only possible if people contribute to efforts to create it. We're always in need of more people helping out with ideas and comments, writing documentation and contributing code. If you want to contribute to GNU Fortran, have a look at the long lists of projects you can take on. Some of these projects are small, some of them are large; some are completely orthogonal to the rest of what is happening on GNU Fortran, but others are "mainstream" projects in need of enthusiastic hackers. All of these projects are important! We will eventually get around to the things here, but they are also things doable by someone who is willing and able. * Menu: * Contributors:: * Projects:: * Proposed Extensions::  File: gfortran.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Projects, Up: Contributing Contributors to GNU Fortran =========================== Most of the parser was hand-crafted by _Andy Vaught_, who is also the initiator of the whole project. Thanks Andy! Most of the interface with GCC was written by _Paul Brook_. The following individuals have contributed code and/or ideas and significant help to the GNU Fortran project (in alphabetical order): - Janne Blomqvist - Steven Bosscher - Paul Brook - Tobias Burnus - Franc,ois-Xavier Coudert - Bud Davis - Jerry DeLisle - Erik Edelmann - Bernhard Fischer - Daniel Franke - Richard Guenther - Richard Henderson - Katherine Holcomb - Jakub Jelinek - Niels Kristian Bech Jensen - Steven Johnson - Steven G. Kargl - Thomas Koenig - Asher Langton - H. J. Lu - Toon Moene - Brooks Moses - Andrew Pinski - Tim Prince - Christopher D. Rickett - Richard Sandiford - Tobias Schlu"ter - Roger Sayle - Paul Thomas - Andy Vaught - Feng Wang - Janus Weil - Daniel Kraft The following people have contributed bug reports, smaller or larger patches, and much needed feedback and encouragement for the GNU Fortran project: - Bill Clodius - Dominique d'Humie`res - Kate Hedstrom - Erik Schnetter - Joost VandeVondele Many other individuals have helped debug, test and improve the GNU Fortran compiler over the past few years, and we welcome you to do the same! If you already have done so, and you would like to see your name listed in the list above, please contact us.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Projects, Next: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Contributors, Up: Contributing Projects ======== _Help build the test suite_ Solicit more code for donation to the test suite: the more extensive the testsuite, the smaller the risk of breaking things in the future! We can keep code private on request. _Bug hunting/squishing_ Find bugs and write more test cases! Test cases are especially very welcome, because it allows us to concentrate on fixing bugs instead of isolating them. Going through the bugzilla database at `http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/' to reduce testcases posted there and add more information (for example, for which version does the testcase work, for which versions does it fail?) is also very helpful.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Proposed Extensions, Prev: Projects, Up: Contributing Proposed Extensions =================== Here's a list of proposed extensions for the GNU Fortran compiler, in no particular order. Most of these are necessary to be fully compatible with existing Fortran compilers, but they are not part of the official J3 Fortran 95 standard. Compiler extensions: -------------------- * User-specified alignment rules for structures. * Automatically extend single precision constants to double. * Compile code that conserves memory by dynamically allocating common and module storage either on stack or heap. * Compile flag to generate code for array conformance checking (suggest -CC). * User control of symbol names (underscores, etc). * Compile setting for maximum size of stack frame size before spilling parts to static or heap. * Flag to force local variables into static space. * Flag to force local variables onto stack. Environment Options ------------------- * Pluggable library modules for random numbers, linear algebra. LA should use BLAS calling conventions. * Environment variables controlling actions on arithmetic exceptions like overflow, underflow, precision loss--Generate NaN, abort, default. action. * Set precision for fp units that support it (i387). * Variable for setting fp rounding mode. * Variable to fill uninitialized variables with a user-defined bit pattern. * Environment variable controlling filename that is opened for that unit number. * Environment variable to clear/trash memory being freed. * Environment variable to control tracing of allocations and frees. * Environment variable to display allocated memory at normal program end. * Environment variable for filename for * IO-unit. * Environment variable for temporary file directory. * Environment variable forcing standard output to be line buffered (unix).  File: gfortran.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Contributing, Up: Top GNU General Public License ************************** Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble ======== The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works. The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program-to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too. 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Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10. 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies. You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so. 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients. Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts. You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it. 11. Patents. A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version". A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License. Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version. In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party. If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid. If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it. A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such. 14. Revised Versions of this License. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program. Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version. 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 16. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS =========================== How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs ============================================= If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'. The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'.  File: gfortran.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Funding, Prev: Copying, Up: Top GNU Free Documentation License ****************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law. A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public. A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. 11. RELICENSING "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization. "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document. An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Funding, Next: Option Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top Funding Free Software ********************* If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its development. The most effective approach known is to encourage commercial redistributors to donate. Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others. The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them partly by how much they give to free software development. Show distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most. To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as "A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis for comparison. Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit. If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all. Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do, and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU Compiler Collection contribute more; major new features or packages contribute the most. By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software. Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted without royalty; alteration is not permitted.  File: gfortran.info, Node: Option Index, Next: Keyword Index, Prev: Funding, Up: Top Option Index ************ `gfortran''s command line options are indexed here without any initial `-' or `--'. Where an option has both positive and negative forms (such as -foption and -fno-option), relevant entries in the manual are indexed under the most appropriate form; it may sometimes be useful to look up both forms. [index] * Menu: * A-PREDICATE=ANSWER: Preprocessing Options. (line 120) * APREDICATE=ANSWER: Preprocessing Options. (line 114) * backslash: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 60) * C: Preprocessing Options. (line 123) * CC: Preprocessing Options. (line 138) * cpp: Preprocessing Options. (line 12) * dD: Preprocessing Options. (line 35) * dI: Preprocessing Options. (line 51) * dM: Preprocessing Options. (line 26) * dN: Preprocessing Options. (line 41) * DNAME: Preprocessing Options. (line 153) * DNAME=DEFINITION: Preprocessing Options. (line 156) * dU: Preprocessing Options. (line 44) * faggressive-function-elimination: Code Gen Options. (line 361) * falign-commons: Code Gen Options. (line 334) * fall-intrinsics: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 17) * fblas-matmul-limit: Code Gen Options. (line 286) * fbounds-check: Code Gen Options. (line 210) * fcheck: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * fcheck-array-temporaries: Code Gen Options. (line 213) * fcoarray: Code Gen Options. (line 147) * fconvert=CONVERSION: Runtime Options. (line 10) * fcray-pointer: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 117) * fd-lines-as-code: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 27) * fd-lines-as-comments: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 27) * fdefault-double-8: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 34) * fdefault-integer-8: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 42) * fdefault-real-8: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 47) * fdollar-ok: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 54) * fdump-fortran-optimized: Debugging Options. (line 15) * fdump-fortran-original: Debugging Options. (line 10) * fdump-parse-tree: Debugging Options. (line 18) * fexternal-blas: Code Gen Options. (line 278) * ff2c: Code Gen Options. (line 25) * ffixed-line-length-N: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 77) * ffpe-trap=LIST: Debugging Options. (line 24) * ffree-form: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 11) * ffree-line-length-N: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 90) * fimplicit-none: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 101) * finit-character: Code Gen Options. (line 306) * finit-integer: Code Gen Options. (line 306) * finit-local-zero: Code Gen Options. (line 306) * finit-logical: Code Gen Options. (line 306) * finit-real: Code Gen Options. (line 306) * finteger-4-integer-8: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 106) * fintrinsic-modules-path DIR: Directory Options. (line 36) * fmax-array-constructor: Code Gen Options. (line 216) * fmax-errors=N: Error and Warning Options. (line 27) * fmax-identifier-length=N: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 97) * fmax-stack-var-size: Code Gen Options. (line 234) * fmax-subrecord-length=LENGTH: Runtime Options. (line 37) * fmodule-private: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 72) * fno-automatic: Code Gen Options. (line 15) * fno-backtrace: Debugging Options. (line 51) * fno-fixed-form: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 11) * fno-protect-parens: Code Gen Options. (line 346) * fno-range-check: Runtime Options. (line 21) * fno-underscoring: Code Gen Options. (line 54) * fno-whole-file: Code Gen Options. (line 113) * fopenmp: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 121) * fpack-derived: Code Gen Options. (line 256) * fpp: Preprocessing Options. (line 12) * frange-check: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 129) * freal-4-real-10: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 145) * freal-4-real-16: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 145) * freal-4-real-8: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 145) * freal-8-real-10: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 145) * freal-8-real-16: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 145) * freal-8-real-4: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 145) * frealloc-lhs: Code Gen Options. (line 355) * frecord-marker=LENGTH: Runtime Options. (line 29) * frecursive: Code Gen Options. (line 297) * frepack-arrays: Code Gen Options. (line 262) * frontend-optimize: Code Gen Options. (line 369) * fsecond-underscore: Code Gen Options. (line 130) * fshort-enums <1>: Fortran 2003 status. (line 88) * fshort-enums: Code Gen Options. (line 272) * fsign-zero: Runtime Options. (line 42) * fstack-arrays: Code Gen Options. (line 248) * fsyntax-only: Error and Warning Options. (line 33) * fworking-directory: Preprocessing Options. (line 55) * H: Preprocessing Options. (line 176) * IDIR: Directory Options. (line 14) * idirafter DIR: Preprocessing Options. (line 70) * imultilib DIR: Preprocessing Options. (line 77) * iprefix PREFIX: Preprocessing Options. (line 81) * iquote DIR: Preprocessing Options. (line 90) * isysroot DIR: Preprocessing Options. (line 86) * isystem DIR: Preprocessing Options. (line 97) * JDIR: Directory Options. (line 29) * MDIR: Directory Options. (line 29) * nostdinc: Preprocessing Options. (line 105) * P: Preprocessing Options. (line 181) * pedantic: Error and Warning Options. (line 38) * pedantic-errors: Error and Warning Options. (line 57) * static-libgfortran: Link Options. (line 11) * std=STD option: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 156) * UNAME: Preprocessing Options. (line 187) * undef: Preprocessing Options. (line 110) * Waliasing: Error and Warning Options. (line 69) * Walign-commons: Error and Warning Options. (line 184) * Wall: Error and Warning Options. (line 61) * Wampersand: Error and Warning Options. (line 86) * Warray-temporaries: Error and Warning Options. (line 94) * Wcharacter-truncation: Error and Warning Options. (line 99) * Wconversion: Error and Warning Options. (line 105) * Wconversion-extra: Error and Warning Options. (line 109) * Werror: Error and Warning Options. (line 194) * Wfunction-elimination: Error and Warning Options. (line 190) * Wimplicit-interface: Error and Warning Options. (line 112) * Wimplicit-procedure: Error and Warning Options. (line 118) * Wintrinsic-shadow: Error and Warning Options. (line 167) * Wintrinsics-std: Error and Warning Options. (line 122) * Wline-truncation: Error and Warning Options. (line 102) * Wreal-q-constant: Error and Warning Options. (line 129) * Wsurprising: Error and Warning Options. (line 133) * Wtabs: Error and Warning Options. (line 155) * Wunderflow: Error and Warning Options. (line 163) * Wunused-dummy-argument: Error and Warning Options. (line 173) * Wunused-parameter: Error and Warning Options. (line 177)  File: gfortran.info, Node: Keyword Index, Prev: Option Index, Up: Top Keyword Index ************* [index] * Menu: * $: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 54) * %LOC: Argument list functions. (line 6) * %REF: Argument list functions. (line 6) * %VAL: Argument list functions. (line 6) * &: Error and Warning Options. (line 86) * [...]: Fortran 2003 status. (line 73) * _gfortran_set_args: _gfortran_set_args. (line 6) * _gfortran_set_convert: _gfortran_set_convert. (line 6) * _gfortran_set_fpe: _gfortran_set_fpe. (line 6) * _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length. (line 6) * _gfortran_set_options: _gfortran_set_options. (line 6) * _gfortran_set_record_marker: _gfortran_set_record_marker. (line 6) * ABORT: ABORT. (line 6) * ABS: ABS. (line 6) * absolute value: ABS. (line 6) * ACCESS: ACCESS. (line 6) * ACCESS='STREAM' I/O: Fortran 2003 status. (line 100) * ACHAR: ACHAR. (line 6) * ACOS: ACOS. (line 6) * ACOSH: ACOSH. (line 6) * adjust string <1>: ADJUSTR. (line 6) * adjust string: ADJUSTL. (line 6) * ADJUSTL: ADJUSTL. (line 6) * ADJUSTR: ADJUSTR. (line 6) * AIMAG: AIMAG. (line 6) * AINT: AINT. (line 6) * ALARM: ALARM. (line 6) * ALGAMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) * aliasing: Error and Warning Options. (line 69) * alignment of COMMON blocks <1>: Code Gen Options. (line 334) * alignment of COMMON blocks: Error and Warning Options. (line 184) * ALL: ALL. (line 6) * all warnings: Error and Warning Options. (line 61) * ALLOCATABLE components of derived types: Fortran 2003 status. (line 98) * ALLOCATABLE dummy arguments: Fortran 2003 status. (line 94) * ALLOCATABLE function results: Fortran 2003 status. (line 96) * ALLOCATED: ALLOCATED. (line 6) * allocation, moving: MOVE_ALLOC. (line 6) * allocation, status: ALLOCATED. (line 6) * ALOG: LOG. (line 6) * ALOG10: LOG10. (line 6) * AMAX0: MAX. (line 6) * AMAX1: MAX. (line 6) * AMIN0: MIN. (line 6) * AMIN1: MIN. (line 6) * AMOD: MOD. (line 6) * AND: AND. (line 6) * ANINT: ANINT. (line 6) * ANY: ANY. (line 6) * area hyperbolic cosine: ACOSH. (line 6) * area hyperbolic sine: ASINH. (line 6) * area hyperbolic tangent: ATANH. (line 6) * argument list functions: Argument list functions. (line 6) * arguments, to program <1>: IARGC. (line 6) * arguments, to program <2>: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT. (line 6) * arguments, to program <3>: GET_COMMAND. (line 6) * arguments, to program <4>: GETARG. (line 6) * arguments, to program: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. (line 6) * array, add elements: SUM. (line 6) * array, AND: IALL. (line 6) * array, apply condition <1>: ANY. (line 6) * array, apply condition: ALL. (line 6) * array, bounds checking: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * array, change dimensions: RESHAPE. (line 6) * array, combine arrays: MERGE. (line 6) * array, condition testing <1>: ANY. (line 6) * array, condition testing: ALL. (line 6) * array, conditionally add elements: SUM. (line 6) * array, conditionally count elements: COUNT. (line 6) * array, conditionally multiply elements: PRODUCT. (line 6) * array, constructors: Fortran 2003 status. (line 73) * array, count elements: SIZE. (line 6) * array, duplicate dimensions: SPREAD. (line 6) * array, duplicate elements: SPREAD. (line 6) * array, element counting: COUNT. (line 6) * array, gather elements: PACK. (line 6) * array, increase dimension <1>: UNPACK. (line 6) * array, increase dimension: SPREAD. (line 6) * array, indices of type real: Real array indices. (line 6) * array, location of maximum element: MAXLOC. (line 6) * array, location of minimum element: MINLOC. (line 6) * array, lower bound: LBOUND. (line 6) * array, maximum value: MAXVAL. (line 6) * array, merge arrays: MERGE. (line 6) * array, minimum value: MINVAL. (line 6) * array, multiply elements: PRODUCT. (line 6) * array, number of elements <1>: SIZE. (line 6) * array, number of elements: COUNT. (line 6) * array, OR: IANY. (line 6) * array, packing: PACK. (line 6) * array, parity: IPARITY. (line 6) * array, permutation: CSHIFT. (line 6) * array, product: PRODUCT. (line 6) * array, reduce dimension: PACK. (line 6) * array, rotate: CSHIFT. (line 6) * array, scatter elements: UNPACK. (line 6) * array, shape: SHAPE. (line 6) * array, shift: EOSHIFT. (line 6) * array, shift circularly: CSHIFT. (line 6) * array, size: SIZE. (line 6) * array, sum: SUM. (line 6) * array, transmogrify: RESHAPE. (line 6) * array, transpose: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) * array, unpacking: UNPACK. (line 6) * array, upper bound: UBOUND. (line 6) * array, XOR: IPARITY. (line 6) * ASCII collating sequence <1>: IACHAR. (line 6) * ASCII collating sequence: ACHAR. (line 6) * ASIN: ASIN. (line 6) * ASINH: ASINH. (line 6) * ASSOCIATED: ASSOCIATED. (line 6) * association status: ASSOCIATED. (line 6) * association status, C pointer: C_ASSOCIATED. (line 6) * ATAN: ATAN. (line 6) * ATAN2: ATAN2. (line 6) * ATANH: ATANH. (line 6) * Atomic subroutine, define: ATOMIC_DEFINE. (line 6) * Atomic subroutine, reference: ATOMIC_REF. (line 6) * ATOMIC_DEFINE: ATOMIC_DEFINE. (line 6) * ATOMIC_REF: ATOMIC_REF. (line 6) * Authors: Contributors. (line 6) * backslash: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 60) * backtrace: Debugging Options. (line 51) * base 10 logarithm function: LOG10. (line 6) * BESJ0: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) * BESJ1: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) * BESJN: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) * Bessel function, first kind <1>: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) * Bessel function, first kind <2>: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) * Bessel function, first kind: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) * Bessel function, second kind <1>: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) * Bessel function, second kind <2>: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) * Bessel function, second kind: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) * BESSEL_J0: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) * BESSEL_J1: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) * BESSEL_JN: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) * BESSEL_Y0: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) * BESSEL_Y1: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) * BESSEL_YN: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) * BESY0: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) * BESY1: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) * BESYN: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) * BGE: BGE. (line 6) * BGT: BGT. (line 6) * binary representation <1>: POPPAR. (line 6) * binary representation: POPCNT. (line 6) * BIT_SIZE: BIT_SIZE. (line 6) * bits set: POPCNT. (line 6) * bits, AND of array elements: IALL. (line 6) * bits, clear: IBCLR. (line 6) * bits, extract: IBITS. (line 6) * bits, get: IBITS. (line 6) * bits, merge: MERGE_BITS. (line 6) * bits, move <1>: TRANSFER. (line 6) * bits, move: MVBITS. (line 6) * bits, negate: NOT. (line 6) * bits, number of: BIT_SIZE. (line 6) * bits, OR of array elements: IANY. (line 6) * bits, set: IBSET. (line 6) * bits, shift: ISHFT. (line 6) * bits, shift circular: ISHFTC. (line 6) * bits, shift left <1>: SHIFTL. (line 6) * bits, shift left: LSHIFT. (line 6) * bits, shift right <1>: SHIFTR. (line 6) * bits, shift right <2>: SHIFTA. (line 6) * bits, shift right: RSHIFT. (line 6) * bits, testing: BTEST. (line 6) * bits, unset: IBCLR. (line 6) * bits, XOR of array elements: IPARITY. (line 6) * bitwise comparison <1>: BLT. (line 6) * bitwise comparison <2>: BLE. (line 6) * bitwise comparison <3>: BGT. (line 6) * bitwise comparison: BGE. (line 6) * bitwise logical and <1>: IAND. (line 6) * bitwise logical and: AND. (line 6) * bitwise logical exclusive or <1>: XOR. (line 6) * bitwise logical exclusive or: IEOR. (line 6) * bitwise logical not: NOT. (line 6) * bitwise logical or <1>: OR. (line 6) * bitwise logical or: IOR. (line 6) * BLE: BLE. (line 6) * BLT: BLT. (line 6) * bounds checking: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * BOZ literal constants: BOZ literal constants. (line 6) * BTEST: BTEST. (line 6) * C_ASSOCIATED: C_ASSOCIATED. (line 6) * C_F_POINTER: C_F_POINTER. (line 6) * C_F_PROCPOINTER: C_F_PROCPOINTER. (line 6) * C_FUNLOC: C_FUNLOC. (line 6) * C_LOC: C_LOC. (line 6) * C_SIZEOF: C_SIZEOF. (line 6) * CABS: ABS. (line 6) * calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) * CCOS: COS. (line 6) * CDABS: ABS. (line 6) * CDCOS: COS. (line 6) * CDEXP: EXP. (line 6) * CDLOG: LOG. (line 6) * CDSIN: SIN. (line 6) * CDSQRT: SQRT. (line 6) * ceiling: CEILING. (line 6) * CEILING: CEILING. (line 6) * ceiling: ANINT. (line 6) * CEXP: EXP. (line 6) * CHAR: CHAR. (line 6) * character kind: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND. (line 6) * character set: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 54) * CHDIR: CHDIR. (line 6) * checking array temporaries: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * checking subscripts: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * CHMOD: CHMOD. (line 6) * clock ticks <1>: SYSTEM_CLOCK. (line 6) * clock ticks <2>: MCLOCK8. (line 6) * clock ticks: MCLOCK. (line 6) * CLOG: LOG. (line 6) * CMPLX: CMPLX. (line 6) * coarray, IMAGE_INDEX: IMAGE_INDEX. (line 6) * coarray, lower bound: LCOBOUND. (line 6) * coarray, NUM_IMAGES: NUM_IMAGES. (line 6) * coarray, THIS_IMAGE: THIS_IMAGE. (line 6) * coarray, upper bound: UCOBOUND. (line 6) * coarrays: Code Gen Options. (line 147) * code generation, conventions: Code Gen Options. (line 6) * collating sequence, ASCII <1>: IACHAR. (line 6) * collating sequence, ASCII: ACHAR. (line 6) * command line: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE. (line 6) * command options: Invoking GNU Fortran. (line 6) * command-line arguments <1>: IARGC. (line 6) * command-line arguments <2>: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT. (line 6) * command-line arguments <3>: GET_COMMAND. (line 6) * command-line arguments <4>: GETARG. (line 6) * command-line arguments: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. (line 6) * command-line arguments, number of <1>: IARGC. (line 6) * command-line arguments, number of: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. (line 6) * COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT. (line 6) * compiler flags inquiry function: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) * compiler, name and version: COMPILER_VERSION. (line 6) * COMPILER_OPTIONS: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) * COMPILER_VERSION: COMPILER_VERSION. (line 6) * COMPLEX: COMPLEX. (line 6) * complex conjugate: CONJG. (line 6) * Complex function: Alternate complex function syntax. (line 6) * complex numbers, conversion to <1>: DCMPLX. (line 6) * complex numbers, conversion to <2>: COMPLEX. (line 6) * complex numbers, conversion to: CMPLX. (line 6) * complex numbers, imaginary part: AIMAG. (line 6) * complex numbers, real part <1>: REAL. (line 6) * complex numbers, real part: DREAL. (line 6) * Conditional compilation: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. (line 6) * CONJG: CONJG. (line 6) * consistency, durability: Data consistency and durability. (line 6) * Contributing: Contributing. (line 6) * Contributors: Contributors. (line 6) * conversion: Error and Warning Options. (line 105) * conversion, to character: CHAR. (line 6) * conversion, to complex <1>: DCMPLX. (line 6) * conversion, to complex <2>: COMPLEX. (line 6) * conversion, to complex: CMPLX. (line 6) * conversion, to integer <1>: LONG. (line 6) * conversion, to integer <2>: INT8. (line 6) * conversion, to integer <3>: INT2. (line 6) * conversion, to integer <4>: INT. (line 6) * conversion, to integer <5>: ICHAR. (line 6) * conversion, to integer <6>: IACHAR. (line 6) * conversion, to integer: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values. (line 6) * conversion, to logical <1>: LOGICAL. (line 6) * conversion, to logical: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values. (line 6) * conversion, to real <1>: REAL. (line 6) * conversion, to real: DBLE. (line 6) * conversion, to string: CTIME. (line 6) * CONVERT specifier: CONVERT specifier. (line 6) * core, dump: ABORT. (line 6) * COS: COS. (line 6) * COSH: COSH. (line 6) * cosine: COS. (line 6) * cosine, hyperbolic: COSH. (line 6) * cosine, hyperbolic, inverse: ACOSH. (line 6) * cosine, inverse: ACOS. (line 6) * COUNT: COUNT. (line 6) * CPP <1>: Preprocessing Options. (line 6) * CPP: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. (line 6) * CPU_TIME: CPU_TIME. (line 6) * Credits: Contributors. (line 6) * CSHIFT: CSHIFT. (line 6) * CSIN: SIN. (line 6) * CSQRT: SQRT. (line 6) * CTIME: CTIME. (line 6) * current date <1>: IDATE. (line 6) * current date <2>: FDATE. (line 6) * current date: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) * current time <1>: TIME8. (line 6) * current time <2>: TIME. (line 6) * current time <3>: ITIME. (line 6) * current time <4>: FDATE. (line 6) * current time: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) * DABS: ABS. (line 6) * DACOS: ACOS. (line 6) * DACOSH: ACOSH. (line 6) * DASIN: ASIN. (line 6) * DASINH: ASINH. (line 6) * DATAN: ATAN. (line 6) * DATAN2: ATAN2. (line 6) * DATANH: ATANH. (line 6) * date, current <1>: IDATE. (line 6) * date, current <2>: FDATE. (line 6) * date, current: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) * DATE_AND_TIME: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) * DBESJ0: BESSEL_J0. (line 6) * DBESJ1: BESSEL_J1. (line 6) * DBESJN: BESSEL_JN. (line 6) * DBESY0: BESSEL_Y0. (line 6) * DBESY1: BESSEL_Y1. (line 6) * DBESYN: BESSEL_YN. (line 6) * DBLE: DBLE. (line 6) * DCMPLX: DCMPLX. (line 6) * DCONJG: CONJG. (line 6) * DCOS: COS. (line 6) * DCOSH: COSH. (line 6) * DDIM: DIM. (line 6) * debugging information options: Debugging Options. (line 6) * debugging, preprocessor: Preprocessing Options. (line 26) * DECODE: ENCODE and DECODE statements. (line 6) * delayed execution <1>: SLEEP. (line 6) * delayed execution: ALARM. (line 6) * DEXP: EXP. (line 6) * DFLOAT: REAL. (line 6) * DGAMMA: GAMMA. (line 6) * dialect options: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 6) * DIGITS: DIGITS. (line 6) * DIM: DIM. (line 6) * DIMAG: AIMAG. (line 6) * DINT: AINT. (line 6) * directive, INCLUDE: Directory Options. (line 6) * directory, options: Directory Options. (line 6) * directory, search paths for inclusion: Directory Options. (line 14) * division, modulo: MODULO. (line 6) * division, remainder: MOD. (line 6) * DLGAMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) * DLOG: LOG. (line 6) * DLOG10: LOG10. (line 6) * DMAX1: MAX. (line 6) * DMIN1: MIN. (line 6) * DMOD: MOD. (line 6) * DNINT: ANINT. (line 6) * dot product: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) * DOT_PRODUCT: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) * DPROD: DPROD. (line 6) * DREAL: DREAL. (line 6) * DSHIFTL: DSHIFTL. (line 6) * DSHIFTR: DSHIFTR. (line 6) * DSIGN: SIGN. (line 6) * DSIN: SIN. (line 6) * DSINH: SINH. (line 6) * DSQRT: SQRT. (line 6) * DTAN: TAN. (line 6) * DTANH: TANH. (line 6) * DTIME: DTIME. (line 6) * dummy argument, unused: Error and Warning Options. (line 173) * elapsed time <1>: SECOND. (line 6) * elapsed time <2>: SECNDS. (line 6) * elapsed time: DTIME. (line 6) * Elimination of functions with identical argument lists: Code Gen Options. (line 361) * ENCODE: ENCODE and DECODE statements. (line 6) * ENUM statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 88) * ENUMERATOR statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 88) * environment variable <1>: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE. (line 6) * environment variable <2>: GETENV. (line 6) * environment variable <3>: Runtime. (line 6) * environment variable: Environment Variables. (line 6) * EOSHIFT: EOSHIFT. (line 6) * EPSILON: EPSILON. (line 6) * ERF: ERF. (line 6) * ERFC: ERFC. (line 6) * ERFC_SCALED: ERFC_SCALED. (line 6) * error function: ERF. (line 6) * error function, complementary: ERFC. (line 6) * error function, complementary, exponentially-scaled: ERFC_SCALED. (line 6) * errors, limiting: Error and Warning Options. (line 27) * escape characters: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 60) * ETIME: ETIME. (line 6) * Euclidean distance: HYPOT. (line 6) * Euclidean vector norm: NORM2. (line 6) * EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE. (line 6) * EXIT: EXIT. (line 6) * EXP: EXP. (line 6) * EXPONENT: EXPONENT. (line 6) * exponential function: EXP. (line 6) * exponential function, inverse <1>: LOG10. (line 6) * exponential function, inverse: LOG. (line 6) * expression size <1>: SIZEOF. (line 6) * expression size: C_SIZEOF. (line 6) * EXTENDS_TYPE_OF: EXTENDS_TYPE_OF. (line 6) * extensions: Extensions. (line 6) * extensions, implemented: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran. (line 6) * extensions, not implemented: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran. (line 6) * f2c calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) * Factorial function: GAMMA. (line 6) * FDATE: FDATE. (line 6) * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 6) * FGET: FGET. (line 6) * FGETC: FGETC. (line 6) * file format, fixed: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 11) * file format, free: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 11) * file operation, file number: FNUM. (line 6) * file operation, flush: FLUSH. (line 6) * file operation, position <1>: FTELL. (line 6) * file operation, position: FSEEK. (line 6) * file operation, read character <1>: FGETC. (line 6) * file operation, read character: FGET. (line 6) * file operation, seek: FSEEK. (line 6) * file operation, write character <1>: FPUTC. (line 6) * file operation, write character: FPUT. (line 6) * file system, access mode: ACCESS. (line 6) * file system, change access mode: CHMOD. (line 6) * file system, create link <1>: SYMLNK. (line 6) * file system, create link: LINK. (line 6) * file system, file creation mask: UMASK. (line 6) * file system, file status <1>: STAT. (line 6) * file system, file status <2>: LSTAT. (line 6) * file system, file status: FSTAT. (line 6) * file system, hard link: LINK. (line 6) * file system, remove file: UNLINK. (line 6) * file system, rename file: RENAME. (line 6) * file system, soft link: SYMLNK. (line 6) * flags inquiry function: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) * FLOAT: REAL. (line 6) * floating point, exponent: EXPONENT. (line 6) * floating point, fraction: FRACTION. (line 6) * floating point, nearest different: NEAREST. (line 6) * floating point, relative spacing <1>: SPACING. (line 6) * floating point, relative spacing: RRSPACING. (line 6) * floating point, scale: SCALE. (line 6) * floating point, set exponent: SET_EXPONENT. (line 6) * floor: FLOOR. (line 6) * FLOOR: FLOOR. (line 6) * floor: AINT. (line 6) * FLUSH: FLUSH. (line 6) * FLUSH statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 84) * FNUM: FNUM. (line 6) * FORMAT: Variable FORMAT expressions. (line 6) * Fortran 77: GNU Fortran and G77. (line 6) * FPP: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. (line 6) * FPUT: FPUT. (line 6) * FPUTC: FPUTC. (line 6) * FRACTION: FRACTION. (line 6) * FREE: FREE. (line 6) * Front-end optimization: Code Gen Options. (line 369) * FSEEK: FSEEK. (line 6) * FSTAT: FSTAT. (line 6) * FTELL: FTELL. (line 6) * function elimination: Error and Warning Options. (line 190) * g77: GNU Fortran and G77. (line 6) * g77 calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) * GAMMA: GAMMA. (line 6) * Gamma function: GAMMA. (line 6) * Gamma function, logarithm of: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) * GCC: GNU Fortran and GCC. (line 6) * GERROR: GERROR. (line 6) * GET_COMMAND: GET_COMMAND. (line 6) * GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT: GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT. (line 6) * GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE. (line 6) * GETARG: GETARG. (line 6) * GETCWD: GETCWD. (line 6) * GETENV: GETENV. (line 6) * GETGID: GETGID. (line 6) * GETLOG: GETLOG. (line 6) * GETPID: GETPID. (line 6) * GETUID: GETUID. (line 6) * GMTIME: GMTIME. (line 6) * GNU Compiler Collection: GNU Fortran and GCC. (line 6) * GNU Fortran command options: Invoking GNU Fortran. (line 6) * Hollerith constants: Hollerith constants support. (line 6) * HOSTNM: HOSTNM. (line 6) * HUGE: HUGE. (line 6) * hyperbolic cosine: COSH. (line 6) * hyperbolic function, cosine: COSH. (line 6) * hyperbolic function, cosine, inverse: ACOSH. (line 6) * hyperbolic function, sine: SINH. (line 6) * hyperbolic function, sine, inverse: ASINH. (line 6) * hyperbolic function, tangent: TANH. (line 6) * hyperbolic function, tangent, inverse: ATANH. (line 6) * hyperbolic sine: SINH. (line 6) * hyperbolic tangent: TANH. (line 6) * HYPOT: HYPOT. (line 6) * I/O item lists: I/O item lists. (line 6) * IABS: ABS. (line 6) * IACHAR: IACHAR. (line 6) * IALL: IALL. (line 6) * IAND: IAND. (line 6) * IANY: IANY. (line 6) * IARGC: IARGC. (line 6) * IBCLR: IBCLR. (line 6) * IBITS: IBITS. (line 6) * IBSET: IBSET. (line 6) * ICHAR: ICHAR. (line 6) * IDATE: IDATE. (line 6) * IDIM: DIM. (line 6) * IDINT: INT. (line 6) * IDNINT: NINT. (line 6) * IEEE, ISNAN: ISNAN. (line 6) * IEOR: IEOR. (line 6) * IERRNO: IERRNO. (line 6) * IFIX: INT. (line 6) * IMAG: AIMAG. (line 6) * IMAGE_INDEX: IMAGE_INDEX. (line 6) * images, cosubscript to image index conversion: IMAGE_INDEX. (line 6) * images, index of this image: THIS_IMAGE. (line 6) * images, number of: NUM_IMAGES. (line 6) * IMAGPART: AIMAG. (line 6) * IMPORT statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 115) * INCLUDE directive: Directory Options. (line 6) * inclusion, directory search paths for: Directory Options. (line 14) * INDEX: INDEX intrinsic. (line 6) * INT: INT. (line 6) * INT2: INT2. (line 6) * INT8: INT8. (line 6) * integer kind: SELECTED_INT_KIND. (line 6) * Interoperability: Mixed-Language Programming. (line 6) * intrinsic: Error and Warning Options. (line 167) * intrinsic Modules: Intrinsic Modules. (line 6) * intrinsic procedures: Intrinsic Procedures. (line 6) * Introduction: Top. (line 6) * inverse hyperbolic cosine: ACOSH. (line 6) * inverse hyperbolic sine: ASINH. (line 6) * inverse hyperbolic tangent: ATANH. (line 6) * IOMSG= specifier: Fortran 2003 status. (line 86) * IOR: IOR. (line 6) * IOSTAT, end of file: IS_IOSTAT_END. (line 6) * IOSTAT, end of record: IS_IOSTAT_EOR. (line 6) * IPARITY: IPARITY. (line 6) * IRAND: IRAND. (line 6) * IS_IOSTAT_END: IS_IOSTAT_END. (line 6) * IS_IOSTAT_EOR: IS_IOSTAT_EOR. (line 6) * ISATTY: ISATTY. (line 6) * ISHFT: ISHFT. (line 6) * ISHFTC: ISHFTC. (line 6) * ISIGN: SIGN. (line 6) * ISNAN: ISNAN. (line 6) * ISO_FORTRAN_ENV statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 123) * ITIME: ITIME. (line 6) * KILL: KILL. (line 6) * kind: KIND. (line 6) * KIND: KIND. (line 6) * kind: KIND Type Parameters. (line 6) * kind, character: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND. (line 6) * kind, integer: SELECTED_INT_KIND. (line 6) * kind, old-style: Old-style kind specifications. (line 6) * kind, real: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) * L2 vector norm: NORM2. (line 6) * language, dialect options: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 6) * LBOUND: LBOUND. (line 6) * LCOBOUND: LCOBOUND. (line 6) * LEADZ: LEADZ. (line 6) * left shift, combined: DSHIFTL. (line 6) * LEN: LEN. (line 6) * LEN_TRIM: LEN_TRIM. (line 6) * lexical comparison of strings <1>: LLT. (line 6) * lexical comparison of strings <2>: LLE. (line 6) * lexical comparison of strings <3>: LGT. (line 6) * lexical comparison of strings: LGE. (line 6) * LGAMMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) * LGE: LGE. (line 6) * LGT: LGT. (line 6) * libf2c calling convention: Code Gen Options. (line 25) * libgfortran initialization, set_args: _gfortran_set_args. (line 6) * libgfortran initialization, set_convert: _gfortran_set_convert. (line 6) * libgfortran initialization, set_fpe: _gfortran_set_fpe. (line 6) * libgfortran initialization, set_max_subrecord_length: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length. (line 6) * libgfortran initialization, set_options: _gfortran_set_options. (line 6) * libgfortran initialization, set_record_marker: _gfortran_set_record_marker. (line 6) * limits, largest number: HUGE. (line 6) * limits, smallest number: TINY. (line 6) * LINK: LINK. (line 6) * linking, static: Link Options. (line 6) * LLE: LLE. (line 6) * LLT: LLT. (line 6) * LNBLNK: LNBLNK. (line 6) * LOC: LOC. (line 6) * location of a variable in memory: LOC. (line 6) * LOG: LOG. (line 6) * LOG10: LOG10. (line 6) * LOG_GAMMA: LOG_GAMMA. (line 6) * logarithm function: LOG. (line 6) * logarithm function with base 10: LOG10. (line 6) * logarithm function, inverse: EXP. (line 6) * LOGICAL: LOGICAL. (line 6) * logical and, bitwise <1>: IAND. (line 6) * logical and, bitwise: AND. (line 6) * logical exclusive or, bitwise <1>: XOR. (line 6) * logical exclusive or, bitwise: IEOR. (line 6) * logical not, bitwise: NOT. (line 6) * logical or, bitwise <1>: OR. (line 6) * logical or, bitwise: IOR. (line 6) * logical, variable representation: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables. (line 6) * login name: GETLOG. (line 6) * LONG: LONG. (line 6) * LSHIFT: LSHIFT. (line 6) * LSTAT: LSTAT. (line 6) * LTIME: LTIME. (line 6) * MALLOC: MALLOC. (line 6) * mask, left justified: MASKL. (line 6) * mask, right justified: MASKR. (line 6) * MASKL: MASKL. (line 6) * MASKR: MASKR. (line 6) * MATMUL: MATMUL. (line 6) * matrix multiplication: MATMUL. (line 6) * matrix, transpose: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) * MAX: MAX. (line 6) * MAX0: MAX. (line 6) * MAX1: MAX. (line 6) * MAXEXPONENT: MAXEXPONENT. (line 6) * maximum value <1>: MAXVAL. (line 6) * maximum value: MAX. (line 6) * MAXLOC: MAXLOC. (line 6) * MAXVAL: MAXVAL. (line 6) * MCLOCK: MCLOCK. (line 6) * MCLOCK8: MCLOCK8. (line 6) * memory checking: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * MERGE: MERGE. (line 6) * MERGE_BITS: MERGE_BITS. (line 6) * messages, error: Error and Warning Options. (line 6) * messages, warning: Error and Warning Options. (line 6) * MIN: MIN. (line 6) * MIN0: MIN. (line 6) * MIN1: MIN. (line 6) * MINEXPONENT: MINEXPONENT. (line 6) * minimum value <1>: MINVAL. (line 6) * minimum value: MIN. (line 6) * MINLOC: MINLOC. (line 6) * MINVAL: MINVAL. (line 6) * Mixed-language programming: Mixed-Language Programming. (line 6) * MOD: MOD. (line 6) * model representation, base: RADIX. (line 6) * model representation, epsilon: EPSILON. (line 6) * model representation, largest number: HUGE. (line 6) * model representation, maximum exponent: MAXEXPONENT. (line 6) * model representation, minimum exponent: MINEXPONENT. (line 6) * model representation, precision: PRECISION. (line 6) * model representation, radix: RADIX. (line 6) * model representation, range: RANGE. (line 6) * model representation, significant digits: DIGITS. (line 6) * model representation, smallest number: TINY. (line 6) * module entities: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 72) * module search path: Directory Options. (line 14) * modulo: MODULO. (line 6) * MODULO: MODULO. (line 6) * MOVE_ALLOC: MOVE_ALLOC. (line 6) * moving allocation: MOVE_ALLOC. (line 6) * multiply array elements: PRODUCT. (line 6) * MVBITS: MVBITS. (line 6) * Namelist: Extensions to namelist. (line 6) * natural logarithm function: LOG. (line 6) * NEAREST: NEAREST. (line 6) * NEW_LINE: NEW_LINE. (line 6) * newline: NEW_LINE. (line 6) * NINT: NINT. (line 6) * norm, Euclidean: NORM2. (line 6) * NORM2: NORM2. (line 6) * NOT: NOT. (line 6) * NULL: NULL. (line 6) * NUM_IMAGES: NUM_IMAGES. (line 6) * OpenMP <1>: OpenMP. (line 6) * OpenMP: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 121) * operators, unary: Unary operators. (line 6) * options inquiry function: COMPILER_OPTIONS. (line 6) * options, code generation: Code Gen Options. (line 6) * options, debugging: Debugging Options. (line 6) * options, dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 6) * options, directory search: Directory Options. (line 6) * options, errors: Error and Warning Options. (line 6) * options, Fortran dialect: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 11) * options, gfortran command: Invoking GNU Fortran. (line 6) * options, linking: Link Options. (line 6) * options, negative forms: Invoking GNU Fortran. (line 13) * options, preprocessor: Preprocessing Options. (line 6) * options, real kind type promotion: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 145) * options, run-time: Code Gen Options. (line 6) * options, runtime: Runtime Options. (line 6) * options, warnings: Error and Warning Options. (line 6) * OR: OR. (line 6) * output, newline: NEW_LINE. (line 6) * PACK: PACK. (line 6) * parity: POPPAR. (line 6) * Parity: PARITY. (line 6) * PARITY: PARITY. (line 6) * paths, search: Directory Options. (line 14) * PERROR: PERROR. (line 6) * pointer checking: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * pointer, C address of pointers: C_F_PROCPOINTER. (line 6) * pointer, C address of procedures: C_FUNLOC. (line 6) * pointer, C association status: C_ASSOCIATED. (line 6) * pointer, convert C to Fortran: C_F_POINTER. (line 6) * pointer, cray <1>: MALLOC. (line 6) * pointer, cray: FREE. (line 6) * pointer, Cray: Cray pointers. (line 6) * pointer, disassociated: NULL. (line 6) * pointer, status <1>: NULL. (line 6) * pointer, status: ASSOCIATED. (line 6) * POPCNT: POPCNT. (line 6) * POPPAR: POPPAR. (line 6) * positive difference: DIM. (line 6) * PRECISION: PRECISION. (line 6) * Preprocessing: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. (line 6) * preprocessing, assertion: Preprocessing Options. (line 114) * preprocessing, define macros: Preprocessing Options. (line 153) * preprocessing, include path: Preprocessing Options. (line 70) * preprocessing, keep comments: Preprocessing Options. (line 123) * preprocessing, no linemarkers: Preprocessing Options. (line 181) * preprocessing, undefine macros: Preprocessing Options. (line 187) * preprocessor: Preprocessing Options. (line 6) * preprocessor, debugging: Preprocessing Options. (line 26) * preprocessor, disable: Preprocessing Options. (line 12) * preprocessor, enable: Preprocessing Options. (line 12) * preprocessor, include file handling: Preprocessing and conditional compilation. (line 6) * preprocessor, working directory: Preprocessing Options. (line 55) * PRESENT: PRESENT. (line 6) * private: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 72) * procedure pointer, convert C to Fortran: C_LOC. (line 6) * process ID: GETPID. (line 6) * PRODUCT: PRODUCT. (line 6) * product, double-precision: DPROD. (line 6) * product, matrix: MATMUL. (line 6) * product, vector: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) * program termination: EXIT. (line 6) * program termination, with core dump: ABORT. (line 6) * PROTECTED statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 109) * Q exponent-letter: Q exponent-letter. (line 6) * RADIX: RADIX. (line 6) * radix, real: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) * RAN: RAN. (line 6) * RAND: RAND. (line 6) * random number generation <1>: RANDOM_NUMBER. (line 6) * random number generation <2>: RAND. (line 6) * random number generation <3>: RAN. (line 6) * random number generation: IRAND. (line 6) * random number generation, seeding <1>: SRAND. (line 6) * random number generation, seeding: RANDOM_SEED. (line 6) * RANDOM_NUMBER: RANDOM_NUMBER. (line 6) * RANDOM_SEED: RANDOM_SEED. (line 6) * RANGE: RANGE. (line 6) * range checking: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * rank: RANK. (line 6) * RANK: RANK. (line 6) * re-association of parenthesized expressions: Code Gen Options. (line 346) * read character, stream mode <1>: FGETC. (line 6) * read character, stream mode: FGET. (line 6) * REAL: REAL. (line 6) * real kind: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) * real number, exponent: EXPONENT. (line 6) * real number, fraction: FRACTION. (line 6) * real number, nearest different: NEAREST. (line 6) * real number, relative spacing <1>: SPACING. (line 6) * real number, relative spacing: RRSPACING. (line 6) * real number, scale: SCALE. (line 6) * real number, set exponent: SET_EXPONENT. (line 6) * Reallocate the LHS in assignments: Code Gen Options. (line 355) * REALPART: REAL. (line 6) * RECORD: STRUCTURE and RECORD. (line 6) * Reduction, XOR: PARITY. (line 6) * remainder: MOD. (line 6) * RENAME: RENAME. (line 6) * repacking arrays: Code Gen Options. (line 262) * REPEAT: REPEAT. (line 6) * RESHAPE: RESHAPE. (line 6) * right shift, combined: DSHIFTR. (line 6) * root: SQRT. (line 6) * rounding, ceiling <1>: CEILING. (line 6) * rounding, ceiling: ANINT. (line 6) * rounding, floor <1>: FLOOR. (line 6) * rounding, floor: AINT. (line 6) * rounding, nearest whole number: NINT. (line 6) * RRSPACING: RRSPACING. (line 6) * RSHIFT: RSHIFT. (line 6) * run-time checking: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * SAME_TYPE_AS: SAME_TYPE_AS. (line 6) * SAVE statement: Code Gen Options. (line 15) * SCALE: SCALE. (line 6) * SCAN: SCAN. (line 6) * search path: Directory Options. (line 6) * search paths, for included files: Directory Options. (line 14) * SECNDS: SECNDS. (line 6) * SECOND: SECOND. (line 6) * seeding a random number generator <1>: SRAND. (line 6) * seeding a random number generator: RANDOM_SEED. (line 6) * SELECTED_CHAR_KIND: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND. (line 6) * SELECTED_INT_KIND: SELECTED_INT_KIND. (line 6) * SELECTED_REAL_KIND: SELECTED_REAL_KIND. (line 6) * SET_EXPONENT: SET_EXPONENT. (line 6) * SHAPE: SHAPE. (line 6) * shift, left <1>: SHIFTL. (line 6) * shift, left: DSHIFTL. (line 6) * shift, right <1>: SHIFTR. (line 6) * shift, right: DSHIFTR. (line 6) * shift, right with fill: SHIFTA. (line 6) * SHIFTA: SHIFTA. (line 6) * SHIFTL: SHIFTL. (line 6) * SHIFTR: SHIFTR. (line 6) * SHORT: INT2. (line 6) * SIGN: SIGN. (line 6) * sign copying: SIGN. (line 6) * SIGNAL: SIGNAL. (line 6) * SIN: SIN. (line 6) * sine: SIN. (line 6) * sine, hyperbolic: SINH. (line 6) * sine, hyperbolic, inverse: ASINH. (line 6) * sine, inverse: ASIN. (line 6) * SINH: SINH. (line 6) * SIZE: SIZE. (line 6) * size of a variable, in bits: BIT_SIZE. (line 6) * size of an expression <1>: SIZEOF. (line 6) * size of an expression: C_SIZEOF. (line 6) * SIZEOF: SIZEOF. (line 6) * SLEEP: SLEEP. (line 6) * SNGL: REAL. (line 6) * SPACING: SPACING. (line 6) * SPREAD: SPREAD. (line 6) * SQRT: SQRT. (line 6) * square-root: SQRT. (line 6) * SRAND: SRAND. (line 6) * Standards: Standards. (line 6) * STAT: STAT. (line 6) * statement, ENUM: Fortran 2003 status. (line 88) * statement, ENUMERATOR: Fortran 2003 status. (line 88) * statement, FLUSH: Fortran 2003 status. (line 84) * statement, IMPORT: Fortran 2003 status. (line 115) * statement, ISO_FORTRAN_ENV: Fortran 2003 status. (line 123) * statement, PROTECTED: Fortran 2003 status. (line 109) * statement, SAVE: Code Gen Options. (line 15) * statement, USE, INTRINSIC: Fortran 2003 status. (line 123) * statement, VALUE: Fortran 2003 status. (line 111) * statement, VOLATILE: Fortran 2003 status. (line 113) * storage size: STORAGE_SIZE. (line 6) * STORAGE_SIZE: STORAGE_SIZE. (line 6) * STREAM I/O: Fortran 2003 status. (line 100) * stream mode, read character <1>: FGETC. (line 6) * stream mode, read character: FGET. (line 6) * stream mode, write character <1>: FPUTC. (line 6) * stream mode, write character: FPUT. (line 6) * string, adjust left: ADJUSTL. (line 6) * string, adjust right: ADJUSTR. (line 6) * string, comparison <1>: LLT. (line 6) * string, comparison <2>: LLE. (line 6) * string, comparison <3>: LGT. (line 6) * string, comparison: LGE. (line 6) * string, concatenate: REPEAT. (line 6) * string, find missing set: VERIFY. (line 6) * string, find non-blank character: LNBLNK. (line 6) * string, find subset: SCAN. (line 6) * string, find substring: INDEX intrinsic. (line 6) * string, length: LEN. (line 6) * string, length, without trailing whitespace: LEN_TRIM. (line 6) * string, remove trailing whitespace: TRIM. (line 6) * string, repeat: REPEAT. (line 6) * strings, varying length: Varying Length Character Strings. (line 6) * STRUCTURE: STRUCTURE and RECORD. (line 6) * structure packing: Code Gen Options. (line 256) * subscript checking: Code Gen Options. (line 161) * substring position: INDEX intrinsic. (line 6) * SUM: SUM. (line 6) * sum array elements: SUM. (line 6) * suppressing warnings: Error and Warning Options. (line 6) * symbol names: Fortran Dialect Options. (line 54) * symbol names, transforming: Code Gen Options. (line 54) * symbol names, underscores: Code Gen Options. (line 54) * SYMLNK: SYMLNK. (line 6) * syntax checking: Error and Warning Options. (line 33) * SYSTEM: SYSTEM. (line 6) * system, error handling <1>: PERROR. (line 6) * system, error handling <2>: IERRNO. (line 6) * system, error handling: GERROR. (line 6) * system, group ID: GETGID. (line 6) * system, host name: HOSTNM. (line 6) * system, login name: GETLOG. (line 6) * system, process ID: GETPID. (line 6) * system, signal handling: SIGNAL. (line 6) * system, system call <1>: SYSTEM. (line 6) * system, system call: EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE. (line 6) * system, terminal <1>: TTYNAM. (line 6) * system, terminal: ISATTY. (line 6) * system, user ID: GETUID. (line 6) * system, working directory <1>: GETCWD. (line 6) * system, working directory: CHDIR. (line 6) * SYSTEM_CLOCK: SYSTEM_CLOCK. (line 6) * tabulators: Error and Warning Options. (line 155) * TAN: TAN. (line 6) * tangent: TAN. (line 6) * tangent, hyperbolic: TANH. (line 6) * tangent, hyperbolic, inverse: ATANH. (line 6) * tangent, inverse <1>: ATAN2. (line 6) * tangent, inverse: ATAN. (line 6) * TANH: TANH. (line 6) * terminate program: EXIT. (line 6) * terminate program, with core dump: ABORT. (line 6) * THIS_IMAGE: THIS_IMAGE. (line 6) * thread-safety, threads: Thread-safety of the runtime library. (line 6) * TIME: TIME. (line 6) * time, clock ticks <1>: SYSTEM_CLOCK. (line 6) * time, clock ticks <2>: MCLOCK8. (line 6) * time, clock ticks: MCLOCK. (line 6) * time, conversion to GMT info: GMTIME. (line 6) * time, conversion to local time info: LTIME. (line 6) * time, conversion to string: CTIME. (line 6) * time, current <1>: TIME8. (line 6) * time, current <2>: TIME. (line 6) * time, current <3>: ITIME. (line 6) * time, current <4>: FDATE. (line 6) * time, current: DATE_AND_TIME. (line 6) * time, elapsed <1>: SECOND. (line 6) * time, elapsed <2>: SECNDS. (line 6) * time, elapsed <3>: ETIME. (line 6) * time, elapsed <4>: DTIME. (line 6) * time, elapsed: CPU_TIME. (line 6) * TIME8: TIME8. (line 6) * TINY: TINY. (line 6) * TR 15581: Fortran 2003 status. (line 93) * trace: Debugging Options. (line 51) * TRAILZ: TRAILZ. (line 6) * TRANSFER: TRANSFER. (line 6) * transforming symbol names: Code Gen Options. (line 54) * transpose: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) * TRANSPOSE: TRANSPOSE. (line 6) * trigonometric function, cosine: COS. (line 6) * trigonometric function, cosine, inverse: ACOS. (line 6) * trigonometric function, sine: SIN. (line 6) * trigonometric function, sine, inverse: ASIN. (line 6) * trigonometric function, tangent: TAN. (line 6) * trigonometric function, tangent, inverse <1>: ATAN2. (line 6) * trigonometric function, tangent, inverse: ATAN. (line 6) * TRIM: TRIM. (line 6) * TTYNAM: TTYNAM. (line 6) * type cast: TRANSFER. (line 6) * UBOUND: UBOUND. (line 6) * UCOBOUND: UCOBOUND. (line 6) * UMASK: UMASK. (line 6) * underflow: Error and Warning Options. (line 163) * underscore: Code Gen Options. (line 54) * UNLINK: UNLINK. (line 6) * UNPACK: UNPACK. (line 6) * unused dummy argument: Error and Warning Options. (line 173) * unused parameter: Error and Warning Options. (line 177) * USE, INTRINSIC statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 123) * user id: GETUID. (line 6) * VALUE statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 111) * Varying length character strings: Varying Length Character Strings. (line 6) * Varying length strings: Varying Length Character Strings. (line 6) * vector product: DOT_PRODUCT. (line 6) * VERIFY: VERIFY. (line 6) * version of the compiler: COMPILER_VERSION. (line 6) * VOLATILE statement: Fortran 2003 status. (line 113) * warnings, aliasing: Error and Warning Options. (line 69) * warnings, alignment of COMMON blocks: Error and Warning Options. (line 184) * warnings, all: Error and Warning Options. (line 61) * warnings, ampersand: Error and Warning Options. (line 86) * warnings, array temporaries: Error and Warning Options. (line 94) * warnings, character truncation: Error and Warning Options. (line 99) * warnings, conversion: Error and Warning Options. (line 105) * warnings, function elimination: Error and Warning Options. (line 190) * warnings, implicit interface: Error and Warning Options. (line 112) * warnings, implicit procedure: Error and Warning Options. (line 118) * warnings, intrinsic: Error and Warning Options. (line 167) * warnings, intrinsics of other standards: Error and Warning Options. (line 122) * warnings, line truncation: Error and Warning Options. (line 102) * warnings, non-standard intrinsics: Error and Warning Options. (line 122) * warnings, q exponent-letter: Error and Warning Options. (line 129) * warnings, suppressing: Error and Warning Options. (line 6) * warnings, suspicious code: Error and Warning Options. (line 133) * warnings, tabs: Error and Warning Options. (line 155) * warnings, to errors: Error and Warning Options. (line 194) * warnings, underflow: Error and Warning Options. (line 163) * warnings, unused dummy argument: Error and Warning Options. (line 173) * warnings, unused parameter: Error and Warning Options. (line 177) * write character, stream mode <1>: FPUTC. (line 6) * write character, stream mode: FPUT. (line 6) * XOR: XOR. (line 6) * XOR reduction: PARITY. (line 6) * ZABS: ABS. (line 6) * ZCOS: COS. (line 6) * zero bits <1>: TRAILZ. (line 6) * zero bits: LEADZ. (line 6) * ZEXP: EXP. (line 6) * ZLOG: LOG. (line 6) * ZSIN: SIN. (line 6) * ZSQRT: SQRT. (line 6)  Tag Table: Node: Top2136 Node: Introduction3514 Node: About GNU Fortran4263 Node: GNU Fortran and GCC8252 Node: Preprocessing and conditional compilation10366 Node: GNU Fortran and G7712010 Node: Project Status12583 Node: Standards15030 Node: Varying Length Character Strings15968 Node: Invoking GNU Fortran16504 Node: Option Summary18227 Node: Fortran Dialect Options21601 Node: Preprocessing Options30097 Node: Error and Warning Options38328 Node: Debugging Options46570 Node: Directory Options49553 Node: Link Options50988 Node: Runtime Options51612 Node: Code Gen Options53894 Node: Environment Variables70850 Node: Runtime71455 Node: GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNIT72566 Node: GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNIT72933 Node: GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNIT73334 Node: GFORTRAN_TMPDIR73728 Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL74180 Node: GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED74706 Node: GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUS75350 Node: GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUS75846 Node: GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECL76322 Node: GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR76811 Node: GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT77420 Node: GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE80283 Node: Fortran 2003 and 2008 status80840 Node: Fortran 2003 status81100 Node: Fortran 2008 status86002 Node: TS 29113 status90787 Node: Compiler Characteristics91559 Node: KIND Type Parameters92111 Node: Internal representation of LOGICAL variables93361 Node: Thread-safety of the runtime library94718 Node: Data consistency and durability96145 Node: Extensions99187 Node: Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran99788 Node: Old-style kind specifications101146 Node: Old-style variable initialization102253 Node: Extensions to namelist103565 Node: X format descriptor without count field105562 Node: Commas in FORMAT specifications106089 Node: Missing period in FORMAT specifications106606 Node: I/O item lists107168 Node: `Q' exponent-letter107557 Node: BOZ literal constants108161 Node: Real array indices110736 Node: Unary operators111033 Node: Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values111447 Node: Hollerith constants support112407 Node: Cray pointers114179 Node: CONVERT specifier119626 Node: OpenMP121624 Node: Argument list functions123875 Node: Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran125481 Node: STRUCTURE and RECORD126403 Node: ENCODE and DECODE statements128461 Node: Variable FORMAT expressions129821 Node: Alternate complex function syntax130926 Node: Mixed-Language Programming131446 Node: Interoperability with C131990 Node: Intrinsic Types133328 Node: Derived Types and struct133843 Node: Interoperable Global Variables135199 Node: Interoperable Subroutines and Functions136475 Node: Working with Pointers140088 Node: Further Interoperability of Fortran with C144406 Node: GNU Fortran Compiler Directives145242 Node: Non-Fortran Main Program147434 Node: _gfortran_set_args149576 Node: _gfortran_set_options150511 Node: _gfortran_set_convert153387 Node: _gfortran_set_record_marker154251 Node: _gfortran_set_fpe155076 Node: _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length156232 Node: Intrinsic Procedures157188 Node: Introduction to 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Node: GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE306745 Node: GETGID308898 Node: GETLOG309435 Node: GETPID310295 Node: GETUID311025 Node: GMTIME311541 Node: HOSTNM313030 Node: HUGE313948 Node: HYPOT314669 Node: IACHAR315489 Node: IALL316669 Node: IAND318146 Node: IANY319130 Node: IARGC320616 Node: IBCLR321637 Node: IBITS322298 Node: IBSET323213 Node: ICHAR323869 Node: IDATE326041 Node: IEOR327068 Node: IERRNO327944 Node: IMAGE_INDEX328493 Node: INDEX intrinsic329517 Node: INT331058 Node: INT2332760 Node: INT8333525 Node: IOR334237 Node: IPARITY335089 Node: IRAND336613 Node: IS_IOSTAT_END337969 Node: IS_IOSTAT_EOR339066 Node: ISATTY340193 Node: ISHFT340976 Node: ISHFTC341956 Node: ISNAN343172 Node: ITIME343920 Node: KILL344945 Node: KIND345849 Node: LBOUND346694 Node: LCOBOUND348027 Node: LEADZ349157 Node: LEN350017 Node: LEN_TRIM351298 Node: LGE352280 Node: LGT353782 Node: LINK355249 Node: LLE356284 Node: LLT357778 Node: LNBLNK359238 Node: LOC360014 Node: LOG360745 Node: LOG10362148 Node: LOG_GAMMA363122 Node: LOGICAL364211 Node: LONG365019 Node: LSHIFT365775 Node: LSTAT366860 Node: LTIME368054 Node: MALLOC369465 Node: MASKL370924 Node: MASKR371687 Node: MATMUL372453 Node: MAX373542 Node: MAXEXPONENT375041 Node: MAXLOC375857 Node: MAXVAL377876 Node: MCLOCK379509 Node: MCLOCK8380533 Node: MERGE381766 Node: MERGE_BITS382515 Node: MIN383376 Node: MINEXPONENT384877 Node: MINLOC385507 Node: MINVAL387526 Node: MOD389178 Node: MODULO390785 Node: MOVE_ALLOC391999 Node: MVBITS393028 Node: NEAREST394087 Node: NEW_LINE395210 Node: NINT395981 Node: NORM2397384 Node: NOT398522 Node: NULL399106 Node: NUM_IMAGES400011 Node: OR400827 Node: PACK402111 Node: PARITY404103 Node: PERROR405318 Node: PRECISION405939 Node: POPCNT406825 Node: POPPAR407696 Node: PRESENT408747 Node: PRODUCT409853 Node: RADIX411378 Node: RAN412200 Node: RAND412655 Node: RANDOM_NUMBER413987 Node: RANDOM_SEED415705 Node: RANGE417590 Node: RANK418279 Node: REAL419059 Node: RENAME420833 Node: REPEAT421852 Node: RESHAPE422578 Node: RRSPACING424047 Node: RSHIFT424740 Node: SAME_TYPE_AS425878 Node: SCALE426708 Node: SCAN427488 Node: SECNDS429038 Node: SECOND430126 Node: SELECTED_CHAR_KIND431002 Node: SELECTED_INT_KIND432593 Node: SELECTED_REAL_KIND433768 Node: SET_EXPONENT436434 Node: SHAPE437430 Node: SHIFTA438845 Node: SHIFTL439806 Node: SHIFTR440641 Node: SIGN441477 Node: SIGNAL442761 Node: SIN444258 Node: SINH445356 Node: SIZE446352 Node: SIZEOF447660 Node: SLEEP449135 Node: SPACING449695 Node: SPREAD450708 Node: SQRT451853 Node: SRAND453207 Node: STAT454375 Node: STORAGE_SIZE457542 Node: SUM458421 Node: SYMLNK459904 Node: SYSTEM461036 Node: SYSTEM_CLOCK462287 Node: TAN464445 Node: TANH465417 Node: THIS_IMAGE466574 Node: TIME468066 Node: TIME8469191 Node: TINY470341 Node: TRAILZ470941 Node: TRANSFER471758 Node: TRANSPOSE473792 Node: TRIM474479 Node: TTYNAM475336 Node: UBOUND476251 Node: UCOBOUND477641 Node: UMASK478773 Node: UNLINK479451 Node: UNPACK480428 Node: VERIFY481716 Node: XOR483437 Node: Intrinsic Modules484809 Node: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV485052 Node: ISO_C_BINDING489204 Node: OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS493315 Node: Contributing494601 Node: Contributors495455 Node: Projects497122 Node: Proposed Extensions497926 Node: Copying499937 Node: GNU Free Documentation License537501 Node: Funding562644 Node: Option Index565169 Node: Keyword Index579387  End Tag Table