/* Interchange heuristics and transform for loop interchange on polyhedral representation. Copyright (C) 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Contributed by Sebastian Pop and Harsha Jagasia . This file is part of GCC. GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version. GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. If not see . */ #include "config.h" #include "system.h" #include "coretypes.h" #include "tree-flow.h" #include "tree-dump.h" #include "cfgloop.h" #include "tree-chrec.h" #include "tree-data-ref.h" #include "tree-scalar-evolution.h" #include "sese.h" #ifdef HAVE_cloog #include "ppl_c.h" #include "graphite-ppl.h" #include "graphite-poly.h" /* Builds a linear expression, of dimension DIM, representing PDR's memory access: L = r_{n}*r_{n-1}*...*r_{1}*s_{0} + ... + r_{n}*s_{n-1} + s_{n}. For an array A[10][20] with two subscript locations s0 and s1, the linear memory access is 20 * s0 + s1: a stride of 1 in subscript s0 corresponds to a memory stride of 20. OFFSET is a number of dimensions to prepend before the subscript dimensions: s_0, s_1, ..., s_n. Thus, the final linear expression has the following format: 0 .. 0_{offset} | 0 .. 0_{nit} | 0 .. 0_{gd} | 0 | c_0 c_1 ... c_n where the expression itself is: c_0 * s_0 + c_1 * s_1 + ... c_n * s_n. */ static ppl_Linear_Expression_t build_linearized_memory_access (ppl_dimension_type offset, poly_dr_p pdr) { ppl_Linear_Expression_t res; ppl_Linear_Expression_t le; ppl_dimension_type i; ppl_dimension_type first = pdr_subscript_dim (pdr, 0); ppl_dimension_type last = pdr_subscript_dim (pdr, PDR_NB_SUBSCRIPTS (pdr)); mpz_t size, sub_size; graphite_dim_t dim = offset + pdr_dim (pdr); ppl_new_Linear_Expression_with_dimension (&res, dim); mpz_init (size); mpz_set_si (size, 1); mpz_init (sub_size); mpz_set_si (sub_size, 1); for (i = last - 1; i >= first; i--) { ppl_set_coef_gmp (res, i + offset, size); ppl_new_Linear_Expression_with_dimension (&le, dim - offset); ppl_set_coef (le, i, 1); ppl_max_for_le_pointset (PDR_ACCESSES (pdr), le, sub_size); mpz_mul (size, size, sub_size); ppl_delete_Linear_Expression (le); } mpz_clear (sub_size); mpz_clear (size); return res; } /* Builds a partial difference equations and inserts them into pointset powerset polyhedron P. Polyhedron is assumed to have the format: T|I|T'|I'|G|S|S'|l1|l2. TIME_DEPTH is the time dimension w.r.t. which we are differentiating. OFFSET represents the number of dimensions between columns t_{time_depth} and t'_{time_depth}. DIM_SCTR is the number of scattering dimensions. It is essentially the dimensionality of the T vector. The following equations are inserted into the polyhedron P: | t_1 = t_1' | ... | t_{time_depth-1} = t'_{time_depth-1} | t_{time_depth} = t'_{time_depth} + 1 | t_{time_depth+1} = t'_{time_depth + 1} | ... | t_{dim_sctr} = t'_{dim_sctr}. */ static void build_partial_difference (ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_t *p, ppl_dimension_type time_depth, ppl_dimension_type offset, ppl_dimension_type dim_sctr) { ppl_Constraint_t new_cstr; ppl_Linear_Expression_t le; ppl_dimension_type i; ppl_dimension_type dim; ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_t temp; /* Add the equality: t_{time_depth} = t'_{time_depth} + 1. This is the core part of this alogrithm, since this constraint asks for the memory access stride (difference) between two consecutive points in time dimensions. */ ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_space_dimension (*p, &dim); ppl_new_Linear_Expression_with_dimension (&le, dim); ppl_set_coef (le, time_depth, 1); ppl_set_coef (le, time_depth + offset, -1); ppl_set_inhomogeneous (le, 1); ppl_new_Constraint (&new_cstr, le, PPL_CONSTRAINT_TYPE_EQUAL); ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_add_constraint (*p, new_cstr); ppl_delete_Linear_Expression (le); ppl_delete_Constraint (new_cstr); /* Add equalities: | t1 = t1' | ... | t_{time_depth-1} = t'_{time_depth-1} | t_{time_depth+1} = t'_{time_depth+1} | ... | t_{dim_sctr} = t'_{dim_sctr} This means that all the time dimensions are equal except for time_depth, where the constraint is t_{depth} = t'_{depth} + 1 step. More to this: we should be carefull not to add equalities to the 'coupled' dimensions, which happens when the one dimension is stripmined dimension, and the other dimension corresponds to the point loop inside stripmined dimension. */ ppl_new_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_from_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (&temp, *p); for (i = 0; i < dim_sctr; i++) if (i != time_depth) { ppl_new_Linear_Expression_with_dimension (&le, dim); ppl_set_coef (le, i, 1); ppl_set_coef (le, i + offset, -1); ppl_new_Constraint (&new_cstr, le, PPL_CONSTRAINT_TYPE_EQUAL); ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_add_constraint (temp, new_cstr); if (ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_is_empty (temp)) { ppl_delete_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (temp); ppl_new_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_from_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (&temp, *p); } else ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_add_constraint (*p, new_cstr); ppl_delete_Linear_Expression (le); ppl_delete_Constraint (new_cstr); } ppl_delete_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (temp); } /* Set STRIDE to the stride of PDR in memory by advancing by one in the loop at DEPTH. */ static void pdr_stride_in_loop (mpz_t stride, graphite_dim_t depth, poly_dr_p pdr) { ppl_dimension_type time_depth; ppl_Linear_Expression_t le, lma; ppl_Constraint_t new_cstr; ppl_dimension_type i, *map; ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_t p1, p2, sctr; graphite_dim_t nb_subscripts = PDR_NB_SUBSCRIPTS (pdr) + 1; poly_bb_p pbb = PDR_PBB (pdr); ppl_dimension_type offset = pbb_nb_scattering_transform (pbb) + pbb_nb_local_vars (pbb) + pbb_dim_iter_domain (pbb); ppl_dimension_type offsetg = offset + pbb_nb_params (pbb); ppl_dimension_type dim_sctr = pbb_nb_scattering_transform (pbb) + pbb_nb_local_vars (pbb); ppl_dimension_type dim_L1 = offset + offsetg + 2 * nb_subscripts; ppl_dimension_type dim_L2 = offset + offsetg + 2 * nb_subscripts + 1; ppl_dimension_type new_dim = offset + offsetg + 2 * nb_subscripts + 2; /* The resulting polyhedron should have the following format: T|I|T'|I'|G|S|S'|l1|l2 where: | T = t_1..t_{dim_sctr} | I = i_1..i_{dim_iter_domain} | T'= t'_1..t'_{dim_sctr} | I'= i'_1..i'_{dim_iter_domain} | G = g_1..g_{nb_params} | S = s_1..s_{nb_subscripts} | S'= s'_1..s'_{nb_subscripts} | l1 and l2 are scalars. Some invariants: offset = dim_sctr + dim_iter_domain + nb_local_vars offsetg = dim_sctr + dim_iter_domain + nb_local_vars + nb_params. */ /* Construct the T|I|0|0|G|0|0|0|0 part. */ { ppl_new_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_from_C_Polyhedron (&sctr, PBB_TRANSFORMED_SCATTERING (pbb)); ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_add_space_dimensions_and_embed (sctr, 2 * nb_subscripts + 2); ppl_insert_dimensions_pointset (sctr, offset, offset); } /* Construct the 0|I|0|0|G|S|0|0|0 part. */ { ppl_new_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_from_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (&p1, PDR_ACCESSES (pdr)); ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_add_space_dimensions_and_embed (p1, nb_subscripts + 2); ppl_insert_dimensions_pointset (p1, 0, dim_sctr); ppl_insert_dimensions_pointset (p1, offset, offset); } /* Construct the 0|0|0|0|0|S|0|l1|0 part. */ { lma = build_linearized_memory_access (offset + dim_sctr, pdr); ppl_set_coef (lma, dim_L1, -1); ppl_new_Constraint (&new_cstr, lma, PPL_CONSTRAINT_TYPE_EQUAL); ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_add_constraint (p1, new_cstr); ppl_delete_Linear_Expression (lma); ppl_delete_Constraint (new_cstr); } /* Now intersect all the parts to get the polyhedron P1: T|I|0|0|G|0|0|0 |0 0|I|0|0|G|S|0|0 |0 0|0|0|0|0|S|0|l1|0 ------------------ T|I|0|0|G|S|0|l1|0. */ ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_intersection_assign (p1, sctr); ppl_delete_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (sctr); /* Build P2, which would have the following form: 0|0|T'|I'|G|0|S'|0|l2 P2 is built, by remapping the P1 polyhedron: T|I|0|0|G|S|0|l1|0 using the following mapping: T->T' I->I' S->S' l1->l2. */ { ppl_new_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_from_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (&p2, p1); map = ppl_new_id_map (new_dim); /* TI -> T'I'. */ for (i = 0; i < offset; i++) ppl_interchange (map, i, i + offset); /* l1 -> l2. */ ppl_interchange (map, dim_L1, dim_L2); /* S -> S'. */ for (i = 0; i < nb_subscripts; i++) ppl_interchange (map, offset + offsetg + i, offset + offsetg + nb_subscripts + i); ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_map_space_dimensions (p2, map, new_dim); free (map); } time_depth = psct_dynamic_dim (pbb, depth); /* P1 = P1 inter P2. */ ppl_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron_intersection_assign (p1, p2); build_partial_difference (&p1, time_depth, offset, dim_sctr); /* Maximise the expression L2 - L1. */ { ppl_new_Linear_Expression_with_dimension (&le, new_dim); ppl_set_coef (le, dim_L2, 1); ppl_set_coef (le, dim_L1, -1); ppl_max_for_le_pointset (p1, le, stride); } if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS)) { char *str; void (*gmp_free) (void *, size_t); fprintf (dump_file, "\nStride in BB_%d, DR_%d, depth %d:", pbb_index (pbb), PDR_ID (pdr), (int) depth); str = mpz_get_str (0, 10, stride); fprintf (dump_file, " %s ", str); mp_get_memory_functions (NULL, NULL, &gmp_free); (*gmp_free) (str, strlen (str) + 1); } ppl_delete_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (p1); ppl_delete_Pointset_Powerset_C_Polyhedron (p2); ppl_delete_Linear_Expression (le); } /* Sets STRIDES to the sum of all the strides of the data references accessed in LOOP at DEPTH. */ static void memory_strides_in_loop_1 (lst_p loop, graphite_dim_t depth, mpz_t strides) { int i, j; lst_p l; poly_dr_p pdr; mpz_t s, n; mpz_init (s); mpz_init (n); FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (lst_p, LST_SEQ (loop), j, l) if (LST_LOOP_P (l)) memory_strides_in_loop_1 (l, depth, strides); else FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (poly_dr_p, PBB_DRS (LST_PBB (l)), i, pdr) { pdr_stride_in_loop (s, depth, pdr); mpz_set_si (n, PDR_NB_REFS (pdr)); mpz_mul (s, s, n); mpz_add (strides, strides, s); } mpz_clear (s); mpz_clear (n); } /* Sets STRIDES to the sum of all the strides of the data references accessed in LOOP at DEPTH. */ static void memory_strides_in_loop (lst_p loop, graphite_dim_t depth, mpz_t strides) { if (mpz_cmp_si (loop->memory_strides, -1) == 0) { mpz_set_si (strides, 0); memory_strides_in_loop_1 (loop, depth, strides); } else mpz_set (strides, loop->memory_strides); } /* Return true when the interchange of loops LOOP1 and LOOP2 is profitable. Example: | int a[100][100]; | | int | foo (int N) | { | int j; | int i; | | for (i = 0; i < N; i++) | for (j = 0; j < N; j++) | a[j][2 * i] += 1; | | return a[N][12]; | } The data access A[j][i] is described like this: | i j N a s0 s1 1 | 0 0 0 1 0 0 -5 = 0 | 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 = 0 |-2 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 0 | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 -1 0 100 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 -1 100 >= 0 The linearized memory access L to A[100][100] is: | i j N a s0 s1 1 | 0 0 0 0 100 1 0 TODO: the shown format is not valid as it does not show the fact that the iteration domain "i j" is transformed using the scattering. Next, to measure the impact of iterating once in loop "i", we build a maximization problem: first, we add to DR accesses the dimensions k, s2, s3, L1 = 100 * s0 + s1, L2, and D1: this is the polyhedron P1. L1 and L2 are the linearized memory access functions. | i j N a s0 s1 k s2 s3 L1 L2 D1 1 | 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 = 0 alias = 5 | 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 s0 = j |-2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 s1 = 2 * i | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 100 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 = 0 L1 = 100 * s0 + s1 Then, we generate the polyhedron P2 by interchanging the dimensions (s0, s2), (s1, s3), (L1, L2), (k, i) | i j N a s0 s1 k s2 s3 L1 L2 D1 1 | 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 = 0 alias = 5 | 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 s2 = j | 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 0 1 0 0 0 0 = 0 s3 = 2 * k | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 100 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 100 >= 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1 0 -1 0 0 = 0 L2 = 100 * s2 + s3 then we add to P2 the equality k = i + 1: |-1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 = 0 k = i + 1 and finally we maximize the expression "D1 = max (P1 inter P2, L2 - L1)". Similarly, to determine the impact of one iteration on loop "j", we interchange (k, j), we add "k = j + 1", and we compute D2 the maximal value of the difference. Finally, the profitability test is D1 < D2: if in the outer loop the strides are smaller than in the inner loop, then it is profitable to interchange the loops at DEPTH1 and DEPTH2. */ static bool lst_interchange_profitable_p (lst_p nest, int depth1, int depth2) { mpz_t d1, d2; bool res; gcc_assert (depth1 < depth2); mpz_init (d1); mpz_init (d2); memory_strides_in_loop (nest, depth1, d1); memory_strides_in_loop (nest, depth2, d2); res = mpz_cmp (d1, d2) < 0; mpz_clear (d1); mpz_clear (d2); return res; } /* Interchanges the loops at DEPTH1 and DEPTH2 of the original scattering and assigns the resulting polyhedron to the transformed scattering. */ static void pbb_interchange_loop_depths (graphite_dim_t depth1, graphite_dim_t depth2, poly_bb_p pbb) { ppl_dimension_type i, dim; ppl_dimension_type *map; ppl_Polyhedron_t poly = PBB_TRANSFORMED_SCATTERING (pbb); ppl_dimension_type dim1 = psct_dynamic_dim (pbb, depth1); ppl_dimension_type dim2 = psct_dynamic_dim (pbb, depth2); ppl_Polyhedron_space_dimension (poly, &dim); map = (ppl_dimension_type *) XNEWVEC (ppl_dimension_type, dim); for (i = 0; i < dim; i++) map[i] = i; map[dim1] = dim2; map[dim2] = dim1; ppl_Polyhedron_map_space_dimensions (poly, map, dim); free (map); } /* Apply the interchange of loops at depths DEPTH1 and DEPTH2 to all the statements below LST. */ static void lst_apply_interchange (lst_p lst, int depth1, int depth2) { if (!lst) return; if (LST_LOOP_P (lst)) { int i; lst_p l; FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (lst_p, LST_SEQ (lst), i, l) lst_apply_interchange (l, depth1, depth2); } else pbb_interchange_loop_depths (depth1, depth2, LST_PBB (lst)); } /* Return true when the nest starting at LOOP1 and ending on LOOP2 is perfect: i.e. there are no sequence of statements. */ static bool lst_perfectly_nested_p (lst_p loop1, lst_p loop2) { if (loop1 == loop2) return true; if (!LST_LOOP_P (loop1)) return false; return VEC_length (lst_p, LST_SEQ (loop1)) == 1 && lst_perfectly_nested_p (VEC_index (lst_p, LST_SEQ (loop1), 0), loop2); } /* Transform the loop nest between LOOP1 and LOOP2 into a perfect nest. To continue the naming tradition, this function is called after perfect_nestify. NEST is set to the perfectly nested loop that is created. BEFORE/AFTER are set to the loops distributed before/after the loop NEST. */ static void lst_perfect_nestify (lst_p loop1, lst_p loop2, lst_p *before, lst_p *nest, lst_p *after) { poly_bb_p first, last; gcc_assert (loop1 && loop2 && loop1 != loop2 && LST_LOOP_P (loop1) && LST_LOOP_P (loop2)); first = LST_PBB (lst_find_first_pbb (loop2)); last = LST_PBB (lst_find_last_pbb (loop2)); *before = copy_lst (loop1); *nest = copy_lst (loop1); *after = copy_lst (loop1); lst_remove_all_before_including_pbb (*before, first, false); lst_remove_all_before_including_pbb (*after, last, true); lst_remove_all_before_excluding_pbb (*nest, first, true); lst_remove_all_before_excluding_pbb (*nest, last, false); if (lst_empty_p (*before)) { free_lst (*before); *before = NULL; } if (lst_empty_p (*after)) { free_lst (*after); *after = NULL; } if (lst_empty_p (*nest)) { free_lst (*nest); *nest = NULL; } } /* Try to interchange LOOP1 with LOOP2 for all the statements of the body of LOOP2. LOOP1 contains LOOP2. Return true if it did the interchange. */ static bool lst_try_interchange_loops (scop_p scop, lst_p loop1, lst_p loop2) { int depth1 = lst_depth (loop1); int depth2 = lst_depth (loop2); lst_p transformed; lst_p before = NULL, nest = NULL, after = NULL; if (!lst_perfectly_nested_p (loop1, loop2)) lst_perfect_nestify (loop1, loop2, &before, &nest, &after); if (!lst_interchange_profitable_p (loop2, depth1, depth2)) return false; lst_apply_interchange (loop2, depth1, depth2); /* Sync the transformed LST information and the PBB scatterings before using the scatterings in the data dependence analysis. */ if (before || nest || after) { transformed = lst_substitute_3 (SCOP_TRANSFORMED_SCHEDULE (scop), loop1, before, nest, after); lst_update_scattering (transformed); free_lst (transformed); } if (graphite_legal_transform (scop)) { if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS)) fprintf (dump_file, "Loops at depths %d and %d will be interchanged.\n", depth1, depth2); /* Transform the SCOP_TRANSFORMED_SCHEDULE of the SCOP. */ lst_insert_in_sequence (before, loop1, true); lst_insert_in_sequence (after, loop1, false); if (nest) { lst_replace (loop1, nest); free_lst (loop1); } return true; } /* Undo the transform. */ free_lst (before); free_lst (nest); free_lst (after); lst_apply_interchange (loop2, depth2, depth1); return false; } /* Selects the inner loop in LST_SEQ (INNER_FATHER) to be interchanged with the loop OUTER in LST_SEQ (OUTER_FATHER). */ static bool lst_interchange_select_inner (scop_p scop, lst_p outer_father, int outer, lst_p inner_father) { int inner; lst_p loop1, loop2; gcc_assert (outer_father && LST_LOOP_P (outer_father) && LST_LOOP_P (VEC_index (lst_p, LST_SEQ (outer_father), outer)) && inner_father && LST_LOOP_P (inner_father)); loop1 = VEC_index (lst_p, LST_SEQ (outer_father), outer); FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (lst_p, LST_SEQ (inner_father), inner, loop2) if (LST_LOOP_P (loop2) && (lst_try_interchange_loops (scop, loop1, loop2) || lst_interchange_select_inner (scop, outer_father, outer, loop2))) return true; return false; } /* Interchanges all the loops of LOOP and the loops of its body that are considered profitable to interchange. Return true if it did interchanged some loops. OUTER is the index in LST_SEQ (LOOP) that points to the next outer loop to be considered for interchange. */ static bool lst_interchange_select_outer (scop_p scop, lst_p loop, int outer) { lst_p l; bool res = false; int i = 0; lst_p father; if (!loop || !LST_LOOP_P (loop)) return false; father = LST_LOOP_FATHER (loop); if (father) { while (lst_interchange_select_inner (scop, father, outer, loop)) { res = true; loop = VEC_index (lst_p, LST_SEQ (father), outer); } } if (LST_LOOP_P (loop)) FOR_EACH_VEC_ELT (lst_p, LST_SEQ (loop), i, l) if (LST_LOOP_P (l)) res |= lst_interchange_select_outer (scop, l, i); return res; } /* Interchanges all the loop depths that are considered profitable for SCOP. */ bool scop_do_interchange (scop_p scop) { bool res = lst_interchange_select_outer (scop, SCOP_TRANSFORMED_SCHEDULE (scop), 0); lst_update_scattering (SCOP_TRANSFORMED_SCHEDULE (scop)); return res; } #endif