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diff --git a/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/manual/allocator.xml b/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/manual/allocator.xml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aa4f3530 --- /dev/null +++ b/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/manual/allocator.xml @@ -0,0 +1,659 @@ +<sect1 id="manual.util.memory.allocator" xreflabel="Allocator"> +<?dbhtml filename="allocator.html"?> + +<sect1info> + <keywordset> + <keyword> + ISO C++ + </keyword> + <keyword> + allocator + </keyword> + </keywordset> +</sect1info> + +<title>Allocators</title> + +<para> + Memory management for Standard Library entities is encapsulated in a + class template called <classname>allocator</classname>. The + <classname>allocator</classname> abstraction is used throughout the + library in <classname>string</classname>, container classes, + algorithms, and parts of iostreams. This class, and base classes of + it, are the superset of available free store (<quote>heap</quote>) + management classes. +</para> + +<sect2 id="allocator.req" xreflabel="allocator.req"> +<title>Requirements</title> + + <para> + The C++ standard only gives a few directives in this area: + </para> + <itemizedlist> + <listitem> + <para> + When you add elements to a container, and the container must + allocate more memory to hold them, the container makes the + request via its <type>Allocator</type> template + parameter, which is usually aliased to + <type>allocator_type</type>. This includes adding chars + to the string class, which acts as a regular STL container in + this respect. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + The default <type>Allocator</type> argument of every + container-of-T is <classname>allocator<T></classname>. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + The interface of the <classname>allocator<T></classname> class is + extremely simple. It has about 20 public declarations (nested + typedefs, member functions, etc), but the two which concern us most + are: + </para> + <programlisting> + T* allocate (size_type n, const void* hint = 0); + void deallocate (T* p, size_type n); + </programlisting> + + <para> + The <varname>n</varname> arguments in both those + functions is a <emphasis>count</emphasis> of the number of + <type>T</type>'s to allocate space for, <emphasis>not their + total size</emphasis>. + (This is a simplification; the real signatures use nested typedefs.) + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + The storage is obtained by calling <function>::operator + new</function>, but it is unspecified when or how + often this function is called. The use of the + <varname>hint</varname> is unspecified, but intended as an + aid to locality if an implementation so + desires. <constant>[20.4.1.1]/6</constant> + </para> + </listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + Complete details cam be found in the C++ standard, look in + <constant>[20.4 Memory]</constant>. + </para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="allocator.design_issues" xreflabel="allocator.design_issues"> +<title>Design Issues</title> + + <para> + The easiest way of fulfilling the requirements is to call + <function>operator new</function> each time a container needs + memory, and to call <function>operator delete</function> each time + the container releases memory. This method may be <ulink + url="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-05/msg00105.html">slower</ulink> + than caching the allocations and re-using previously-allocated + memory, but has the advantage of working correctly across a wide + variety of hardware and operating systems, including large + clusters. The <classname>__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</classname> + implements the simple operator new and operator delete semantics, + while <classname>__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator</classname> + implements much the same thing, only with the C language functions + <function>std::malloc</function> and <function>free</function>. + </para> + + <para> + Another approach is to use intelligence within the allocator + class to cache allocations. This extra machinery can take a variety + of forms: a bitmap index, an index into an exponentially increasing + power-of-two-sized buckets, or simpler fixed-size pooling cache. + The cache is shared among all the containers in the program: when + your program's <classname>std::vector<int></classname> gets + cut in half and frees a bunch of its storage, that memory can be + reused by the private + <classname>std::list<WonkyWidget></classname> brought in from + a KDE library that you linked against. And operators + <function>new</function> and <function>delete</function> are not + always called to pass the memory on, either, which is a speed + bonus. Examples of allocators that use these techniques are + <classname>__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator</classname>, + <classname>__gnu_cxx::pool_allocator</classname>, and + <classname>__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc</classname>. + </para> + + <para> + Depending on the implementation techniques used, the underlying + operating system, and compilation environment, scaling caching + allocators can be tricky. In particular, order-of-destruction and + order-of-creation for memory pools may be difficult to pin down + with certainty, which may create problems when used with plugins + or loading and unloading shared objects in memory. As such, using + caching allocators on systems that do not support + <function>abi::__cxa_atexit</function> is not recommended. + </para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="allocator.impl" xreflabel="allocator.impl"> +<title>Implementation</title> + + <sect3> + <title>Interface Design</title> + + <para> + The only allocator interface that + is support is the standard C++ interface. As such, all STL + containers have been adjusted, and all external allocators have + been modified to support this change. + </para> + + <para> + The class <classname>allocator</classname> just has typedef, + constructor, and rebind members. It inherits from one of the + high-speed extension allocators, covered below. Thus, all + allocation and deallocation depends on the base class. + </para> + + <para> + The base class that <classname>allocator</classname> is derived from + may not be user-configurable. +</para> + + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Selecting Default Allocation Policy</title> + + <para> + It's difficult to pick an allocation strategy that will provide + maximum utility, without excessively penalizing some behavior. In + fact, it's difficult just deciding which typical actions to measure + for speed. + </para> + + <para> + Three synthetic benchmarks have been created that provide data + that is used to compare different C++ allocators. These tests are: + </para> + + <orderedlist> + <listitem> + <para> + Insertion. + </para> + <para> + Over multiple iterations, various STL container + objects have elements inserted to some maximum amount. A variety + of allocators are tested. + Test source for <ulink url="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert/sequence.cc?view=markup">sequence</ulink> + and <ulink url="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert/associative.cc?view=markup">associative</ulink> + containers. + </para> + + </listitem> + + <listitem> + <para> + Insertion and erasure in a multi-threaded environment. + </para> + <para> + This test shows the ability of the allocator to reclaim memory + on a pre-thread basis, as well as measuring thread contention + for memory resources. + Test source + <ulink url="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert_erase/associative.cc?view=markup">here</ulink>. + </para> + </listitem> + + <listitem> + <para> + A threaded producer/consumer model. + </para> + <para> + Test source for + <ulink url="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/producer_consumer/sequence.cc?view=markup">sequence</ulink> + and + <ulink url="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/producer_consumer/associative.cc?view=markup">associative</ulink> + containers. + </para> + </listitem> + </orderedlist> + + <para> + The current default choice for + <classname>allocator</classname> is + <classname>__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</classname>. + </para> + + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Disabling Memory Caching</title> + + <para> + In use, <classname>allocator</classname> may allocate and + deallocate using implementation-specified strategies and + heuristics. Because of this, every call to an allocator object's + <function>allocate</function> member function may not actually + call the global operator new. This situation is also duplicated + for calls to the <function>deallocate</function> member + function. + </para> + + <para> + This can be confusing. + </para> + + <para> + In particular, this can make debugging memory errors more + difficult, especially when using third party tools like valgrind or + debug versions of <function>new</function>. + </para> + + <para> + There are various ways to solve this problem. One would be to use + a custom allocator that just called operators + <function>new</function> and <function>delete</function> + directly, for every allocation. (See + <filename>include/ext/new_allocator.h</filename>, for instance.) + However, that option would involve changing source code to use + a non-default allocator. Another option is to force the + default allocator to remove caching and pools, and to directly + allocate with every call of <function>allocate</function> and + directly deallocate with every call of + <function>deallocate</function>, regardless of efficiency. As it + turns out, this last option is also available. + </para> + + + <para> + To globally disable memory caching within the library for the + default allocator, merely set + <constant>GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</constant> (with any value) in the + system's environment before running the program. If your program + crashes with <constant>GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</constant> in the + environment, it likely means that you linked against objects + built against the older library (objects which might still using the + cached allocations...). + </para> + + </sect3> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="allocator.using" xreflabel="allocator.using"> +<title>Using a Specific Allocator</title> + + <para> + You can specify different memory management schemes on a + per-container basis, by overriding the default + <type>Allocator</type> template parameter. For example, an easy + (but non-portable) method of specifying that only <function>malloc</function> or <function>free</function> + should be used instead of the default node allocator is: + </para> + <programlisting> + std::list <int, __gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator<int> > malloc_list;</programlisting> + <para> + Likewise, a debugging form of whichever allocator is currently in use: + </para> + <programlisting> + std::deque <int, __gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<std::allocator<int> > > debug_deque; + </programlisting> +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="allocator.custom" xreflabel="allocator.custom"> +<title>Custom Allocators</title> + + <para> + Writing a portable C++ allocator would dictate that the interface + would look much like the one specified for + <classname>allocator</classname>. Additional member functions, but + not subtractions, would be permissible. + </para> + + <para> + Probably the best place to start would be to copy one of the + extension allocators: say a simple one like + <classname>new_allocator</classname>. + </para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id="allocator.ext" xreflabel="allocator.ext"> +<title>Extension Allocators</title> + + <para> + Several other allocators are provided as part of this + implementation. The location of the extension allocators and their + names have changed, but in all cases, functionality is + equivalent. Starting with gcc-3.4, all extension allocators are + standard style. Before this point, SGI style was the norm. Because of + this, the number of template arguments also changed. Here's a simple + chart to track the changes. + </para> + + <para> + More details on each of these extension allocators follows. + </para> + <orderedlist> + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>new_allocator</classname> + </para> + <para> + Simply wraps <function>::operator new</function> + and <function>::operator delete</function>. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>malloc_allocator</classname> + </para> + <para> + Simply wraps <function>malloc</function> and + <function>free</function>. There is also a hook for an + out-of-memory handler (for + <function>new</function>/<function>delete</function> this is + taken care of elsewhere). + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>array_allocator</classname> + </para> + <para> + Allows allocations of known and fixed sizes using existing + global or external storage allocated via construction of + <classname>std::tr1::array</classname> objects. By using this + allocator, fixed size containers (including + <classname>std::string</classname>) can be used without + instances calling <function>::operator new</function> and + <function>::operator delete</function>. This capability + allows the use of STL abstractions without runtime + complications or overhead, even in situations such as program + startup. For usage examples, please consult the testsuite. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>debug_allocator</classname> + </para> + <para> + A wrapper around an arbitrary allocator A. It passes on + slightly increased size requests to A, and uses the extra + memory to store size information. When a pointer is passed + to <function>deallocate()</function>, the stored size is + checked, and <function>assert()</function> is used to + guarantee they match. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>throw_allocator</classname> + </para> + <para> + Includes memory tracking and marking abilities as well as hooks for + throwing exceptions at configurable intervals (including random, + all, none). + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>__pool_alloc</classname> + </para> + <para> + A high-performance, single pool allocator. The reusable + memory is shared among identical instantiations of this type. + It calls through <function>::operator new</function> to + obtain new memory when its lists run out. If a client + container requests a block larger than a certain threshold + size, then the pool is bypassed, and the allocate/deallocate + request is passed to <function>::operator new</function> + directly. + </para> + + <para> + Older versions of this class take a boolean template + parameter, called <varname>thr</varname>, and an integer template + parameter, called <varname>inst</varname>. + </para> + + <para> + The <varname>inst</varname> number is used to track additional memory + pools. The point of the number is to allow multiple + instantiations of the classes without changing the semantics at + all. All three of + </para> + + <programlisting> + typedef __pool_alloc<true,0> normal; + typedef __pool_alloc<true,1> private; + typedef __pool_alloc<true,42> also_private; + </programlisting> + <para> + behave exactly the same way. However, the memory pool for each type + (and remember that different instantiations result in different types) + remains separate. + </para> + <para> + The library uses <emphasis>0</emphasis> in all its instantiations. If you + wish to keep separate free lists for a particular purpose, use a + different number. + </para> + <para>The <varname>thr</varname> boolean determines whether the + pool should be manipulated atomically or not. When + <varname>thr</varname> = <constant>true</constant>, the allocator + is is thread-safe, while <varname>thr</varname> = + <constant>false</constant>, and is slightly faster but unsafe for + multiple threads. + </para> + + <para> + For thread-enabled configurations, the pool is locked with a + single big lock. In some situations, this implementation detail + may result in severe performance degradation. + </para> + + <para> + (Note that the GCC thread abstraction layer allows us to provide + safe zero-overhead stubs for the threading routines, if threads + were disabled at configuration time.) + </para> + </listitem> + + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>__mt_alloc</classname> + </para> + <para> + A high-performance fixed-size allocator with + exponentially-increasing allocations. It has its own + documentation, found <link + linkend="manual.ext.allocator.mt">here</link>. + </para> + </listitem> + + <listitem> + <para> + <classname>bitmap_allocator</classname> + </para> + <para> + A high-performance allocator that uses a bit-map to keep track + of the used and unused memory locations. It has its own + documentation, found <link + linkend="manual.ext.allocator.bitmap">here</link>. + </para> + </listitem> + </orderedlist> +</sect2> + + +<bibliography id="allocator.biblio" xreflabel="allocator.biblio"> +<title>Bibliography</title> + + <biblioentry> + <title> + ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++ + </title> + + <abbrev> + isoc++_1998 + </abbrev> + <pagenums>20.4 Memory</pagenums> + </biblioentry> + + <biblioentry> + <title>The Standard Librarian: What Are Allocators Good + </title> + + <abbrev> + austernm + </abbrev> + + <author> + <firstname>Matt</firstname> + <surname>Austern</surname> + </author> + + <publisher> + <publishername> + C/C++ Users Journal + </publishername> + </publisher> + + <biblioid> + <ulink url="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=8000/cujcexp1812austern/"> + </ulink> + </biblioid> + </biblioentry> + + <biblioentry> + <title>The Hoard Memory Allocator</title> + + <abbrev> + emeryb + </abbrev> + + <author> + <firstname>Emery</firstname> + <surname>Berger</surname> + </author> + + <biblioid> + <ulink url="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/hoard/"> + </ulink> + </biblioid> + </biblioentry> + + <biblioentry> + <title>Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation</title> + + <abbrev> + bergerzorn + </abbrev> + + <author> + <firstname>Emery</firstname> + <surname>Berger</surname> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>Ben</firstname> + <surname>Zorn</surname> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>Kathryn</firstname> + <surname>McKinley</surname> + </author> + + <copyright> + <year>2002</year> + <holder>OOPSLA</holder> + </copyright> + + <biblioid> + <ulink url="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/pubs/berger-oopsla2002.pdf"> + </ulink> + </biblioid> + </biblioentry> + + + <biblioentry> + <title>Allocator Types</title> + + <abbrev> + kreftlanger + </abbrev> + + <author> + <firstname>Klaus</firstname> + <surname>Kreft</surname> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>Angelika</firstname> + <surname>Langer</surname> + </author> + + <publisher> + <publishername> + C/C++ Users Journal + </publishername> + </publisher> + + <biblioid> + <ulink url="http://www.langer.camelot.de/Articles/C++Report/Allocators/Allocators.html"> + </ulink> + </biblioid> + </biblioentry> + + <biblioentry> + <title>The C++ Programming Language</title> + + <abbrev> + tcpl + </abbrev> + + <author> + <firstname>Bjarne</firstname> + <surname>Stroustrup</surname> + </author> + <copyright> + <year>2000</year> + <holder></holder> + </copyright> + <pagenums>19.4 Allocators</pagenums> + + <publisher> + <publishername> + Addison Wesley + </publishername> + </publisher> + </biblioentry> + + <biblioentry> + <title>Yalloc: A Recycling C++ Allocator</title> + + <abbrev> + yenf + </abbrev> + + <author> + <firstname>Felix</firstname> + <surname>Yen</surname> + </author> + <copyright> + <year></year> + <holder></holder> + </copyright> + + <biblioid> + <ulink url="http://home.earthlink.net/~brimar/yalloc/"> + </ulink> + </biblioid> + </biblioentry> +</bibliography> + +</sect1> |