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diff --git a/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/doc/html/faq.html b/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/doc/html/faq.html deleted file mode 100644 index 74fa9fa54..000000000 --- a/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/doc/html/faq.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,874 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Frequently Asked Questions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk03.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="bk03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Frequently Asked Questions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"></th><td width="20%" align="right"> </td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="article" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="faq"></a>Frequently Asked Questions</h2></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © - 2008 - - <a class="ulink" href="http://fsf.org" target="_top">FSF</a> - </p></div></div><hr /></div><div class="qandaset"><dl><dt>1. <a href="faq.html#faq.info">General Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what"> - What is libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.why"> - Why should I use libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>1.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.who"> - Who's in charge of it? - </a></dt><dt>1.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.when"> - When is libstdc++ going to be finished? - </a></dt><dt>1.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.how"> - How do I contribute to the effort? - </a></dt><dt>1.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.whereis_old"> - What happened to the older libg++? I need that! - </a></dt><dt>1.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.more_questions"> - What if I have more questions? - </a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2. <a href="faq.html#faq.license">License</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>2.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.what"> - What are the license terms for libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>2.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.any_program"> - So any program which uses libstdc++ falls under the GPL? - </a></dt><dt>2.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.lgpl"> - How is that different from the GNU {Lesser,Library} GPL? - </a></dt><dt>2.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.what_restrictions"> - I see. So, what restrictions are there on programs that use the library? - </a></dt></dl></dd><dt>3. <a href="faq.html#faq.installation">Installation</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>3.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_install">How do I install libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>3.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_get_sources">How does one get current libstdc++ sources? - </a></dt><dt>3.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_test">How do I know if it works? - </a></dt><dt>3.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_set_paths">How do I insure that the dynamically linked library will be found? - </a></dt><dt>3.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_is_libsupcxx"> - What's libsupc++? - </a></dt><dt>3.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.size"> - This library is HUGE! - </a></dt></dl></dd><dt>4. <a href="faq.html#faq.platform-specific">Platform-Specific Issues</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.other_compilers"> - Can libstdc++ be used with non-GNU compilers? - </a></dt><dt>4.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.solaris_long_long"> - No 'long long' type on Solaris? - </a></dt><dt>4.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.predefined"> - _XOPEN_SOURCE and _GNU_SOURCE are always defined? - </a></dt><dt>4.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.darwin_ctype"> - Mac OS X ctype.h is broken! How can I fix it? - </a></dt><dt>4.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.threads_i386"> - Threading is broken on i386? - </a></dt><dt>4.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.atomic_mips"> - MIPS atomic operations - </a></dt><dt>4.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.linux_glibc"> - Recent GNU/Linux glibc required? - </a></dt><dt>4.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.freebsd_wchar"> - Can't use wchar_t/wstring on FreeBSD - </a></dt></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href="faq.html#faq.known_bugs">Known Bugs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>5.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_works"> - What works already? - </a></dt><dt>5.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.standard_bugs"> - Bugs in the ISO C++ language or library specification - </a></dt><dt>5.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.compiler_bugs"> - Bugs in the compiler (gcc/g++) and not libstdc++ - </a></dt></dl></dd><dt>6. <a href="faq.html#faq.known_non-bugs">Known Non-Bugs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.stream_reopening_fails"> - Reopening a stream fails - </a></dt><dt>6.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.wefcxx_verbose"> - -Weffc++ complains too much - </a></dt><dt>6.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.ambiguous_overloads"> - Ambiguous overloads after including an old-style header - </a></dt><dt>6.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.v2_headers"> - The g++-3 headers are not ours - </a></dt><dt>6.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.boost_concept_checks"> - Errors about *Concept and - constraints in the STL - </a></dt><dt>6.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.dlopen_crash"> - Program crashes when using library code in a - dynamically-loaded library - </a></dt><dt>6.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.memory_leaks"> - “Memory leaks” in containers - </a></dt><dt>6.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.list_size_on"> - list::size() is O(n)! - </a></dt><dt>6.9. <a href="faq.html#faq.easy_to_fix"> - Aw, that's easy to fix! - </a></dt></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href="faq.html#faq.misc">Miscellaneous</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>7.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.iterator_as_pod"> - string::iterator is not char*; vector<T>::iterator is not T* - </a></dt><dt>7.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_is_next"> - What's next after libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>7.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.sgi_stl"> - What about the STL from SGI? - </a></dt><dt>7.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.extensions_and_backwards_compat"> - Extensions and Backward Compatibility - </a></dt><dt>7.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.tr1_support"> - Does libstdc++ support TR1? - </a></dt><dt>7.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.get_iso_cxx">How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard? - </a></dt><dt>7.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_is_abi"> - What's an ABI and why is it so messy? - </a></dt><dt>7.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.size_equals_capacity"> - How do I make std::vector<T>::capacity() == std::vector<T>::size? - </a></dt></dl></dd></dl><table border="0" summary="Q and A Set"><col align="left" width="1%" /><tbody><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.info"></a>1. General Information</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what"> - What is libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.why"> - Why should I use libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>1.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.who"> - Who's in charge of it? - </a></dt><dt>1.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.when"> - When is libstdc++ going to be finished? - </a></dt><dt>1.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.how"> - How do I contribute to the effort? - </a></dt><dt>1.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.whereis_old"> - What happened to the older libg++? I need that! - </a></dt><dt>1.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.more_questions"> - What if I have more questions? - </a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what"></a><a id="faq.what.q"></a><p><b>1.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What is libstdc++? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what.a"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The GNU Standard C++ Library v3 is an ongoing project to - implement the ISO 14882 Standard C++ library as described in - chapters 17 through 27 and annex D. For those who want to see - exactly how far the project has come, or just want the latest - bleeding-edge code, the up-to-date source is available over - anonymous SVN, and can even be browsed over - the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html" target="_top">web</a>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.why"></a><a id="q-why"></a><p><b>1.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Why should I use libstdc++? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-why"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The completion of the ISO C++ standardization gave the C++ - community a powerful set of reuseable tools in the form of the C++ - Standard Library. However, all existing C++ implementations are - (as the Draft Standard used to say) “<span class="quote">incomplet and - incorrekt</span>”, and many suffer from limitations of the compilers - that use them. - </p><p> - The GNU compiler collection - (<span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span>, etc) is widely - considered to be one of the leading compilers in the world. Its - development is overseen by the - <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/" target="_top">GCC team</a>. All of - the rapid development and near-legendary - <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/buildstat.html" target="_top">portability</a> - that are the hallmarks of an open-source project are being - applied to libstdc++. - </p><p> - That means that all of the Standard classes and functions will be - freely available and fully compliant. (Such as - <code class="classname">string</code>, - <code class="classname">vector<></code>, iostreams, and algorithms.) - Programmers will no longer need to “<span class="quote">roll their own</span>” - nor be worried about platform-specific incompatibilities. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.who"></a><a id="q-who"></a><p><b>1.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Who's in charge of it? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-who"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The libstdc++ project is contributed to by several developers - all over the world, in the same way as GCC or Linux. - Benjamin Kosnik, Gabriel Dos Reis, Phil Edwards, Ulrich Drepper, - Loren James Rittle, and Paolo Carlini are the lead maintainers of - the SVN archive. - </p><p> - Development and discussion is held on the libstdc++ mailing - list. Subscribing to the list, or searching the list - archives, is open to everyone. You can read instructions for - doing so on the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/libstdc++/" target="_top">homepage</a>. - If you have questions, ideas, code, or are just curious, sign up! - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.when"></a><a id="q-when"></a><p><b>1.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - When is libstdc++ going to be finished? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-when"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Nathan Myers gave the best of all possible answers, responding to - a Usenet article asking this question: <span class="emphasis"><em>Sooner, if you - help.</em></span> - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how"></a><a id="q-how"></a><p><b>1.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - How do I contribute to the effort? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Here is <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">a page devoted to - this topic</a>. Subscribing to the mailing list (see above, or - the homepage) is a very good idea if you have something to - contribute, or if you have spare time and want to - help. Contributions don't have to be in the form of source code; - anybody who is willing to help write documentation, for example, - or has found a bug in code that we all thought was working and is - willing to provide details, is more than welcome! - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.whereis_old"></a><a id="q-whereis_old"></a><p><b>1.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What happened to the older libg++? I need that! - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-whereis_old"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The most recent libg++ README states that libg++ is no longer - being actively maintained. It should not be used for new - projects, and is only being kicked along to support older code. - </p><p> - More information in the <a class="link" href="manual/backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility">backwards compatibility documentation</a> - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.more_questions"></a><a id="q-more_questions"></a><p><b>1.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What if I have more questions? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-more_questions"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - If you have read the README file, and your question remains - unanswered, then just ask the mailing list. At present, you do not - need to be subscribed to the list to send a message to it. More - information is available on the homepage (including how to browse - the list archives); to send a message to the list, - use <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org">libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org</a>></code>. - </p><p> - If you have a question that you think should be included - here, or if you have a question <span class="emphasis"><em>about</em></span> a question/answer - here, please send email to the libstdc++ mailing list, as above. - </p></td></tr><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.license"></a>2. License</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>2.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.what"> - What are the license terms for libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>2.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.any_program"> - So any program which uses libstdc++ falls under the GPL? - </a></dt><dt>2.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.lgpl"> - How is that different from the GNU {Lesser,Library} GPL? - </a></dt><dt>2.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.what_restrictions"> - I see. So, what restrictions are there on programs that use the library? - </a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what"></a><a id="q-license.what"></a><p><b>2.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What are the license terms for libstdc++? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.what"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - See <a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">our license description</a> - for these and related questions. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.any_program"></a><a id="q-license.any_program"></a><p><b>2.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - So any program which uses libstdc++ falls under the GPL? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.any_program"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - No. The special exception permits use of the library in - proprietary applications. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.lgpl"></a><a id="q-license.lgpl"></a><p><b>2.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - How is that different from the GNU {Lesser,Library} GPL? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.lgpl"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The LGPL requires that users be able to replace the LGPL code with a - modified version; this is trivial if the library in question is a C - shared library. But there's no way to make that work with C++, where - much of the library consists of inline functions and templates, which - are expanded inside the code that uses the library. So to allow people - to replace the library code, someone using the library would have to - distribute their own source, rendering the LGPL equivalent to the GPL. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what_restrictions"></a><a id="q-license.what_restrictions"></a><p><b>2.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - I see. So, what restrictions are there on programs that use the library? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.what_restrictions"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - None. We encourage such programs to be released as open source, - but we won't punish you or sue you if you choose otherwise. - </p></td></tr><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.installation"></a>3. Installation</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>3.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_install">How do I install libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>3.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_get_sources">How does one get current libstdc++ sources? - </a></dt><dt>3.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_test">How do I know if it works? - </a></dt><dt>3.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.how_to_set_paths">How do I insure that the dynamically linked library will be found? - </a></dt><dt>3.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_is_libsupcxx"> - What's libsupc++? - </a></dt><dt>3.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.size"> - This library is HUGE! - </a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_install"></a><a id="q-how_to_install"></a><p><b>3.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I install libstdc++? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_install"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Often libstdc++ comes pre-installed as an integral part of many - existing Linux and Unix systems, as well as many embedded - development tools. It may be necessary to install extra - development packages to get the headers, or the documentation, or - the source: please consult your vendor for details. - </p><p> - To build and install from the GNU GCC sources, please consult the - <a class="link" href="manual/setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup">setup - documentation</a> for detailed - instructions. You may wish to browse those files ahead - of time to get a feel for what's required. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_get_sources"></a><a id="q-how_to_get_sources"></a><p><b>3.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How does one get current libstdc++ sources? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_get_sources"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Libstdc++ sources for all official releases can be obtained as - part of the GCC sources, available from various sites and - mirrors. A full <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/mirrors.html" target="_top">list of - download sites</a> is provided on the main GCC site. - </p><p> - Current libstdc++ sources can always be checked out of the main - GCC source repository using the appropriate version control - tool. At this time, that tool - is <span class="application">Subversion</span>. - </p><p> - <span class="application">Subversion</span>, or <acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym>, is - one of several revision control packages. It was selected for GNU - projects because it's free (speech), free (beer), and very high - quality. The <a class="ulink" href="http://subversion.tigris.org" target="_top"> Subversion - home page</a> has a better description. - </p><p> - The “<span class="quote">anonymous client checkout</span>” feature of SVN is - similar to anonymous FTP in that it allows anyone to retrieve - the latest libstdc++ sources. - </p><p> - For more information - see <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html" target="_top"><acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym> - details</a>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_test"></a><a id="q-how_to_test"></a><p><b>3.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I know if it works? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_test"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Libstdc++ comes with its own validation testsuite, which includes - conformance testing, regression testing, ABI testing, and - performance testing. Please consult the - <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/test.html" target="_top">testing - documentation</a> for more details. - </p><p> - If you find bugs in the testsuite programs themselves, or if you - think of a new test program that should be added to the suite, - <span class="emphasis"><em>please</em></span> write up your idea and send it to the list! - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_set_paths"></a><a id="q-how_to_set_paths"></a><p><b>3.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I insure that the dynamically linked library will be found? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_set_paths"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Depending on your platform and library version, the error message might - be similar to one of the following: - </p><pre class="screen"> - ./a.out: error while loading shared libraries: libstdc++.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory - - /usr/libexec/ld-elf.so.1: Shared object "libstdc++.so.6" not found - </pre><p> - This doesn't mean that the shared library isn't installed, only - that the dynamic linker can't find it. When a dynamically-linked - executable is run the linker finds and loads the required shared - libraries by searching a pre-configured list of directories. If - the directory where you've installed libstdc++ is not in this list - then the libraries won't be found. The simplest way to fix this is - to use the <code class="literal">LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code> environment variable, - which is a colon-separated list of directories in which the linker - will search for shared libraries: - </p><pre class="screen"> - LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${prefix}/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH - export LD_LIBRARY_PATH - </pre><p> - The exact environment variable to use will depend on your - platform, e.g. DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH for Darwin, - LD_LIBRARY_PATH_32/LD_LIBRARY_PATH_64 for Solaris 32-/64-bit, - LD_LIBRARYN32_PATH/LD_LIBRARY64_PATH for Irix N32/64-bit ABIs and - SHLIB_PATH for HP-UX. - </p><p> - See the man pages for <span class="command"><strong>ld</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>ldd</strong></span> - and <span class="command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span> for more information. The dynamic - linker has different names on different platforms but the man page - is usually called something such as <code class="filename">ld.so/rtld/dld.so</code>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_libsupcxx"></a><a id="q-what_is_libsupcxx"></a><p><b>3.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What's libsupc++? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_libsupcxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - If the only functions from <code class="filename">libstdc++.a</code> - which you need are language support functions (those listed in - <a class="link" href="manual/support.html" title="Part II. Support">clause 18</a> of the - standard, e.g., <code class="function">new</code> and - <code class="function">delete</code>), then try linking against - <code class="filename">libsupc++.a</code>, which is a subset of - <code class="filename">libstdc++.a</code>. (Using <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> - instead of <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span> and explicitly linking in - <code class="filename">libsupc++.a</code> via <code class="literal">-lsupc++</code> - for the final link step will do it). This library contains only - those support routines, one per object file. But if you are - using anything from the rest of the library, such as IOStreams - or vectors, then you'll still need pieces from - <code class="filename">libstdc++.a</code>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.size"></a><a id="q-size"></a><p><b>3.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - This library is HUGE! - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-size"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Usually the size of libraries on disk isn't noticeable. When a - link editor (or simply “<span class="quote">linker</span>”) pulls things from a - static archive library, only the necessary object files are copied - into your executable, not the entire library. Unfortunately, even - if you only need a single function or variable from an object file, - the entire object file is extracted. (There's nothing unique to C++ - or libstdc++ about this; it's just common behavior, given here - for background reasons.) - </p><p> - Some of the object files which make up libstdc++.a are rather large. - If you create a statically-linked executable with - <code class="literal">-static</code>, those large object files are suddenly part - of your executable. Historically the best way around this was to - only place a very few functions (often only a single one) in each - source/object file; then extracting a single function is the same - as extracting a single .o file. For libstdc++ this is only - possible to a certain extent; the object files in question contain - template classes and template functions, pre-instantiated, and - splitting those up causes severe maintenance headaches. - </p><p> - On supported platforms, libstdc++ takes advantage of garbage - collection in the GNU linker to get a result similar to separating - each symbol into a separate source and object files. On these platforms, - GNU ld can place each function and variable into its own - section in a .o file. The GNU linker can then perform garbage - collection on unused sections; this reduces the situation to only - copying needed functions into the executable, as before, but all - happens automatically. - </p></td></tr><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.platform-specific"></a>4. Platform-Specific Issues</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>4.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.other_compilers"> - Can libstdc++ be used with non-GNU compilers? - </a></dt><dt>4.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.solaris_long_long"> - No 'long long' type on Solaris? - </a></dt><dt>4.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.predefined"> - _XOPEN_SOURCE and _GNU_SOURCE are always defined? - </a></dt><dt>4.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.darwin_ctype"> - Mac OS X ctype.h is broken! How can I fix it? - </a></dt><dt>4.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.threads_i386"> - Threading is broken on i386? - </a></dt><dt>4.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.atomic_mips"> - MIPS atomic operations - </a></dt><dt>4.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.linux_glibc"> - Recent GNU/Linux glibc required? - </a></dt><dt>4.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.freebsd_wchar"> - Can't use wchar_t/wstring on FreeBSD - </a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.other_compilers"></a><a id="q-other_compilers"></a><p><b>4.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Can libstdc++ be used with non-GNU compilers? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-other_compilers"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Perhaps. - </p><p> - Since the goal of ISO Standardization is for all C++ - implementations to be able to share code, libstdc++ should be - usable under any ISO-compliant compiler, at least in theory. - </p><p> - However, the reality is that libstdc++ is targeted and optimized - for GCC/g++. This means that often libstdc++ uses specific, - non-standard features of g++ that are not present in older - versions of proprietary compilers. It may take as much as a year or two - after an official release of GCC that contains these features for - proprietary tools support these constructs. - </p><p> - In the near past, specific released versions of libstdc++ have - been known to work with versions of the EDG C++ compiler, and - vendor-specific proprietary C++ compilers such as the Intel ICC - C++ compiler. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.solaris_long_long"></a><a id="q-solaris_long_long"></a><p><b>4.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - No 'long long' type on Solaris? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-solaris_long_long"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - By default we try to support the C99 <span class="type">long long</span> type. - This requires that certain functions from your C library be present. - </p><p> - Up through release 3.0.2 the platform-specific tests performed by - libstdc++ were too general, resulting in a conservative approach - to enabling the <span class="type">long long</span> code paths. The most - commonly reported platform affected was Solaris. - </p><p> - This has been fixed for libstdc++ releases greater than 3.0.3. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.predefined"></a><a id="q-predefined"></a><p><b>4.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - <code class="constant">_XOPEN_SOURCE</code> and <code class="constant">_GNU_SOURCE</code> are always defined? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-predefined"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>On Solaris, g++ (but not gcc) always defines the preprocessor - macro <code class="constant">_XOPEN_SOURCE</code>. On GNU/Linux, the same happens - with <code class="constant">_GNU_SOURCE</code>. (This is not an exhaustive list; - other macros and other platforms are also affected.) - </p><p>These macros are typically used in C library headers, guarding new - versions of functions from their older versions. The C++ standard - library includes the C standard library, but it requires the C90 - version, which for backwards-compatibility reasons is often not the - default for many vendors. - </p><p>More to the point, the C++ standard requires behavior which is only - available on certain platforms after certain symbols are defined. - Usually the issue involves I/O-related typedefs. In order to - ensure correctness, the compiler simply predefines those symbols. - </p><p>Note that it's not enough to #define them only when the library is - being built (during installation). Since we don't have an 'export' - keyword, much of the library exists as headers, which means that - the symbols must also be defined as your programs are parsed and - compiled. - </p><p>To see which symbols are defined, look for CPLUSPLUS_CPP_SPEC in - the gcc config headers for your target (and try changing them to - see what happens when building complicated code). You can also run - <span class="command"><strong>g++ -E -dM - < /dev/null"</strong></span> to display - a list of predefined macros for any particular installation. - </p><p>This has been discussed on the mailing lists - <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/cgi-bin/htsearch?method=and&format=builtin-long&sort=score&words=_XOPEN_SOURCE+Solaris" target="_top">quite a bit</a>. - </p><p>This method is something of a wart. We'd like to find a cleaner - solution, but nobody yet has contributed the time. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.darwin_ctype"></a><a id="q-darwin_ctype"></a><p><b>4.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Mac OS X <code class="filename">ctype.h</code> is broken! How can I fix it? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-darwin_ctype"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>This is a long-standing bug in the OS X support. Fortunately, - the patch is quite simple, and well-known. - <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-03/msg00817.html" target="_top"> Here's a - link to the solution</a>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.threads_i386"></a><a id="q-threads_i386"></a><p><b>4.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Threading is broken on i386? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-threads_i386"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - </p><p>Support for atomic integer operations is/was broken on i386 - platforms. The assembly code accidentally used opcodes that are - only available on the i486 and later. So if you configured GCC - to target, for example, i386-linux, but actually used the programs - on an i686, then you would encounter no problems. Only when - actually running the code on a i386 will the problem appear. - </p><p>This is fixed in 3.2.2. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.atomic_mips"></a><a id="q-atomic_mips"></a><p><b>4.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - MIPS atomic operations - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-atomic_mips"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The atomic locking routines for MIPS targets requires MIPS II - and later. A patch went in just after the 3.3 release to - make mips* use the generic implementation instead. You can also - configure for mipsel-elf as a workaround. - </p><p> - The mips*-*-linux* port continues to use the MIPS II routines, and more - work in this area is expected. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.linux_glibc"></a><a id="q-linux_glibc"></a><p><b>4.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Recent GNU/Linux glibc required? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-linux_glibc"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>When running on GNU/Linux, libstdc++ 3.2.1 (shared library version - 5.0.1) and later uses localization and formatting code from the system - C library (glibc) version 2.2.5. That version of glibc is over a - year old and contains necessary bugfixes. Many GNU/Linux distros make - glibc version 2.3.x available now. - </p><p>The guideline is simple: the more recent the C++ library, the - more recent the C library. (This is also documented in the main - GCC installation instructions.) - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.freebsd_wchar"></a><a id="q-freebsd_wchar"></a><p><b>4.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Can't use wchar_t/wstring on FreeBSD - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-freebsd_wchar"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Older versions of FreeBSD's C library do not have sufficient - support for wide character functions, and as a result the - libstdc++ configury decides that wchar_t support should be - disabled. In addition, the libstdc++ platform checks that - enabled <span class="type">wchar_t</span> were quite strict, and not granular - enough to detect when the minimal support to - enable <span class="type">wchar_t</span> and C++ library structures - like <code class="classname">wstring</code> were present. This impacted Solaris, - Darwin, and BSD variants, and is fixed in libstdc++ versions post 4.1.0. - </p><p> - </p></td></tr><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.known_bugs"></a>5. Known Bugs</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>5.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_works"> - What works already? - </a></dt><dt>5.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.standard_bugs"> - Bugs in the ISO C++ language or library specification - </a></dt><dt>5.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.compiler_bugs"> - Bugs in the compiler (gcc/g++) and not libstdc++ - </a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_works"></a><a id="q-what_works"></a><p><b>5.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What works already? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_works"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Short answer: Pretty much everything <span class="emphasis"><em>works</em></span> - except for some corner cases. Support for localization - in <code class="classname">locale</code> may be incomplete on non-GNU - platforms. Also dependant on the underlying platform is support - for <span class="type">wchar_t</span> and <span class="type">long - long</span> specializations, and details of thread support. - </p><p> - Long answer: See the implementation status pages for - <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998" title="C++ 1998/2003">C++98</a>, - <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">TR1</a>, and - <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x" title="C++ 200x">C++0x</a>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.standard_bugs"></a><a id="q-standard_bugs"></a><p><b>5.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Bugs in the ISO C++ language or library specification - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-standard_bugs"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Unfortunately, there are some. - </p><p> - For those people who are not part of the ISO Library Group - (i.e., nearly all of us needing to read this page in the first - place), a public list of the library defects is occasionally - published <a class="ulink" href="http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/" target="_top">here</a>. - Some of these issues have resulted in code changes in libstdc++. - </p><p> - If you think you've discovered a new bug that is not listed, - please post a message describing your problem - to <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org">libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org</a>></code> or the Usenet group - comp.lang.c++.moderated. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.compiler_bugs"></a><a id="q-compiler_bugs"></a><p><b>5.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Bugs in the compiler (gcc/g++) and not libstdc++ - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-compiler_bugs"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - On occasion, the compiler is wrong. Please be advised that this - happens much less often than one would think, and avoid jumping to - conclusions. - </p><p> - First, examine the ISO C++ standard. Second, try another compiler - or an older version of the GNU compilers. Third, you can find more - information on the libstdc++ and the GCC mailing lists: search - these lists with terms describing your issue. - </p><p> - Before reporting a bug, please examine the - <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html" target="_top">bugs database</a> with the - category set to “<span class="quote">g++</span>”. - </p></td></tr><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.known_non-bugs"></a>6. Known Non-Bugs</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>6.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.stream_reopening_fails"> - Reopening a stream fails - </a></dt><dt>6.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.wefcxx_verbose"> - -Weffc++ complains too much - </a></dt><dt>6.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.ambiguous_overloads"> - Ambiguous overloads after including an old-style header - </a></dt><dt>6.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.v2_headers"> - The g++-3 headers are not ours - </a></dt><dt>6.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.boost_concept_checks"> - Errors about *Concept and - constraints in the STL - </a></dt><dt>6.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.dlopen_crash"> - Program crashes when using library code in a - dynamically-loaded library - </a></dt><dt>6.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.memory_leaks"> - “Memory leaks” in containers - </a></dt><dt>6.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.list_size_on"> - list::size() is O(n)! - </a></dt><dt>6.9. <a href="faq.html#faq.easy_to_fix"> - Aw, that's easy to fix! - </a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.stream_reopening_fails"></a><a id="q-stream_reopening_fails"></a><p><b>6.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Reopening a stream fails - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-stream_reopening_fails"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - One of the most-reported non-bug reports. Executing a sequence like: - </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br /> - #include <fstream><br /> - ...<br /> - std::fstream fs(“<span class="quote">a_file</span>”);<br /> - // .<br /> - // . do things with fs...<br /> - // .<br /> - fs.close();<br /> - fs.open(“<span class="quote">a_new_file</span>”);<br /> - </p></div><p> - All operations on the re-opened <code class="varname">fs</code> will fail, or at - least act very strangely. Yes, they often will, especially if - <code class="varname">fs</code> reached the EOF state on the previous file. The - reason is that the state flags are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> cleared - on a successful call to open(). The standard unfortunately did - not specify behavior in this case, and to everybody's great sorrow, - the <a class="link" href="manual/bugs.html" title="Bugs">proposed LWG resolution in - DR #22</a> is to leave the flags unchanged. You must insert a call - to <code class="function">fs.clear()</code> between the calls to close() and open(), - and then everything will work like we all expect it to work. - <span class="emphasis"><em>Update:</em></span> for GCC 4.0 we implemented the resolution - of <a class="link" href="manual/bugs.html" title="Bugs">DR #409</a> and open() - now calls <code class="function">clear()</code> on success! - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.wefcxx_verbose"></a><a id="q-wefcxx_verbose"></a><p><b>6.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - -Weffc++ complains too much - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-wefcxx_verbose"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Many warnings are emitted when <code class="literal">-Weffc++</code> is used. Making - libstdc++ <code class="literal">-Weffc++</code>-clean is not a goal of the project, - for a few reasons. Mainly, that option tries to enforce - object-oriented programming, while the Standard Library isn't - necessarily trying to be OO. - </p><p> - We do, however, try to have libstdc++ sources as clean as possible. If - you see some simple changes that pacify <code class="literal">-Weffc++</code> - without other drawbacks, send us a patch. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.ambiguous_overloads"></a><a id="q-ambiguous_overloads"></a><p><b>6.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Ambiguous overloads after including an old-style header - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-ambiguous_overloads"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Another problem is the <code class="literal">rel_ops</code> namespace and the template - comparison operator functions contained therein. If they become - visible in the same namespace as other comparison functions - (e.g., “<span class="quote">using</span>” them and the <iterator> header), - then you will suddenly be faced with huge numbers of ambiguity - errors. This was discussed on the -v3 list; Nathan Myers - <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-01/msg00247.html" target="_top">sums - things up here</a>. The collisions with vector/string iterator - types have been fixed for 3.1. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.v2_headers"></a><a id="q-v2_headers"></a><p><b>6.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The g++-3 headers are <span class="emphasis"><em>not ours</em></span> - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-v2_headers"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - If you have found an extremely broken header file which is - causing problems for you, look carefully before submitting a - "high" priority bug report (which you probably - shouldn't do anyhow; see the last paragraph of the page - describing <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html" target="_top">the GCC - bug database</a>). - </p><p> - If the headers are in <code class="filename">${prefix}/include/g++-3</code>, or - if the installed library's name looks like - <code class="filename">libstdc++-2.10.a</code> or - <code class="filename">libstdc++-libc6-2.10.so</code>, then you are using the - old libstdc++-v2 library, which is nonstandard and - unmaintained. Do not report problems with -v2 to the -v3 - mailing list. - </p><p> - For GCC versions 3.0 and 3.1 the libstdc++ header files are - installed in <code class="filename">${prefix}/include/g++-v3</code> (see the - 'v'?). Starting with version 3.2 the headers are installed in - <code class="filename">${prefix}/include/c++/${version}</code> as this prevents - headers from previous versions being found by mistake. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.boost_concept_checks"></a><a id="q-boost_concept_checks"></a><p><b>6.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Errors about <span class="emphasis"><em>*Concept</em></span> and - <span class="emphasis"><em>constraints</em></span> in the STL - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-boost_concept_checks"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - If you see compilation errors containing messages about - <span class="errortext">foo Concept </span>and something to do with a - <span class="errortext">constraints</span> member function, then most - likely you have violated one of the requirements for types used - during instantiation of template containers and functions. For - example, EqualityComparableConcept appears if your types must be - comparable with == and you have not provided this capability (a - typo, or wrong visibility, or you just plain forgot, etc). - </p><p> - More information, including how to optionally enable/disable the - checks, is available - <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt03ch08.html" title="Chapter 8. Concept Checking">here</a>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.dlopen_crash"></a><a id="q-dlopen_crash"></a><p><b>6.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Program crashes when using library code in a - dynamically-loaded library - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-dlopen_crash"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - If you are using the C++ library across dynamically-loaded - objects, make certain that you are passing the correct options - when compiling and linking: - </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br /> - // compile your library components<br /> - g++ -fPIC -c a.cc<br /> - g++ -fPIC -c b.cc<br /> - ...<br /> - g++ -fPIC -c z.cc<br /> -<br /> - // create your library<br /> - g++ -fPIC -shared -rdynamic -o libfoo.so a.o b.o ... z.o<br /> -<br /> - // link the executable<br /> - g++ -fPIC -rdynamic -o foo ... -L. -lfoo -ldl<br /> - </p></div></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.memory_leaks"></a><a id="q-memory_leaks"></a><p><b>6.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - “<span class="quote">Memory leaks</span>” in containers - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-memory_leaks"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - A few people have reported that the standard containers appear - to leak memory when tested with memory checkers such as - <a class="ulink" href="http://valgrind.org/" target="_top">valgrind</a>. - The library's default allocators keep free memory in a pool - for later reuse, rather than returning it to the OS. Although - this memory is always reachable by the library and is never - lost, memory debugging tools can report it as a leak. If you - want to test the library for memory leaks please read - <a class="link" href="manual/debug.html#debug.memory" title="Memory Leak Hunting">Tips for memory leak hunting</a> - first. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.list_size_on"></a><a id="q-list_size_on"></a><p><b>6.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - list::size() is O(n)! - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-list_size_on"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - See - the <a class="link" href="manual/containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers">Containers</a> - chapter. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.easy_to_fix"></a><a id="q-easy_to_fix"></a><p><b>6.9.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Aw, that's easy to fix! - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-easy_to_fix"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - If you have found a bug in the library and you think you have - a working fix, then send it in! The main GCC site has a page - on <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/contribute.html" target="_top">submitting - patches</a> that covers the procedure, but for libstdc++ you - should also send the patch to our mailing list in addition to - the GCC patches mailing list. The libstdc++ - <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">contributors' page</a> - also talks about how to submit patches. - </p><p> - In addition to the description, the patch, and the ChangeLog - entry, it is a Good Thing if you can additionally create a small - test program to test for the presence of the bug that your - patch fixes. Bugs have a way of being reintroduced; if an old - bug creeps back in, it will be caught immediately by the - <a class="ulink" href="#2_4" target="_top">testsuite</a> -- but only if such a test exists. - </p></td></tr><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.misc"></a>7. Miscellaneous</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>7.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.iterator_as_pod"> - string::iterator is not char*; vector<T>::iterator is not T* - </a></dt><dt>7.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_is_next"> - What's next after libstdc++? - </a></dt><dt>7.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.sgi_stl"> - What about the STL from SGI? - </a></dt><dt>7.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.extensions_and_backwards_compat"> - Extensions and Backward Compatibility - </a></dt><dt>7.5. <a href="faq.html#faq.tr1_support"> - Does libstdc++ support TR1? - </a></dt><dt>7.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.get_iso_cxx">How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard? - </a></dt><dt>7.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.what_is_abi"> - What's an ABI and why is it so messy? - </a></dt><dt>7.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.size_equals_capacity"> - How do I make std::vector<T>::capacity() == std::vector<T>::size? - </a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod"></a><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod_q"></a><p><b>7.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - string::iterator is not char*; vector<T>::iterator is not T* - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod_a"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - If you have code that depends on container<T> iterators - being implemented as pointer-to-T, your code is broken. It's - considered a feature, not a bug, that libstdc++ points this out. - </p><p> - While there are arguments for iterators to be implemented in - that manner, A) they aren't very good ones in the long term, - and B) they were never guaranteed by the Standard anyway. The - type-safety achieved by making iterators a real class rather - than a typedef for <span class="type">T*</span> outweighs nearly all opposing - arguments. - </p><p> - Code which does assume that a vector iterator <code class="varname">i</code> - is a pointer can often be fixed by changing <code class="varname">i</code> in - certain expressions to <code class="varname">&*i</code>. Future revisions - of the Standard are expected to bless this usage for - vector<> (but not for basic_string<>). - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_next"></a><a id="q-what_is_next"></a><p><b>7.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What's next after libstdc++? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_next"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Hopefully, not much. The goal of libstdc++ is to produce a - fully-compliant, fully-portable Standard Library. After that, - we're mostly done: there won't <span class="emphasis"><em>be</em></span> any - more compliance work to do. - </p><p> - There is an effort underway to add significant extensions to - the standard library specification. The latest version of - this effort is described in - <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1836.pdf" target="_top"> - The C++ Library Technical Report 1</a>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.sgi_stl"></a><a id="q-sgi_stl"></a><p><b>7.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What about the STL from SGI? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-sgi_stl"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/" target="_top">STL from SGI</a>, - version 3.3, was the final merge of the STL codebase. The - code in libstdc++ contains many fixes and changes, and - the SGI code is no longer under active - development. We expect that no future merges will take place. - </p><p> - In particular, <code class="classname">string</code> is not from SGI and makes no - use of their "rope" class (which is included as an - optional extension), nor is <code class="classname">valarray</code> and some others. - Classes like <code class="classname">vector<></code> are, but have been - extensively modified. - </p><p> - More information on the evolution of libstdc++ can be found at the - <a class="link" href="manual/api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History">API - evolution</a> - and <a class="link" href="manual/backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility">backwards - compatibility</a> documentation. - </p><p> - The FAQ for SGI's STL (one jump off of their main page) is - still recommended reading. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a><a id="q-extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a><p><b>7.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Extensions and Backward Compatibility - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - See the <a class="link" href="manual/backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility">link</a> on backwards compatibility and <a class="link" href="manual/api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History">link</a> on evolution. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.tr1_support"></a><a id="q-tr1_support"></a><p><b>7.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Does libstdc++ support TR1? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-tr1_support"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Yes. - </p><p> - The C++ Standard Library Technical Report adds many new features to - the library. The latest version of this effort is described in - <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1836.pdf" target="_top"> - Technical Report 1</a>. - </p><p> - The implementation status of TR1 in libstdc++ can be tracked <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">on the TR1 status - page</a>. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.get_iso_cxx"></a><a id="q-get_iso_cxx"></a><p><b>7.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-get_iso_cxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - Copies of the full ISO 14882 standard are available on line via - the ISO mirror site for committee members. Non-members, or those - who have not paid for the privilege of sitting on the committee - and sustained their two-meeting commitment for voting rights, may - get a copy of the standard from their respective national - standards organization. In the USA, this national standards - organization is ANSI and their website is - right <a class="ulink" href="http://www.ansi.org" target="_top">here</a>. (And if - you've already registered with them, clicking this link will take - you to directly to the place where you can - <a class="ulink" href="http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+14882%3A2003" target="_top">buy the standard on-line</a>. - </p><p> - Who is your country's member body? Visit the - <a class="ulink" href="http://www.iso.ch/" target="_top">ISO homepage</a> and find out! - </p><p> - The 2003 version of the standard (the 1998 version plus TC1) is - available in print, ISBN 0-470-84674-7. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_abi"></a><a id="q-what_is_abi"></a><p><b>7.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - What's an ABI and why is it so messy? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_abi"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - <acronym class="acronym">ABI</acronym> stands for “<span class="quote">Application Binary - Interface</span>”. Conventionally, it refers to a great - mass of details about how arguments are arranged on the call - stack and/or in registers, and how various types are arranged - and padded in structs. A single CPU design may suffer - multiple ABIs designed by different development tool vendors - who made different choices, or even by the same vendor for - different target applications or compiler versions. In ideal - circumstances the CPU designer presents one ABI and all the - OSes and compilers use it. In practice every ABI omits - details that compiler implementers (consciously or - accidentally) must choose for themselves. - </p><p> - That ABI definition suffices for compilers to generate code so a - program can interact safely with an OS and its lowest-level libraries. - Users usually want an ABI to encompass more detail, allowing libraries - built with different compilers (or different releases of the same - compiler!) to be linked together. For C++, this includes many more - details than for C, and CPU designers (for good reasons elaborated - below) have not stepped up to publish C++ ABIs. The details include - virtual function implementation, struct inheritance layout, name - mangling, and exception handling. Such an ABI has been defined for - GNU C++, and is immediately useful for embedded work relying only on - a “<span class="quote">free-standing implementation</span>” that doesn't include (much - of) the standard library. It is a good basis for the work to come. - </p><p> - A useful C++ ABI must also incorporate many details of the standard - library implementation. For a C ABI, the layouts of a few structs - (such as FILE, stat, jmpbuf, and the like) and a few macros suffice. - For C++, the details include the complete set of names of functions - and types used, the offsets of class members and virtual functions, - and the actual definitions of all inlines. C++ exposes many more - library details to the caller than C does. It makes defining - a complete ABI a much bigger undertaking, and requires not just - documenting library implementation details, but carefully designing - those details so that future bug fixes and optimizations don't - force breaking the ABI. - </p><p> - There are ways to help isolate library implementation details from the - ABI, but they trade off against speed. Library details used in - inner loops (e.g., getchar) must be exposed and frozen for all - time, but many others may reasonably be kept hidden from user code, - so they may later be changed. Deciding which, and implementing - the decisions, must happen before you can reasonably document a - candidate C++ ABI that encompasses the standard library. - </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.size_equals_capacity"></a><a id="q-size_equals_capacity"></a><p><b>7.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - How do I make std::vector<T>::capacity() == std::vector<T>::size? - </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-size_equals_capacity"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> - The standard idiom for deallocating a <code class="classname">vector<T></code>'s - unused memory is to create a temporary copy of the vector and swap their - contents, e.g. for <code class="classname">vector<T> v</code> - </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br /> - std::vector<T>(v).swap(v);<br /> - </p></div><p> - The copy will take O(n) time and the swap is constant time. - </p><p> - See <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit">Shrink-to-fit - strings</a> for a similar solution for strings. - </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk03.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> </td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html> |