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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Concepts</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Concepts</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="concepts_find_and_range_iterators" id=
- "concepts_find_and_range_iterators">Point and Range Methods and
- Iterators</a></h2>
-
- <p>A point-type iterator is an iterator that refers to a
- specific element, <i>e.g.</i> as returned through an
- associative-container's <tt>find</tt> method; a range-type
- iterator is an iterator that is used to go over a sequence of
- elements, <i>e.g.</i>, as returned by a container's
- <tt>find</tt> method. A point-type method is a method that
- returns a point-type iterator; a range-type method is a method
- that returns a range-type iterator.</p>
-
- <p>For most containers, these types are synonymous; for
- self-organizing containers, such as hash-based containers or
- priority queues, these are inherently different (in any
- implementation, including that of the STL), but in
- <tt>pb_ds</tt> this is made explicit - they are distinct
- types.</p>
-
-
- <h2><a name="invalidation_guarantees" id=
- "invalidation_guarantees">Invalidation Guarantees</a></h2>
-
- <p>If one manipulates a container object, then iterators
- previously obtained from it can be invalidated. In some cases a
- previously-obtained iterator cannot be de-referenced; in other
- cases, the iterator's next or previous element might have
- changed unpredictably. This corresponds exactly to the question
- whether a point-type or range-type iterator (see previous
- concept) is valid or not. In <tt>pb_ds</tt> one can query a
- container (in compile time) what are its invalidation
- guarantees.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="prm_sec" id="prm_sec">Primary and Secondary Keys
- and Associative Containers</a></h2>
-
- <p>In <tt>pb_ds</tt> there are no associative containers which
- allow multiple values with equivalent keys (such as the STL's
- <tt>std::multimap</tt>, for example). Instead, one maps the
- unique part of a key - the primary key, into an
- associative-container of the (originally) non-unique parts of
- the key - the secondary key. A primary associative-container is
- an associative container of primary keys; a secondary
- associative-container is an associative container of secondary
- keys.</p>
-
-
- <h2><a name="concepts_null_policies" id=
- "concepts_null_policies">Null Policy Classes</a></h2>
-
- <p>Associative containers are typically parametrized by
- various policies. For example, a hash-based associative
- container is parametrized by a hash-functor, transforming each
- key into an non-negative numerical type. Each such value is
- then further mapped into a position within the table. The
- mapping of a key into a position within the table is therefore
- a two-step process.</p>
-
- <p>In some cases, instantiations are <i>redundant</i>. For
- example, when the keys are integers, it is possible to use a
- <i>redundant</i> hash policy, which transforms each key into
- its value.</p>
-
- <p>In some other cases, these policies are <i>irrelevant</i>.
- For example, a hash-based associative container might transform
- keys into positions within a table by a different method than
- the two-step method described above. In such a case, the hash
- functor is simply irrelevant.</p>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> uses special pre-defined "null policies"
- classes for these cases. Some null policies in <tt>pb_ds</tt>
- are:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "null_mapped_type.html"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_hash_fn.html"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_probe_fn.html"><tt>null_probe_fn</tt></a></li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>A "set" in <tt>pb_ds</tt>, for example, is an associative
- container with its <tt>Data_Parameter</tt> instantiated by
- <a href="null_mapped_type.html"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></a>.
- <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Tree-Based
- Containers::Node Invariants</a> explains another case where a
- null policy is needed.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>