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-@c Copyright (C) 2002, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c This is part of the GCC manual.
-@c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.
-
-@node Compatibility
-@chapter Binary Compatibility
-@cindex binary compatibility
-@cindex ABI
-@cindex application binary interface
-
-Binary compatibility encompasses several related concepts:
-
-@table @dfn
-@item application binary interface (ABI)
-The set of runtime conventions followed by all of the tools that deal
-with binary representations of a program, including compilers, assemblers,
-linkers, and language runtime support.
-Some ABIs are formal with a written specification, possibly designed
-by multiple interested parties. Others are simply the way things are
-actually done by a particular set of tools.
-
-@item ABI conformance
-A compiler conforms to an ABI if it generates code that follows all of
-the specifications enumerated by that ABI@.
-A library conforms to an ABI if it is implemented according to that ABI@.
-An application conforms to an ABI if it is built using tools that conform
-to that ABI and does not contain source code that specifically changes
-behavior specified by the ABI@.
-
-@item calling conventions
-Calling conventions are a subset of an ABI that specify of how arguments
-are passed and function results are returned.
-
-@item interoperability
-Different sets of tools are interoperable if they generate files that
-can be used in the same program. The set of tools includes compilers,
-assemblers, linkers, libraries, header files, startup files, and debuggers.
-Binaries produced by different sets of tools are not interoperable unless
-they implement the same ABI@. This applies to different versions of the
-same tools as well as tools from different vendors.
-
-@item intercallability
-Whether a function in a binary built by one set of tools can call a
-function in a binary built by a different set of tools is a subset
-of interoperability.
-
-@item implementation-defined features
-Language standards include lists of implementation-defined features whose
-behavior can vary from one implementation to another. Some of these
-features are normally covered by a platform's ABI and others are not.
-The features that are not covered by an ABI generally affect how a
-program behaves, but not intercallability.
-
-@item compatibility
-Conformance to the same ABI and the same behavior of implementation-defined
-features are both relevant for compatibility.
-@end table
-
-The application binary interface implemented by a C or C++ compiler
-affects code generation and runtime support for:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-size and alignment of data types
-@item
-layout of structured types
-@item
-calling conventions
-@item
-register usage conventions
-@item
-interfaces for runtime arithmetic support
-@item
-object file formats
-@end itemize
-
-In addition, the application binary interface implemented by a C++ compiler
-affects code generation and runtime support for:
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-name mangling
-@item
-exception handling
-@item
-invoking constructors and destructors
-@item
-layout, alignment, and padding of classes
-@item
-layout and alignment of virtual tables
-@end itemize
-
-Some GCC compilation options cause the compiler to generate code that
-does not conform to the platform's default ABI@. Other options cause
-different program behavior for implementation-defined features that are
-not covered by an ABI@. These options are provided for consistency with
-other compilers that do not follow the platform's default ABI or the
-usual behavior of implementation-defined features for the platform.
-Be very careful about using such options.
-
-Most platforms have a well-defined ABI that covers C code, but ABIs
-that cover C++ functionality are not yet common.
-
-Starting with GCC 3.2, GCC binary conventions for C++ are based on a
-written, vendor-neutral C++ ABI that was designed to be specific to
-64-bit Itanium but also includes generic specifications that apply to
-any platform.
-This C++ ABI is also implemented by other compiler vendors on some
-platforms, notably GNU/Linux and BSD systems.
-We have tried hard to provide a stable ABI that will be compatible with
-future GCC releases, but it is possible that we will encounter problems
-that make this difficult. Such problems could include different
-interpretations of the C++ ABI by different vendors, bugs in the ABI, or
-bugs in the implementation of the ABI in different compilers.
-GCC's @option{-Wabi} switch warns when G++ generates code that is
-probably not compatible with the C++ ABI@.
-
-The C++ library used with a C++ compiler includes the Standard C++
-Library, with functionality defined in the C++ Standard, plus language
-runtime support. The runtime support is included in a C++ ABI, but there
-is no formal ABI for the Standard C++ Library. Two implementations
-of that library are interoperable if one follows the de-facto ABI of the
-other and if they are both built with the same compiler, or with compilers
-that conform to the same ABI for C++ compiler and runtime support.
-
-When G++ and another C++ compiler conform to the same C++ ABI, but the
-implementations of the Standard C++ Library that they normally use do not
-follow the same ABI for the Standard C++ Library, object files built with
-those compilers can be used in the same program only if they use the same
-C++ library. This requires specifying the location of the C++ library
-header files when invoking the compiler whose usual library is not being
-used. The location of GCC's C++ header files depends on how the GCC
-build was configured, but can be seen by using the G++ @option{-v} option.
-With default configuration options for G++ 3.3 the compile line for a
-different C++ compiler needs to include
-
-@smallexample
- -I@var{gcc_install_directory}/include/c++/3.3
-@end smallexample
-
-Similarly, compiling code with G++ that must use a C++ library other
-than the GNU C++ library requires specifying the location of the header
-files for that other library.
-
-The most straightforward way to link a program to use a particular
-C++ library is to use a C++ driver that specifies that C++ library by
-default. The @command{g++} driver, for example, tells the linker where
-to find GCC's C++ library (@file{libstdc++}) plus the other libraries
-and startup files it needs, in the proper order.
-
-If a program must use a different C++ library and it's not possible
-to do the final link using a C++ driver that uses that library by default,
-it is necessary to tell @command{g++} the location and name of that
-library. It might also be necessary to specify different startup files
-and other runtime support libraries, and to suppress the use of GCC's
-support libraries with one or more of the options @option{-nostdlib},
-@option{-nostartfiles}, and @option{-nodefaultlibs}.