path: root/36c3/Replicant_sustainability/Replicant_sustainability.tex

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\usepackage{ulem}
\usepackage{listings}
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\usepackage{xtab}

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  {\includegraphics[scale=#1]{output/#2}}
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\newcommand{\devicepicture}[1] {
  {\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{../../external_resources/replicant_website/images/supported-devices/#1.png}}
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%% \usetheme{Singapore}

\title{Extending the lifetime of smartphones with Replicant, a fully free Android distribution}
\author{Denis 'GNUtoo' Carikli and David 'dllud' Ludovino}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Introduction}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Introduction}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Replicant:}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Fully free Android distribution approved by the FSF
  \item But the hardware it runs on is not...
  \item More details on hardware related freedom issues later %% TODO
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Quick Facts}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Website: replicant.us
  \item Exists since September 2009
  \item Currently based on LineageOS
  \item Android versions:
    \begin{itemize}
    \item Replicant 6: Android 6, last security update: October 2017\cite{last-android-6-update}
    \item Replicant 9: Android 9, work in progress\cite{porting-to-android-9}
    \end{itemize}
  \item Supports $\sim$ 10 devices (smartphones and tablets)
  \item $\sim$ 2 full time equivalent contributors and a big community
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Minimum feature set required to support a device:}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Display working and graphics fast enough
  \item Sound working
  \item Be able to make calls
  \item etc
  \item GPS, Camera, and other non crucial hardware may not work, or work in later releases
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

{
  \begin{frame}
    \center{A very short introduction on hardware:}
    \outputpicture{0.8}{i9300_hardware.png}
%%    \float
    %%  \setbeamercolor{block body}{fg=red}
    %%  \begin{block}
    \begin{itemize}
    \item System on a chip
    \item Smartphones and the modem
    \end{itemize}
    %%  \end{block}
  \end{frame}
}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Why Android?}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Advantages:
    \begin{itemize}
    \item GUI and applications adapted to big fingers
    \item $\rightarrow$ run on devices that:
      \begin{itemize}
      \item Lack keyboard
      \item Have capacitve touchscreen and no stylus
      \item Have very small displays with very high number of pixel
      \end{itemize}
    \end{itemize}
  \item Issues
    \begin{itemize}
    \item Part of the GNU/Linux software architecture is light years away: package management and build system, graphics, audio, etc
    \item Huge unknown code from Google
    \item Meant to run proprietary software, not to empower users
    \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Android: From time to market driven architecture to substainability}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item SOCs, WiFi chips, smartphones and tablets
    \begin{itemize}
    \item Write the code that work as fast as possible
    \item Support as many hardware features as possible
    \item $\rightarrow$ Varying code quality
    \item $\rightarrow$ Example: One driver rewritten 3 times %% TODO: reference
    \end{itemize}
  \item Breaking Kernel API and ABI
    \begin{itemize}
    \item It can take time (years) to bring in a new framework in Linux
    \item Example of API breakage: HTC dream audio driver
    \item Solution: Apps $\leftrightarrow$ Android framework $\leftrightarrow$ HAL $\leftrightarrow$ Kernel
    \item Getting better in Android: Trebble and Generic Kernel images
    \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Ugly code is good (for freedom):}
  %% TODO: replace with [blobby from OpenBSD] VS [dirty tux] -> [freedo]
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Having the source code under free software licenses, even if the code quality is bad is crucial for freedom:
    \begin{itemize}
    \item Hardware bringup is often made that way anyway
    \item Things can be improved later:
      always be cleaned up later or if the code quality is too bad, rewritten from scratch
    \item Having the source code under a free software license is very important
    \item Worst case: use the source code as documentation or reverse engineer it (add prints)
    \end{itemize}
  \item $\rightarrow$ We depend on that source code
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%% \begin{frame}
%%   \center{What affect a device lifetime in Replicant?}
%%   \begin{itemize}
%%   \item Upstream support $\leftarrow$ We're working on it
%%   \item Android RAM consumption VS device RAM size $\leftarrow$ Very little leverage from Replicant
%%   \item Removable batteries and developers being able to get the device $\leftarrow$ We don't support devices without removable batteries
%%   \item Freedom issues (Chinese whispers) $\leftarrow$ Conflicting interests
%%   \end{itemize}
%% \end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


{
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\begin{frame}
  \center {
    [
      \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
      \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
      OK
      \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=white}
      \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
    ] Listened to the background introduction.
  }
\end{frame}
}

{
\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=black}
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 \center {
    [
      \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
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      OK
      \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=white}
      \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
    ] Listened to the background introduction. \\
      \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=white}
      \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
      \hspace{4.5em}
      Starting second part about sustainability.
  }
\end{frame}
}

\section{Smartphones lifetime}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Part II: Smartphones lifetime}
\end{frame}


\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=black}
\setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
\usebeamercolor*{normal text}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      What I'm about to tell you is subversive...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      $<$subversive$>$
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Once upon a time...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

\begin{frame}
  \center {
    \large{Dave didn't want to buy a smartphone...} \\
    \bigskip
    \small{
      "Nearly all mobile phones Present-day cell phones are Stalin's dream” \\
      Richard Stallman\cite{stalin-dream}
    }
  }
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \center {
    \large{But...} \\
    \bigskip
    \small{
      $\rightarrow$ [[Peer pressure]] and advertizing \\
      $\rightarrow$ Employment (exploitation?)
    }
  }
\end{frame}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      You need to be reeeeachable at all timesssss.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: okay okay, I finally bought a smartphone.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave bought an Android smartphone off the shelf. \\
      The smartphone has a removable battery.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      This smartphone will self-destruct in 5 years
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Why didn't I know that at the time of buying?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Two years later...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Hmmm
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: What?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I'm sorry Dave, your battery ran out.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Game Over: Buy a new phone.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Play again! Insert a new battery to continue!
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave buys a new battery.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Uhhh consumers like Dave are tiring me...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: I'm a humain beeing!
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Uh oh.
    }
  \end{frame}
}
{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Hmmm
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: What now?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I'm sorry Dave, your smartphone ran out of software support.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Shiiit
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      %% TODO: Charlie chaplin like interlude
      Dave doesn't want to destroy the planet
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: \\
      \sout{No passaran} \\
      \sout{You shall not pass} \\
      I shall not buy a new smartphone.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: I can still run Android apps.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Securityyyy....
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: my smartphone is full of backdoors anyway.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: You're part of my threat model.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Shit they become more and more clever.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Hmmm?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I'm sorry Dave, the Android apps don't support your old Android version.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Shiiit
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Fuck you, I'll install LineageOS.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I'm sorry Dave, you will loose your data in the process.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: \\
      I'll migrate the data myself. \\
      DIY is great ! \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave Dave please remain with us...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave:
      I don't trust you.
      Fuck off! \\
      Leave me alone! \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Two years later...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave was living happily \sout{ever after} and forgot about his smartphone \\
      (and all the backdoors...).
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=red}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I'm sorry Dave, LineageOS dropped support for your smartphone.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave faints...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: How is that possible?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Knock Knock Dave...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Do you want the red pill [y/N]?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Do you want the red pill [y/N]?
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
      Y
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Fuck yes I want the red pill!
    }
  \end{frame}
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Replicant}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Part III: The Phantom Menace
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave, you've been living in a dream...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Until recently the Linux kernel in your phone was very heavily modified...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Our informations are scarse and sometimes outdated...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      But we deduced that in 2008 the device and chip manufacturers did that to improve the time to market...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      But who care about time to market when most of the humans will die with 2 degrees?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

%%TODO: fix /!\
{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      HAL: %% /!\
      Warning: Anarcho-ecolo-communist terrorist detected
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Good idea!
    }
  \end{frame}
}

%% TODO: improve error
{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Kernel panic: error -1: Operation not permitted \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      So they abstract the kernel in libraries that are often nonfree.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Like the libril which implements the modem protocol, and in some cases a backdoor too...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: Shiit...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave: So they own us?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      In some way yes, but we have the devices, so we can still fight back.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      For instance we have greater assurance of not being recorded, but if you left your phone on, they know where you are.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Shit.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=white}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Dave panicks and removes the battery.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      You trapped me! \\
      Because we're at the same location, they know I'm in the resistance now!
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I don't use a smartphone so they don't know where I am.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      By the way: Welcome to the Resistance.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=white}
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=black}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      %% TODO: attack of the clones with Replicant instead
      Part IV: The counter attack of the \sout{clones} Replicants
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      How to fight back? Do I need a \sout{light saber} soldering iron?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I've no definite answer on that, many things were tried in the past.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Revolutions, assasinations, armed conflicts, theft, strikes, teaching, living in remote communities, regicides, and even making a bank.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      But besides remote communities and self-management spaces within the system, we didn't get rid of abuse of power yet.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=blue}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I meant for smartphones.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      I'm sorry Dave, as of today smartphones can't respect your freedom.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      They track you with a deadly precision.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Our sources indicated us 10 or 20 meters for GSM and 3G.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      But replacing more and more nonfree software by free software limits the damage.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
  \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=violet}
  \usebeamercolor*{normal text}
  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      We have several fully free software GNU/Linux distributions and even Replicant, a fully free Android distribution.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Replicant is almost as old as \sout{the Matrix} Android.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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    \center {
      So if I've a supported device that has a removable battery, will it last longer with Replicant?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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    \center {
      Not yet.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

\section{Breaking the chains}

{
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    \center {
      %% TODO: attack of the clones with Replicant instead
      Part IV: Breaking the chains
    }
  \end{frame}
}

%% {
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%%       And in some places where the resistance is strong.
%%     }
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%% }

%% {
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%%       There are communities operating various types of wireless networks.
%%     }
%%   \end{frame}
%% }

%% {
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%%       We could take advantage of that, but then would we still really need smartphones?
%%     }
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%% }

%% {
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%%       Replicant is still heavily based on LineageOS.
%%     }
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%% }

%% {
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%%       So if LineageOS didn't port a device to new Android versions...
%%     }
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%% }

%% {
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%%       Replicant would also need to drop that device for new Android versions.
%%     }
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%% }

%% {
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%%       But many projects are working to get rid of hardware vendor kernels.
%%     }
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%% }

%% {
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%%       Including Replicant, postmarketOS, LineageOS and even Android are involved.
%%     }
%%   \end{frame}
%% }

{
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    \center {
      Some smartphones have longer software support... \\
      But they have batteries that cannot be easily removed... \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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    \center {
      Others are meant to be repaired... \\
      But the software support is bad... \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      So we lost? \\
      There are many many smartphones being produced each years... \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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    \center {
      What you must learn is that these rules are no different than rules of a computer system. \\
      Some of them can be bent, others can be broken. \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Most modern smartphones have non removable batteries! \\
      It's hopeless! \\
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Free your mind...
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Do you think that the number of smartphones has anything to do with their strength?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      Right, but how?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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    \center {
      We're going to hangup on this political system,
      and then show these people what thoses in power don’t want them to see.
      We're going to show them a world without power.
      A world without forced rules or controls, borders or boundaries.
      A world where anything is possible.
      Where we go from there, is a choice I leave to the people.
    }
  \end{frame}
}

\section{Real world}

\begin{frame}
  \center{Part V: Back to the real world}
\end{frame}

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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      </subversive>
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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\setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=green}
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      <real mode>
    }
  \end{frame}
}



%% %% TODO: also add picture of the 8086 + internals
%% {
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%%     \center {
%%       %% From cpu/x86/16bit/entry16.inc in Coreboot
%%       \begin{verbatim}
%%         movw    %cs, %ax
%%         shlw    $4, %ax
%%         movw    $nullidt_offset, %bx
%%         subw    %ax, %bx
%%         lidt    %cs:(%bx)
%%         movw    $gdtptr16_offset, %bx
%%         subw    %ax, %bx
%%         lgdtl   %cs:(%bx)
%%       \end{verbatim}
%%     }
%%   \end{frame}
%% }

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    \center {
      How all that works in practice?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

{
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  \begin{frame}
    \center {
      How all that works in practice?
    }
  \end{frame}
}

%% \begin{frame}
%%   Licenses:
%%   \begin{itemize}
%%   \item The SIM card and BTS pictures comes from \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gsm_network.png} and are under the GFDL 1.2 or the Creative commons Attributions-Share ALike 3.0 Unported.
%%     \begin{itemize}
%%     \item GSM: \url{http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/QtMoko}
%%     \item SHR pictures: \url{http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/SHR_User_Manual}
%%     \end{itemize}
%%   \item HTC Dream: \url{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HTC_Dream_opened.jpg}
%%     Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
%%   \item \url{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/} for the rest.
%%   \end{itemize}
%% \end{frame}

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{stalin-dream}
  \url{https://stallman.org/archives/2011-nov-feb.html}
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}