July 2019 Replicant meeting: Add presentation on Replicant history

Signed-off-by: Denis 'GNUtoo' Carikli <GNUtoo@cyberdimension.org>

20 files changed, 1037 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/.gitignore b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7556a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.*
+*~
+\#*#
+output/**
diff --git a/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/COPYING b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/COPYING
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/COPYING
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
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diff --git a/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/Makefile b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34a9d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+TEXFLAGS ?= -halt-on-error -output-format pdf -output-directory output
+TITLE = Replicant_history
+
+.PHONY: all clean test medias
+all: test
+
+output:
+	mkdir output
+
+output/$(TITLE).pdf: output Replicant_history.tex
+	pdflatex $(TEXFLAGS) '\providecommand\locale{en}\input{$(TITLE).tex}'
+	# pdflatex $(TEXFLAGS) '\providecommand\locale{en}\input{$(TITLE).tex}'
+
+output/%.png: dot/%.dot output
+	dot -T png $< > $@
+
+test: output/$(TITLE).pdf
+	xdg-open output/$(TITLE).pdf
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf output
diff --git a/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/Replicant_history.tex b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/Replicant_history.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb3e34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Replicant_contributors_meeting_27_28_July_2019_Paris_France/history/Replicant_history.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+\documentclass{beamer}
+\usepackage[english]{babel}
+\usepackage{color}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{ifthen}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\usepackage{pdfpages}
+
+\lstdefinestyle{terminal}{
+  backgroundcolor=\color{black},
+  basicstyle=\scriptsize\color{green},
+}
+
+%% Based on:
+%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/136900/insert-a-full-page-image
+\newcommand{\pictureframe}[1] {
+  {
+    \begin{frame}
+      \noindent
+      \resizebox{\textwidth}{\textheight}
+                {\includegraphics{#1}}
+                \hspace*{-\textwidth}
+    \end{frame}
+  }
+}
+
+\newcommand{\qtmokopictureframe}[2] {
+  {
+    \begin{frame}
+      \noindent
+                {\includegraphics{#1}}
+                {\includegraphics{#2}}
+                \hspace*{-\textwidth}
+    \end{frame}
+  }
+}
+
+\newcommand{\shrpictureframe}[2] {
+  {
+    \begin{frame}
+      \noindent
+          {\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{#1}}
+          {\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{#2}}
+    \end{frame}
+  }
+}
+
+\usetheme{Singapore}
+
+\title{Replicant history}
+\author{Denis 'GNUtoo' Carikli}
+\date{\today}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+%% TODO: Using \itemize{} fails to compile
+%% TODO: convert \center frames to chapter title
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Replicant history}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Humans have bad memory
+  \item Unlike RAM it's not self-refreshing
+  \item $\rightarrow$ Don't hesistate to correct me if I'm wrong or forget things
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Historical context: GNU/Linux on PDA and smartphones
+  \item The Openmoko: a GNU/Linux smartphone
+  \item Replicant creation and comparison with GNU/Linx
+  \item Replicant project focus
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Historical context}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Rough timeframe}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item 1996: Nokia 9000 Communicator: Smartphone, No free software
+  \item 1999: Ericson R380: Smartphone, No free software
+  \item June 2000: Handhelds.org: GNU/Linux port to smartphones and PDA
+  \item 2000: iPAQ H3600: Work started to port GNU/Linux port on it
+  \item 2001: Sharp Zaurus SL-5000D: PDA running GNU/Linux available in Japan
+  \item January 2002: OpenZaurus Beta: Community GNU/Linux distribution for PDAs
+  \item Sharp Zaurus SL-5500 (Collie): PDA running GNU/Linux available worldwide
+  \item 2002: HTC Wallaby: Smartphone, GNU/Linux port
+  \item 2004: Motorola A780: Smartphone running GNU/Linux
+  \item 2005: Open-EZX: Community effort to run free software on the Motorolla smartphones
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Rough timeframe}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item November 2005: Nokia 770 Tablet: Nokia GNU/Linux PDA
+  \item June 2007: Iphone released: Didn't have any App store
+  \item July 2007: the OpenMoko GTA01 is released: Prototype GNU/Linux smartphone made for the community. Nonfree GPS.
+  \item July 2008: App store
+  \item $\rightarrow$ July 2007: the OpenMoko GTA02 is released: GNU/Linux smartphone for the community. Doesn't require nonfree software in the distribution to work.
+  \item September 2008: the HTC Dream is released: First Android smartphone
+  \item November 2009: Nokia N900: GNU/Linux smartphone
+  \item 2009: Palm pre: GNU/Linux smartphone
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Other communities}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Dreambox (2003?): Set top box
+  \item NSLU2 (2004): NAS
+  \item January 2004: First release of OpenWRT
+  \item OpenSIMpad (2003? Earlier?)
+  \item OpenTom (2004? Earlier?)
+  \item OpenPMA (2006? Earlier?)
+  \item 2006: OLPC XO
+  \item 2007: eeepc 701
+  \item Chumby (2008?)
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{The Openmoko: a GNU/Linux smartphone}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{The Openmoko hardware}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Made to run GNU/Linux:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Had a resistive touchscreen with a stylus
+    \item Unfortunately lacked a keyboard
+    \item Unfortunately had high pixel density
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item Had many hardware issues:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Sound quality on headphones (low pass filter)
+    \item SD card compatibilty
+    \item In some cases: Metalic sound in calls
+    \item Modem power management
+    \item Many were fixed by sofware over time:
+      \begin{itemize}
+      \item GPS not working $\rightarrow$ kernel fix
+      \item WiFi instabilites $\rightarrow$ Driver fix
+      \item slow graphics $\rightarrow$ Adapted window manager
+      \item Modem sound quality $\rightarrow$ Found undocumented modem commands
+      \item Other modem issues were also solved by software
+      \end{itemize}
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Distribution landscape for the OpenMoko}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item QtMoko
+  \item Debian
+  \item SHR
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{QtMoko}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Used Qtopia, a desktop environment that didn't use Xorg. It used the framebuffer interface directly instead.
+  \item Most applications needed to be made specifically for Qtopia.
+  \item Stable enough
+  \item The software was very well adapted for the touchscreen
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\qtmokopictureframe{images/QtMoko/450px-Qtmokomain.png}{images/QtMoko/Deletefavorites.png}
+\qtmokopictureframe{images/QtMoko/Mediaplayer.png}{images/QtMoko/QX_Navit_Launch.png}
+\qtmokopictureframe{images/QtMoko/De_DE_abc_landscape.png}{images/QtMoko/De_DE_abc_portrait.png}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Debian}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Used stock debian
+  \item Typically with Xorg and maybe some custom repository for freesmartphones and Openmoko GUI applications (dialer, etc)
+  \item Had old versions of the userspace hardware support stack (modem support, etc)
+  \item Had old versions of the graphical applcations made for the Openmoko
+  \item Most of the software was not adapted for the touchscreen
+  \item Stable(working) enough for daily use
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{SHR}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Used Xorg
+  \item Some key applications were specifically made for the Openmoko.
+  \item Some adaptation of applications (Openembedded made that easy) + gtkrc etc
+  \item Some applications (like mail clients or browsers) were unusable due to the touchscreen and high DPI
+  \item Couldn't quit games: not very practical when getting a phone call
+  \item Used freesmartphones.
+    \item Was very unstable(not working):
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Was based on Openembedded which was unstable (build output varying depending on build order)
+    \item And on vala which was unstable for ARM (crashes)
+    \item And unlightenment which changed API and may have been unstable
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\shrpictureframe{images/SHR/SHR-First-Look.png}{images/SHR/SHR-Task-Buttons.png}
+\shrpictureframe{images/SHR/SHR-Contacts.png}{images/SHR/SHR-Dialer.png}
+\shrpictureframe{images/SHR/SHR-Mesages.png}{images/SHR/SHR-Phonelog.png}
+\shrpictureframe{images/SHR/SHR-Quick-Settings.png}{images/SHR/SHR-Settings-main.png}
+\shrpictureframe{images/SHR/SHR-Idle_Screen.png}{images/SHR/Illume-keyboards-terminal-dutch-nl-screenshot.png}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Software components}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Freesmartphone.org: middleware}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Middleware doing everything
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item power management (suspend, rfkill,  etc)
+    \item modem (protocol and power management)
+    \item gps (protocol and power management)
+    \item audio (scenarios etc)
+    \item accelerometers
+    \item etc
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item dbus interface $\rightarrow$ can be used in most programming language and GUI toolkit.
+  \item Separate daemons for different tasks (modem, gps, power management, etc).
+  \item Plugin architecture. Example for the modem:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item protocols: Generic AT, Openmoko AT, etc
+    \item power management, OpenMoko modem on-off, etc
+  \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{The decline of the OpenMoko community}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item More recent phones came out...
+  \item Without the hardware and software issues of the OpenMoko...
+  \item But with many more freedom issues...
+  \item $\rightarrow$ People were leaving the community and started using other smartphones
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Ports to other smartphones}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Over time people also ported SHR and freesmartphone.org to other devices.
+  \item Tried also tried to keep the OpenMoko community through that
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Freesmartphone.org: supported devices}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item OpenMoko GTA01, GTA02
+  \item GTA04
+  \item Nexus S
+  \item Nokia N900
+  \item Palm Pre, Palm Pre Plus, Palm Pre 2
+  \item Hp Veer
+  \item HTC NexusOne
+  \item HTC Dream, HTC Magic
+  \item HTC Magician
+  \item HTC HD2
+  \item HTC Kaiser, Raphael, Diamond, Blackstone, etc
+  \item OpenEZX smatphones
+  \item E-Ten Goldfiish M800, X800
+  \item Motorolla Milestone
+  \item iphone 3g
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Issues}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Software limitations
+  \item Uncomplete ports
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Software limitations}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Xorg drivers for ARM devices were limited}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item No rotation in most Xorg drivers
+  \item xf86-video-omapfb
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Had DRM planes support
+    \item Had XV: Video scalling, etc
+    \item No rotation
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item xf86-video-omap
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item It may have had rotation (bad memory)
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item xf86-video-glamo
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Probably had rotation
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item xf86-video-fbdev
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item It had static rotation (through Xorg configuration files)
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{The lack of free software 3D acceleration made several desktop environment unusable:}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Gnome-shell
+  \item QT with Meego
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+%% TODO:
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Devices supported by SHR and freesmartphone.org}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item OpenMoko GTA02: complete, also had rotation.
+  \item GTA04: mostly complete.
+  \item Nexus S: close to be usable: integration issues needed fixing
+  \item Nokia N900: WIP: audio, telephony, power management, keyboard.
+  \item Palm Pre, Palm Pre Plus, Palm Pre 2. WIP: Telephony, WiFi
+  \item $\rightarrow$ HTC Dream: Audio issues, WiFi power management.
+  \item HTC NexusOne: Audio issues, uncompleted
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item September 2008: the HTC Dream is released
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\pictureframe{images/Smartphones/HTC_Dream_opened.jpg}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Me and other people bought it and started porting it to SHR
+  \item Some people from the Software Freedom Law center were also working on it from the Android side
+  \item $\rightarrow$ We created Replicant to gather together all the efforts to make that phone
+    usable with only free software (with both Android and GNU/Linux)
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{HTC Dream}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item SHR: More than one year of free time effort by multiple people didn't make it usable
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Audio didn't work well at all (The Qualcomm alsa drivers required fixed size buffer)
+  \end{itemize}
+   \item Replicant: it took very few hours to make it usable
+   \begin{itemize}
+   \item Audio: copy/paste example from playwav2 test code to replace nonfree dlopened libraries
+   \item Telephony: reuse of the reference-ril, patched some stuff here and there to fix things
+   \item Telephony: Tracing + GNU/Linux with SSH was used to debug it remotely to make it work in the USA
+   \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+  \begin{frame}
+    \center{Result}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Result: Worked way better than the SHR and some other Openmoko distributions.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Why this huge gap?}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item The abstraction is at the HAL level, and not in the Linux kernel...
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Android Architecture}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Examples of the worst API changes:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Audio driver: Incompatible interface: Qualcomm DSP (MSM7K)
+  \item Modem driver: Out of tree driver, with changing interfaces (Samsung IPC)
+  \item Backlight driver: uses LED interfaces instead (HTC Dream)
+  \item WiFi driver: Has a highly modified Wext interface (Broadcom, TI, etc)
+  \item Display driver: Has a custom panel refresh interface (MSM7k, Optimus black)
+  \item Camera driver: uses custom ioctl to make it work
+  \item Accelerometer driver: output custom protocol + custom ioctl
+  \item Kernel core: has different power management API
+  \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{HTC Dream}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Audio driver: Completely incompatible interface: Qualcomm DSP (MSM7K)
+  \item Modem driver: virtual Serial port (over shared memory) with a mostly standard interface, had free software reference code
+  \item Backlight driver: uses LED interfaces instead (HTC Dream)
+  \item WiFi driver: OS independant and messy code with highly modified Wext interface:
+    The code was used as documentation to rewrite the driver from scratch and upstreamed.
+  \item Display driver: Has a custom panel refresh interface (MSM7k) but it can be disabled.
+  \item Camera driver: Unknown (no free software implementation)
+  \item Accelerometer driver: output custom protocol + custom ioctl
+  \item Kernel core: has different power management API
+  \item GPS: NMEA but required reverse engineered software to activate.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Similar issues in some GNU/Linux devices like the n900, but to a lesser extent}
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item Status when shipping (all that got fixed later):
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Modem driver driver: Nonfree userspace protocol implementation
+    \item GPS: nonfree userspace protocol implementation
+    \item Battery charging: nonfree userspace
+    \item Camera driver: used custom then upstream interfaces to make it work
+    \item Accelerometer driver: output custom protocol + custom ioctl
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Replicant founders}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Aaron Williamson: Initial builds and research, worked on a market alternative (SlideMe).
+  \item Denis Carikli: work to make the hardware work without nonfree libraries.
+  \item Bradley Kuhn: Infrastructure (OSUOSL, Domain name, etc) and project name.
+  \item Graziano Sorbaioli: Testing, Community management.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Created in September 2009}
+\end{frame}
+
+\lstset{language={bash}}
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=terminal]
+  $ git -c http.sslVerify=false clone \
+  http://gitorious.org/replicant/manifest.git/
+  $ cd manifest
+  $ git checkout origin/replicant
+  $ git show f1b1b7a28f114f6900c2d42e83af8c12bc81a421
+  commit f1b1b7a28f114f6900c2d42e83af8c12bc81a421
+  Author: Denis 'GNUtoo' Carikli <GNUtoo@no-log.org>
+  Date:   Tue Sep 29 22:15:06 2009 +0200
+
+      Manifest: added initial manifest
+
+      Note that we don't build the kernel and the wifi driver yet
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Early times}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Mostly trivial
+  \item Added support for the HTC Dream
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Made it work in the USA through SSH with GNU/Linux
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item Added support for the Nexus one
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Display issues got fixed
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{What we found by working on Replicant}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item The hardware was a nightmare: The modem was in control:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Shared memory between the modem and the CPU running Replicant
+  \item The sound card was in the modem $\rightarrow$ The microphone was probably under the control of the modem
+  \item The GPS was also in the modem
+  \item The modem booted the main CPU, had access to its storage, initialized its RAM, etc
+  \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Paul Kocialkowski}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Ported Replicant to the Nexus S
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Partially unknown modem protocol
+    \item Some low layer available in code to port a GNU/Linux samsung phone to Android
+    \item The proprietary RIL logs were verbose
+    \item $\rightarrow$ He had SMS working in about 4 months of full time work equivalent
+    \item Added support for the rest of the hardware as well (camera, etc)
+    \item Also ported Replicant to most of the other Samsung devices
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Several devices later...}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Switching focus}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Devices with free software bootloader
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item GTA04
+    \item Optimus black
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{GTA04}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Some limited Replicant 4.2 support
+  \item Got suspend issues with Replicant 6 (kernel)
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Optimus black}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Long work to add support in upstream u-boot
+  \item Very basic upstream Linux support (lacking a display driver etc)
+  \item See Paul's blog for more details\cite{freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Wolfgang Weidermeier}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Ported Replicant from 4.2 to 6.0
+  \item Also worked to reduce the amount of prebuilt binaries
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item Added support for new Samsung devices too
+  \end{itemize}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  \center{Extra readings}
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item OpenMoko History: \url{https://www.vanille.de/blog/openmoko-10-years-after-mickeys-story/}
+  \item Paul's blog for on freeing the Optimus black\cite{freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up}
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+  Licenses:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item The Qtmoko and SHR pictures are From are under the GNU Free Documentation License.
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item QtMoko pictures: \url{http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/QtMoko}
+    \item SHR pictures: \url{http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/SHR_User_Manual}
+    \end{itemize}
+  \item HTC Dream: \url{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HTC_Dream_opened.jpg}
+    Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 
+  \item \url{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/} for the rest.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+  \bibitem{freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up}
+  \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article20/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-first-part}
+  \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article21/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-second-part}
+  \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article22/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-third-part}
+  \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article23/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-fourth-part}
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+
+\end{document}
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