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diff --git a/36c3/Replicant_sustainability/Replicant_sustainability.tex b/36c3/Replicant_sustainability/Replicant_sustainability.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e91831 --- /dev/null +++ b/36c3/Replicant_sustainability/Replicant_sustainability.tex @@ -0,0 +1,638 @@ +\documentclass{beamer} +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{listings} +\usepackage{xtab} +\usepackage{pdfpages} + +%% Based on: +%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/136900/insert-a-full-page-image +\newcommand{\pictureframe}[1] { + { + \begin{frame} + \noindent + \resizebox{\textwidth}{\textheight} + {\includegraphics{#1}} + \hspace*{-\textwidth} + \end{frame} + } +} + +\newcommand{\qtmokopictureframe}[2] { + { + \begin{frame} + \noindent + {\includegraphics{#1}} + {\includegraphics{#2}} + \hspace*{-\textwidth} + \end{frame} + } +} + +\newcommand{\shrpictureframe}[2] { + { + \begin{frame} + \noindent + {\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{#1}} + {\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{#2}} + \end{frame} + } +} + +\usetheme{Singapore} + +\title{Replicant: Making a fully free distribution for smartphones and tablets substainable} +%% subtitle: from quick and dirty hacks to substainability +\author{Denis 'GNUtoo' Carikli} +\date{\today} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant:} + \begin{itemize} + \item Fully free Android distribution approved by the FSF + \item But the hardware it runs on is not... + \item More details on hardware related freedom issues later %% TODO + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Some context} + \begin{itemize} + \item Website: replicant.us + \item Exists since September 2009 + \item Currently based on LineageOS + \item Android versions: + \begin{itemize} + \item Replicant 6: Android 6, last security update: October 2017\cite{last-android-6-update} + \item Replicant 9: Android 9, work in progress\cite{porting-to-android-9} + \end{itemize} + \item Supports $\sim$ 10 devices (smartphones and tablets) + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Minimum feature set required to support a device} + \begin{itemize} + \item Display working and graphics fast enough + \item sound working + \item Be able to make calls + \item etc + \item GPS, Camera, and other non crucial hardware may not work, or work in later releases + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\begin{frame} + \center{A very short introduction on hardware} + \begin{itemize} + \item System on a chip + \item Smartphones and the modem + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{System on a chip} +\end{frame} + +\pictureframe{../../external_resources/replicant_website/images/freedom-privacy-security-issues/hardware.png} + +\begin{frame} + \center{picture of the hardware for showing what is in what chip} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Modem} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{picture of the hardware + link to GSM tower} +\end{frame} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{frame} + \center{A short introduction to Android} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Android: Time to market driven architectures?} + \begin{itemize} + \item SOCs + \begin{itemize} + \item Write the code work as fast as possible + \item Support as much hardware features as possible + \item $\rightarrow$ Varying code quality + \item $\rightarrow$ Example: One driver rewritten 3 times + \end{itemize} + \item To smartphones and tablets + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Freedom and companies image} + \begin{itemize} + \item Having the source code under free software licenses, even if the code quality is bad is crucial for freedom: + \begin{itemize} + \item Hardware bringup is often made that way anyway + \item Things can be improved later: + always be cleaned up later or if the code quality is too bad, rewritten from scratch + \item Having the source code under a free software license is very important + \item Worst case: use the source code as documentation or reverse engineer it (add prints) + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Android Architecture} + \begin{itemize} + \item Examples of the worst API changes: + \begin{itemize} + \item Audio driver: Incompatible interface: Qualcomm DSP (MSM7K) + \item Modem driver: Out of tree driver, with changing interfaces (Samsung IPC) + \item Backlight driver: uses LED interfaces instead (HTC Dream) + \item WiFi driver: Has a highly modified Wext interface (Broadcom, TI, etc) + \item Display driver: Has a custom panel refresh interface (MSM7k, Optimus black) + \item Camera driver: uses custom ioctl to make it work + \item Accelerometer driver: output custom protocol + custom ioctl + \item Kernel core: has different power management API + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Image of the Android framework} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Android Framework} + \begin{itemize} + \item Device manufacturers can break the Linux API completely + \item It can take time (years) to bring in a new framework in Linux + \item API and ABI guarantees (modulo kernel configuration and build) + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant phase 1: Quick and dirty hacks} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Introduction} + \begin{itemize} + \item Replicant History: short version + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Before the Openmoko} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Picture of various hardware} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{The Openmoko: a GNU/Linux smartphone} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Pictures of the openmoko} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Many GNU/Linux distributions were available for it} + \begin{itemize} + \item Debian + \item SHR + \item QtMoko + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Issues:} + \begin{itemize} + \item Hardware + \item Software + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Comparison with GNU/Linux} \\ + \begin{itemize} + \item Advantages + \begin{itemize} + \item GUI and applications adapted to big fingers + \item $\rightarrow$ run on devices that: + \begin{itemize} + \item lack keyboard + \item have capacitve touchscreen and no stylus + \item Have very small displays with very high number of pixel + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} + \item Issues + \begin{itemize} + \item GNU/Linux software architecture is light years ahread + \item Huge unknown code from google + \item Meant to run proprietary software + \item Not meant to empower users + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \begin{itemize} + \item Like a proprietary OS (Microsoft Windows) + \item Let's replicate it and make a free software version + \item $\rightarrow$ Replicant + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant, SHR and the HTC Dream} \\ + \begin{itemize} + \item SHR: GNU/Linux on the first Android device + \begin{itemize} + \item Took more than one year of hard work + \item by 3 or 4 people (not full time) + \item Not reliable + \item Incomplete (audio) or missing features (rotation) + \end{itemize} + \item Replicant + \begin{itemize} + \item Took very few hours/week + \item 1 person (not full time) + \item Way more reliable + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{HTC Dream: Bad for freedom} + \begin{itemize} + \item Qualcomm MSM7k + \item The modem controlled: + \begin{itemize} + \item The boot, RAM and storage of the device + \item The audio (and most probably the microphone) + \end{itemize} + \item We leanred about it while working on Replicant. + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant phase 2: Better devices} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Newer devices} + \begin{itemize} + \item Nexus one + \begin{itemize} + \item The audio (and most probably the microphone) + \item Required nonfree audio firmware for having working calls + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Code substainability} + \begin{itemize} + \item Required verry little maintenance and time (quick and dirty hacks) + \item Porting to a new Android version: + \begin{itemize} + \item 3D acceleration: + \begin{itemize} + \item No free driver at the time + \item We needed to to make graphics fast without 3D acceleration + \item Lack of 3D acceleration gets less and less supported by Android source code over time + \item Example: Nexus One + \end{itemize} + \item Linux code not upstream $\rightarrow$ Total dependency on Android upstream + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Devices substainability} + \begin{itemize} + \item Removable batteries + \item Little RAM + \item Nightmare-like freedom issues + \begin{itemize} + \item $\rightarrow$ Very strong incentive to discontinue support for them + \item $\rightarrow$ negligeable freedom gained by installing Replicant + \item $\rightarrow$ Replicant was still useful as support for better devices was added later + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Better devices} + \begin{itemize} + \item More freedom + \item But required more work + \begin{itemize} + \item Required to continue reverse engineering the modem protocol (easy but long) + \item Nonfree libraries to replace varies across devices. Examples: Camera, audio, etc + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Freedom blockers} + \begin{itemize} + \item All currently supported devices have nonfree bootloaders + \item The nonfree bootloaders are not easy at all to replace as the code is usually signed + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant phase 3: Focus on devices with free software bootloaders} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{First attempt to change focus} + \begin{itemize} + \item The GTA04 from Golden Delicious has a free software bootloader + \item The Optimus black (p970) from LG has a bootloader that is not signed + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{GTA04} + \begin{itemize} + \item Some limited Replicant 4.2 support (based on Android 4.2) + \item Got suspend issues with Replicant 6 (kernel) + \item Too much work + \item unfinished + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Optimus black (p970)} + \begin{itemize} + \item Required a lot of work by Paul Kocialkowski\cite{freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up} + \item Bootloader: The code is now upstream in u-boot + \item Linux: Very minimal support upstream + \begin{itemize} + \item working: microSD, USB + \item lacking: No display driver, sound etc + \end{itemize} + \item Also unfinished + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Optimus black} + \begin{itemize} + \item Long work to add support in upstream u-boot + \item Very basic upstream Linux support (lacking a display driver etc) + \item See Paul's blog for more details\cite{freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant phase 4: Back to supported devices} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant 6 status} + \begin{itemize} + \item Android 6 outdated + \item Samsung devices still supported + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Samsung devices that are or can be supported by Replicant} + \begin{itemize} + \item Exynos or OMAP System on a chip + \item The modems in it have been customized by samsung use the same vendor-specific protocol + \item Very large number of unit sold: + \begin{itemize} + \item 70 million units for the Galaxy SIII + \item Easy to find second hand + \end{itemize} + \item Isolated modem for currently supported devices + \item Removable battery for smartphones and somewhat removable for tablets + \item Nonfree bootloader + \item WiFi doesn't work out of the box + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Android requirements} + \begin{itemize} + \item RAM $\leftarrow$ $\rightarrow$ Display + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Supported Tablets (Replicant 6.0)} + \begin{itemize} + \item All have internal batteries (still possible to remove them) + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Images of removable batteries} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[plain,allowframebreaks]{title} +\begin{xtabular}{cccccc} + \hline + Device & Unit solds & Launch date & RAM & GPU driver\\ + \hline + Galaxy S II (I1300) & 40 Millions & 2011 & 1GB & Lima \\ + \hline + Galaxy S III (I9300) & 70 Millions & 2012 & 1GB & Lima \\ + \hline + Galaxy Note (N7000) & 10 Millions & October 2011 & 1GB & Lima \\ + \hline + Galaxy Note II (N7100) & 30 Millions & October 2012 & 2GB & Lima \\ + \hline + Galaxy Nexus (I9250) & ? & October 2011 & 1GB & PowerVR \\ + \hline +\end{xtabular} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Supported Tablets (Replicant 6.0)} + \begin{itemize} + \item All have removable batteries + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[plain,allowframebreaks]{title} +\begin{xtabular}{cccccc} + \hline + Device & Unit solds & Launch date & RAM & GPU driver\\ + \hline + Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 (P3100) & ? & ? & ? & PowerVR \\ + \hline + Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 WiFi (P3110) & ? & ? & ? & PowerVR \\ + \hline + Galaxy Tab 2 10.1 (P5100) & ? & ? & ? & PowerVR \\ + \hline + Galaxy Tab 2 10.1 WiFi (P5110) & ? & ? & ? & PowerVR \\ + \hline + Galaxy Note 8.0 (N5100) & ? & ? & ? & ? \\ + \hline + Galaxy Note 8.0 Wi-Fi (N5110) & ? & ? & ? & ? \\ + \hline +\end{xtabular} +\end{frame} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant phase 5: Making Replicant substainable: second attempt} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Making Replicant substainable} + \begin{itemize} + \item Got some funding from Handshake and NlNet + \item $\rightarrow$ Spend the money on making Replicant substainable + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Not out yet:} + \begin{itemize} + \item Librem5 from Puri.sm + \item Pine Phone from Pine64 + \item NC-1 from Necunos + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Other devices} + \begin{itemize} + \item GTA04: Not produced anymore + \item Neo900: Would have needed more funding to start the production + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Let's continue supporting the devices we already support} + \begin{itemize} + \item Galaxy SIII (I9300), Galaxy Note II(N7100) + \begin{itemize} + \item Good but uncomplete upstream support $\rightarrow$ Let's finish it + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Replicant 9} + \begin{itemize} + \item Work in progress + \item Using a kernel closely based on upstream (0 Android patches in it so far) + \item Modem drivers upstreaming not started yet + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Let's keep 2D acceleration working} + \begin{itemize} + \item Let's be caucious and future proof: + \begin{itemize} + \item No free drivers for PowerVR GPUs + \item Free drivers might go away as hardware change + \item $\rightarrow$ Lima doesn't support + \end{itemize} + \item It payed off: + \item Good enough speed with 2D acceleration + \item Mali 400 $\rightarrow$ Lima is not ready yet but accept bugreports + \item Lima and even Panfrost don't support vulkan yet + \item Vulkan will be required for new devices shipping with Android 10, unless the device has a low amount of memory + \item $\rightarrow$ Vulkan will be more and more required + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{TODO: Not vicious circle + image} + %% GNU/Linux ----benefits----> Replicant + %% Replicant ----benefits----> GNU/Linux +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Effects of using Linux upstream} + \begin{itemize} + \item Require more time + \item $\rightarrow$ We cannot support devices with non-replacable batteries + \item Uses upstream kernel + \item $\rightarrow$ Not tied to hardware specific vendor libraries + \item $\rightarrow$ We can share the work with GNU/Linux + \item $\rightarrow$ We will be able to more easily add support for devices running GNU/Linux + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{We also want to use GNU/Linux userspace hardware support projects} + \begin{itemize} + \item Easier to add support for GNU/Linux devices in Replicant + \item Or to add support for Replicant supported devices in GNU/Linux + \item Share the maintenance with communities more interested in freedom + \item GNU/Linux tools and distributions can be used for testing too + \item People buying GNU/Linux smartphones could also run Android if GNU/Linux is not ready yet for them + \item People having Replicant compatibles smartphones could also run GNU/Linux on it if it's ready for them + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Fully GNU/Linux free distributions for ARM} + \begin{itemize} + \item Guix: armv7h, arm64 + \item Parabola: armv7h, based on Archlinux + \item PureOS: arm64, based on Debian + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \center{Extra readings} + \begin{itemize} + \item OpenMoko History: \url{https://www.vanille.de/blog/openmoko-10-years-after-mickeys-story/} + \item Paul's blog for on freeing the Optimus black\cite{freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + Licenses: + \begin{itemize} + \item The Qtmoko and SHR pictures are From are under the GNU Free Documentation License. + \begin{itemize} + \item QtMoko pictures: \url{http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/QtMoko} + \item SHR pictures: \url{http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/SHR_User_Manual} + \end{itemize} + \item HTC Dream: \url{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HTC_Dream_opened.jpg} + Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported + \item \url{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/} for the rest. + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{thebibliography}{99} + \bibitem{freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up} + \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article20/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-first-part} + \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article21/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-second-part} + \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article22/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-third-part} + \url{https://code.paulk.fr/article23/a-hacker-s-journey-freeing-a-phone-from-the-ground-up-fourth-part} +\bibitem{last-android-6-update} + \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android Marshmallow} +\bibitem{porting-to-android-9} + \url{https://redmine.replicant.us/projects/replicant/wiki/PortingToAndroid9} +\end{thebibliography} +\end{document} |